Footing PDF

1.
0 INTRODUCTION
Foundation is the substructure below ground that transfer and spread the load from a
structure’s column and wall to the ground. Foundation is important for the overall stability
of the structure. As earth under the foundation is the most variable of all the material that
are considered in the design and engineering of an engineering structure, it is very critical
that the safe bearing capacity of the soil must not be exceeded. If the safe bearing capacity
of soil is exceeded, it can cause excessive settlement which results in damage to the building
and water or gas pipelines.
Therefore, it is necessary to conduct site investigation to survey the soil under a proposed
structure to determine the soil properties in order to estimate its safe bearing pressure and
calculate possible settlements of the structure.
There are two types of foundation which includes shallow foundation (pad footing) and
deep foundation (deep pile). This report only covers pad footing.
2.0 PROCEDURE
Step 1. Determine the plan size of the footing (if not specified, skip to step 2 if size is
specified)
- Self-weight of the footing must be assumed first before starting if not given.
- The size of the footing must be computed using serviceability limit, meaning that the
loadings used are not factored using the following formula:
Total axial load = 1.0 Gk + 1.0 Qk (in kN) [Equation 1]
Gk = total axial load (permanent) = dead load from column + self-weight of footing
Qk = total axial load (variable)
Required size of footing = Total axial load / safe bearing pressure on soil [Equation 2]
-Usually the calculated required size of footing is slightly increased for safety.
Step 2. Compute the earth pressure (associated with the critical loading arrangement at
ultimate limit state) exerted by the footing
𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk [Equation 3]

𝑁𝐸𝐷
Earth pressure = [Equation 4]
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
1
Step 3. Assume a height (h) and effective depth (d) taking account of compression
anchorage requirements of starter bars and check the shear force at the face of the column
- If height and effective depth is specified, use the specified dimension.
𝑐𝑘 𝑓 𝑓
𝑐𝑘
Shear force at the face of the column, 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 [0.6 (1 − 250 )] 1.5 [Equation 5]
𝑢 is the perimeter of the column.
Step 4. Check for punching shear
- Find the basic control perimeter of punching shear.
Punching shear control perimeter = perimeter of column + 4𝜋𝑑 [Equation 6]
- Find the area within the control perimeter.

Shear force at the face of the column, , = 0.5 [0.6 (1 − 250)] 1.5 [Equation 5]
2 2
Area within control perimeter (square) = (𝑎 + 4𝑑) – (4 – 𝜋)2𝑑 [Equation 7]
is the perimeter of the column.
or
Area within control perimeter (rectangle) = (a + 4d) (b + 4d) - (4 – 𝜋)2𝑑2
[Equation 6]
Figure 1 Area within control perimeter
- Find punching shear force
Punching shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = Earth pressure × (Area of footing – Area within perimeter) [Equation 8]
𝑉𝐸𝐷
Punching shear stress = [Equation 9]
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ×𝑑
2
- Find 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 and 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ](𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑) [Equation 10]
200
Where k = (1 + √ ) ≤ 2.0 with d in mm
𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝜌1 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3 1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ](𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑) [Equation 11]
- Assume 𝜌1 to be 0.02 as the area of steel required is not known yet.

- If 𝑉𝐸𝐷 <𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 , h of the footing is adequate.
- If 𝑉𝐸𝐷 >𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 , h of the footing has to be increased.
Step 5. Find the reinforcement steel bar required to resist bending.
- The moment has to be found from the face of the column.
Column
Face of the column
Footing
Figure 2. Cross section of footing and column

(𝑏𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) (𝑏𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) 1
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = Earth Pressure × ℎ𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 × × (2)
2 2
𝑀
K= where K’= 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2
𝐾
Z = d (0.5 + √0.25 − 1.134
) where 0.82d < Z < 0.954d
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
𝐴𝑠
Number of Steel Bars Required = 𝐴𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟
3
Step 6. Repeat the check for punching shear (step 4)
- The checking is done using the actual 𝜌1, where area of steel reinforcement required is found in
step 5.
Step 7. Check the shear force at critical zone ( 𝑉𝐸𝐷 )
- Shear critical zone is 1.0d away from face of column.

