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1. For tens of thousands of years, much of north America lay buried under ______ up to a mile thick.
2. In what is now ____________ ocean bound streams and rivers emerged opening up possibilities for
countless new species.
4. But as the ice-free land began to rise, streams and the fish in them were cut off from the
____________ .
5. Stickleback bodies changed in many ways. As they adapted to life in post glacial lakes. Describe 3
things that changed about them.
●
●
●
6. This is bear Paw Lake, one of the many lakes created in ____________ by the glacier’s retreat
8-10,000 years ago.
8. In the ocean, there are lots of big ____________ fish and there is no place to ____________
9. So sticklebacks evolved body armor: ____________ ____________ on their side and long
sharp____________ coming off their pelvis and back.
11. In Bear Paw Lake there are no large mouth predators, but there are hungry ____________ larvae
that grab sticklebacks by their ____________ .
12. So, pelvic spines actually ____________ fitness and lessen a fish’s chances of surviving and
____________
13. In just a few thousand years, these fish underwent a dramatic skeletal change completely losing their
____________ ____________
14. As pelvic spines are homologous to the ____________ ____________ of four legged vertebrates,
the change we see in sticklebacks is the equivalent of losing ____________
15. Changes in form arise from changes in development. And since ____________ control development,
changes in form are ultimately due to change in ____________
16. Geneticists use ____________ to map the location of genes that make the difference. Ocean and
freshwater varieties of stickleback can be crossed by collecting sperm-filled testes from males and
eggs from females and mixing them together.
17. Each cross re-shuffles the genetic material and ____________ that are passed on from one
generation to the next.
18. What did the scientists find at the marker for the Pitx1 gene? What conclusion can they make about
marine and freshwater fish?
19. If you look at a marine embryo, you see the Pitx1 gene is expressed in multiple places. It turns on in
the ____________ region, in the lips … In that tissue, its telling cells to start growing a full
____________ and ____________
20. What about in fish that aren’t going to make a pelvis? Where in the body do you see the blue stains?
Where in the body do you not see the blue stains?
21. So the structure of the proteins is the same between the two populations and the expression of the
gene is the same between the two populations except for just in the ____________
22. Like all DNA, the sequences of switches can acquire ____________
23. Fish that have lost their pelvis have deleted the ____________ switch, it’s gone. But because this
mutation only crippled one specific switch, the Pitx1 gene remained fully functional in the rest of the
____________ .
24. So the obliteration of that switch actually makes these fish ____________ adapted to the new
environment they are in than their ____________
25. If you look at a fish that has lost its pelvis in Scotland, or iceland, or Alaska, or British Columbia, the
same switch has been thrown away over and over again whenever the fish have evolved a loss of a
____________
26. Bell made a surprising discovery. Fish with a full pelvis had arrived suddenly, perhaps when some
geological event briefly opened the lake to the ____________
27. Yet, within a few thousand years, almost all sticklebacks here lacked ____________ ____________
28. We can link up genetics to development, development to ____________ , phenotypes to
environments and we can look at change through time in the ____________ ____________
29. Biologists are finding that the most common mechanism driving the seemingly endless diversity of
animal bodies is____________ in the switches that regulate developmental control genes.
Thinking Question #1: How are sea-run and marine stickleback fish different from freshwater
stickleback fish?
Although freshwater stickleback fish underwent many changes as they adapted to life in
freshwater, researchers have focused on changes in the pelvic skeleton because this trait is highly
variable and is easy to see and measure. In addition, its underlying genetic mechanisms are well
studied. The development of the pelvic girdle and spines appears to be controlled by a major gene
called Pitx1. Evidence suggests that the function of this gene has been conserved throughout
vertebrate evolution for millions of years.
Thinking Question #2: Why have researchers focused on changes in the pelvic skeleton?
In the ocean, a stickleback fish with a complete pelvis is less likely to be eaten by larger
fish that prey on it. The pelvic structure allows the fish to defend themselves against the predators.
As a result, if there are many predator animals in the ocean, the stickleback fish will most likely
selecting for and pass on the trait for the stickleback fish to have a complete pelvis structure.
Almost all marine and sea-run stickleback fish have a full pelvic girdle and pelvic spines so they
can defend themselves against predators.
Thinking Question #3: Do marine and sea-run stickleback fish have pelvic structures? Why or why
not?
Example: Force A push or a pull Pushing a car that broke down to the side of
the road.
Punnett square
Trait
Allele
Hybrid
Purebred
Phenotype
Genotype
2. How does this article connect to what we have been learning about in Science class
about genetics, heredity, phenotype, genotype, mutations?
3. What was your score on this Article? Did you get a 75% or above? Why or why not?
If you do not get a 75% or above, you will need to come to tutoring on Monday to
make up this Achieve 3000 Article Assignment.