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Kevin McManus
Nick Traylen
MBIE – NZGS
EARTHQUAKE GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING GUIDELINES
Guidelines Overview
• Contributing Authors:
John Wood
• Editorial Panel
• Reviewers
• Regulating authorities
What are the objectives?
• Provide guidance
Improve practice
Promote consistency
“Everyday engineering”
• Module 6
Retaining Structures
Introduction
Scope
Performance objectives
Performance based design
Seismic design parameters
Example
Observations from Christchurch
Q&A
Worked Example 1:
Cantilever pole wall
Worked example 2:
Concrete cantilever wall
Q&A
Worked Example 3:
Crib wall
Worked example 4:
Tied-back wall
Q&A
Scope
• The intended scope of this document is for those retaining
structures covered by the Building Act and requiring a Building
Consent.
AS 4678
CIRIA C580/760
FHWA (Tied-Back walls)
FHWA (Soil nailed walls)
Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, Third Edition
(2014) Clayton et al
Building Code
Retaining structures are buildings and subject to the New
Zealand Building Code. But, limited guidance available:
• Section 175 of the Building Act 2004 states that the Chief
Executive may publish guidance to assist in complying with
the Building Act:
• Any information published by the chief executive under this
section of the Building Act:
a) is only a guide; and
b) if used, does not relieve any person of the obligation to
consider any matter to which that information relates
according to the circumstances of the particular case.
• The building Consent Authority may have regard to the
guidance, but is not bound to accept the guidance as
demonstrating compliance with the building Code
Scope
Garage
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives (fine print)
Performance Objectives
Performance Based Design
• The New Zealand Building Code is performance based and it is
permitted to use alternative design procedures (alternative solutions)
rather than Verification Method B1/VM1.
• Amplitude
• Frequency content
• Amplitude 8
6
4
2
0
• PGA -2
-4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-6
-8
-10
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
• PGV 0
-0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.05
-0.1
• PGD -0.15
-0.2
-0.25
-0.3
Seismic Design Parameters
• Frequency content – Response Spectrum
Source: Carr, A.J. Inelastic Response Spectra for the Christchurch Earthquake Records , Report to the Canterbury Earthquakes
Royal Commission, 2011
Seismic Design Parameters
• Duration of significant shaking
LPCC 22 Feb 2011
10
8
6
Chch Mw 6.2 4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Darfield Mw 7.1 1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
-2
-3
-4
Seismic Design Parameters
• Duration of significant shaking
Tohuku
Japan
• Mw = 8.9
Seismic Design Parameters
• Thickness and properties of soil strata beneath the site and overlying the
bedrock, as well as bedrock properties themselves
• Known faults
• Unknown faults
Seismic Design Parameters
• Probabilistic approach necessary, with varying
degrees of site and project specificity:
The ground motion parameters at a site to be used for retaining
structure design may be evaluated using one of the following
methods:
• All three methods based on national database of known faults and fault
characteristics (fault type, characteristic Mw, recurrence interval).
• Location: Taumarunui
• Location: Taumarunui
• Location: Taumarunui
kh = amax Atopo Wd
kh = amax Atopo Wd
Wall Displacement Factor
Presenters:
Kevin McManus
Nick Traylen
MBIE – NZGS
EARTHQUAKE GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING GUIDELINES
Guidelines Overview
• Contributing Authors:
John Wood
• Editorial Panel
• Reviewers
• Regulating authorities
What are the objectives?
• Provide guidance
Improve practice
Promote consistency
“Everyday engineering”
• Module 6
Retaining Structures
Introduction
Scope
Performance objectives
Performance based design
Seismic design parameters
Example
Observations from Christchurch
Q&A
Worked Example 1:
Cantilever pole wall
Worked example 2:
Concrete cantilever wall
Q&A
Worked Example 3:
Crib wall
Worked example 4:
Tied-back wall
Q&A
Scope
• The intended scope of this document is for those retaining
structures covered by the Building Act and requiring a Building
Consent.
AS 4678
CIRIA C580/760
FHWA (Tied-Back walls)
FHWA (Soil nailed walls)
Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, Third Edition
(2014) Clayton et al
Building Code
Retaining structures are buildings and subject to the New
Zealand Building Code. But, limited guidance available:
• Section 175 of the Building Act 2004 states that the Chief
Executive may publish guidance to assist in complying with
the Building Act:
• Any information published by the chief executive under this
section of the Building Act:
a) is only a guide; and
b) if used, does not relieve any person of the obligation to
consider any matter to which that information relates
according to the circumstances of the particular case.
• The building Consent Authority may have regard to the
guidance, but is not bound to accept the guidance as
demonstrating compliance with the building Code
Scope
Garage
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives
Performance Objectives (fine print)
Performance Objectives
Performance Based Design
• The New Zealand Building Code is performance based and it is
permitted to use alternative design procedures (alternative solutions)
rather than Verification Method B1/VM1.
• Amplitude
• Frequency content
• Amplitude 8
6
4
2
0
• PGA -2
-4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-6
-8
-10
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
• PGV 0
-0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.05
-0.1
• PGD -0.15
-0.2
-0.25
-0.3
Seismic Design Parameters
• Frequency content – Response Spectrum
Source: Carr, A.J. Inelastic Response Spectra for the Christchurch Earthquake Records , Report to the Canterbury Earthquakes
Royal Commission, 2011
Seismic Design Parameters
• Duration of significant shaking
LPCC 22 Feb 2011
10
8
6
Chch Mw 6.2 4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Darfield Mw 7.1 1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
-2
-3
-4
Seismic Design Parameters
• Duration of significant shaking
Tohuku
Japan
• Mw = 8.9
Seismic Design Parameters
• Thickness and properties of soil strata beneath the site and overlying the
bedrock, as well as bedrock properties themselves
• Known faults
• Unknown faults
Seismic Design Parameters
• Probabilistic approach necessary, with varying
degrees of site and project specificity:
The ground motion parameters at a site to be used for retaining
structure design may be evaluated using one of the following
methods:
• All three methods based on national database of known faults and fault
characteristics (fault type, characteristic Mw, recurrence interval).
• Location: Taumarunui
• Location: Taumarunui
• Location: Taumarunui
kh = amax Atopo Wd
kh = amax Atopo Wd
Wall Displacement Factor
Performance Observations from the
Canterbury Earthquakes
Literature Survey
- NCHRP (2008), Bray (2010), Mikola et al (2013)
Damage Databases
- EQC, SCIRT/CCC
Performance Observations
‘Not too bad given the circumstances….’