1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑) [Equation 12]
3 1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑) [Equation 13]
(𝑏𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 )
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = Earth Pressure × ℎ𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 × [ − 𝑑] [Equation 14]
2
If 𝑉𝐸𝐷 <𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 , no shear reinforcement required.
4
3.0 DATA & RESULT
A B C D
6.069m 6.069m 6.069m
3.069m
3.069m
3
Figure 3. Plan View
b =2000mm
h =2000mm
Figure 4. Section of Footing
- 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚2; 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ; Diameter of main steel bar=16mm; Cover= 45mm
- Assume that safe bearing pressure on soil = 200kN/𝑚2
- It can be seen that there are four footings to be designed:
1. Footing A1, A3, D1, D3
2. Footing B1, B3, C1, C3
3. Footing A2 and D2
4. Footing B2 and C2
5
3.1 Design of Footing A1, A3, D1, D3
ultimate limit state) exerted by the footing.
𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 161.78kN (found from progress report 5: Design of RC Column)
𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 161.78 + 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Density of Reinforced Concrete = 25kN/𝑚3

= 161.78 + (2.4 × 0.3 × 0.3)(25)
= 161.78 + 5.4
= 167.18kN
Assumptions: safe bearing pressure on soil = 200kN/𝑚2
𝑁𝐸𝐷
Earth pressure =
167.18
=
(2000 ×2000)× 10−6
= 41.80kN/𝒎𝟐
Assume height of footing = 200mm
d = thickness - cover - ∅/2

= 200 - 45 - 16/2
= 147mm
𝑓
𝑐𝑘 𝑓
𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 [0.6 (1 − 250 )] 1.5
Perimeter of the column, 𝑢 = 4 × 300
30 30
= 0.5(1200)(147) [0.6 (1 − )]
250 1.5
= 1200mm
= 931.39kN > 167.18kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝑀𝑎𝑥 is adequate.
6
Punching shear control perimeter = perimeter of column + 4𝜋𝑑

= 4 × 300 + 4𝜋(147)
= 3047.26mm
Area within control perimeter (square) = (𝑎 + 4𝑑)2 – (4 – 𝜋)2𝑑2

= (300 + 4 × 147)2 – (4 – 𝜋)(2 × 147)2
= 788544 – 74197.30
= 7.14 × 105 𝑚𝑚2
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝒎𝟐
Punching shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = Earth pressure × (Area of footing – Area within perimeter)
= 41.80 × (2 × 2 – 0.714)
= 41.80 × (3.345)
= 137.35kN
137.35 × 103
Punching shear stress =
3047.26 ×147
= 0.307N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
3 1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ](𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑)
200
3 1
k = (1 + √ ) <2 𝜌1 = 0.02
= [0.035(2) (30) ](3047.26 × 147)
2 2 𝑑
= 242.88kN 200
= (1 +√147 )
1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ](𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑) = 2.17 > 2
1
= [0.12(2)(100 × 0.02 × 30) ](3047.26 × 147)
3
∴k=2
= 420.88kN > 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 242.88kN
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶
𝛾𝑅𝐷,𝐶 =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟×𝑑
420.88×103
=
3047.26 ×147
= 0.94N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 > Punching shear stress = 0.307N/𝑚𝑚2

∴ h is adequate for punching shear.
7

2 2
(2− 0.3) (2− 0.3) 1
= 41.8 × 2 × × (2)
2 2
= 30.20kNm
𝑀
K= where K’= 0.167
30.20 ×106
=
(30)(2000)(147)2
= 0.023
∴ section is singly reinforced.
𝐾
Z = d (0.5 + √0.25 − 1.134
) where 0.82d < Z < 0.954d
0.023
= d (0.5 + √0.25 − 1.134
)
= 0.979d >0.954d
∴ Z = 0.954d
𝑀
30.20 ×106
=
0.87(500)(0.954 ×147)
= 495.05𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠
Number of Steel Bars Required =
495.05
=
𝜋162 /4
= 2.46
≈3
𝐴𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟

= 3 × 𝜋162 /4
= 603.19𝒎𝒎𝟐
8
Step 6. Repeat the check for punching shear
3 1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ](𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑) 200 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
3 1 k = (1 + √ ) <2 𝜌1 =
= [0.035(2) (30) ](3047.26 × 147)
2 2
𝑑 𝑏𝑤𝑑
= 242.88kN 200 𝟔𝟎𝟑.𝟏𝟗

= (1 +√147 ) =
(2000)(147)
1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) ](𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑)
3 = 2.17 > 2 = 0.002
1
= [0.12(2)(100 × 0.002 × 30)3 ](3047.26 × 147) ∴ k =2
= 195.35kN < 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 242.88kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 242.88kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 137.35kN
∴ h is adequate.
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = Earth Pressure × ℎ𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 × [ − 𝑑]
2
(2− 0.3)
= 41.8 × 2 × [ − 0.147]
2
= 58.77kN
3 1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑)
3 1
= [0.035(2)2 (30)2 ](2000 × 147)
= 159.41kN
1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑)
1
= [0.12(2)(100 × 0.002 × 30)3 ](2000 × 147)
= 128.22kN < 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 159.41kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 159.41kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 58.77kN
∴ No shear reinforcement is required.
9
3.2 Design of Footing B1, B3, C1, C3

= 291.63 + (2.4 × 0.3 × 0.3)(25)
= 291.63 + 5.4
= 297.03kN
𝑁𝐸𝐷
Earth pressure =
297.03
=
(2000 ×2000)× 10−6
= 74.26kN/𝒎𝟐 < safe bearing pressure on soil = 200kN/𝑚2
∴ Earth pressure exerted is safe.

= 300 - 45 - 16/2
= 247mm
𝑓
𝑐𝑘 𝑓
𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 [0.6 (1 − 250 )] 1.5
30 30
= 0.5(1200)(247) [0.6 (1 − )]
250 1.5
= 1200mm
= 1564.99kN > 297.03kN
10

= 4 × 300 + 4𝜋(247)
= 4303.89mm

= (300 + 4 × 247)2 – (4 – 𝜋)(2 × 247)2
= 1658944 – 209482.3
= 1.45 × 106 𝑚𝑚2
= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝟐
= 74.26 × (2 × 2 – 1.45)
= 74.26 × (2.55)
= 189.36kN
189.36 × 103
4303.89 ×247
= 0.178N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
3 1
200
3 1
k = (1 + √ ) <2 𝜌1 = 0.02
= [0.035(1.9) (30) ](4303.89 × 247)
2 2 𝑑
= 533.72kN 200
= (1 +√247 )
1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ](𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑) = 1.9 < 2
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.02 × 30) ](4303.89 × 247)
3
= 948.88kN > 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 242.88kN
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶
𝛾𝑅𝐷,𝐶 =
948.88×103
=
4303.89 ×247
= 0.89N/m𝒎𝟐 > Punching shear stress = 0.178N/𝑚𝑚2

11

2 2
(2− 0.3) (2− 0.3) 1
= 74.26 × 2 × × (2)
2 2
= 53.65kNm
𝑀
K= where K’= 0.167
53.65 ×106
=
(30)(2000)(247)2
= 0.015
𝐾
Z = d (0.5 + √0.25 − 1.134
) where 0.82d < Z < 0.954d
0.015
= d (0.5 + √0.25 − )
1.134
= 0.987d >0.954d
∴ Z = 0.954d
𝑀
53.65 ×106
=
0.87(500)(0.954 ×247)
= 523.40𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠
523.4
=
𝜋162 /4
= 2.6
≈3

= 3 × 𝜋162 /4
= 603.19𝒎𝒎𝟐
12
3 1
3 1 k = (1 + √ ) <2 𝜌1 =
= [0.035(1.9) (30) ](4303.89 × 247)
2 2
𝑑 𝑏𝑤𝑑
= 533.72kN 200 𝟔𝟎𝟑.𝟏𝟗

= (1 +√247 ) =
(2000)(247)
1
3 = 1.9 < 2 = 0.001
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.001 × 30)3 ](4303.89 × 247)
= 349.57kN < 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 533.72kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 533.72kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 189.36kN
∴ h is adequate.
2
(2− 0.3)
= 74.26 × 2 × [ − 0.247]
2
= 89.56kN
3 1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑)
3 1
= [0.035(1.9)2 (30)2 ](2000 × 247)
= 248.02kN
1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑)
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.001 × 30)3 ](2000 × 247)
= 162.44kN < 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 248.02kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 248.02kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 89.56kN
13
3.3 Design of Footing A2 and D2

= 311.78 + (2.4 × 0.3 × 0.3)(25)
= 311.78 + 5.4
= 317.18kN
𝑁𝐸𝐷
Earth pressure =
317.18
=
(2000 ×2000)× 10−6

= 300 - 45 - 16/2
= 247mm
𝑓
𝑐𝑘 𝑓
𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 [0.6 (1 − 250 )] 1.5
30 30
= 0.5(1200)(247) [0.6 (1 − )]
250 1.5
= 1200mm
= 1564.99kN > 317.18kN
14

= 4 × 300 + 4𝜋(247)
= 4303.89mm

= (300 + 4 × 247)2 – (4 – 𝜋)(2 × 247)2
= 1658944 – 209482.3
= 1.45 × 106 𝑚𝑚2
= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝟐
= 79.3 × (2 × 2 – 1.45)
= 79.3 × (2.55)
= 202.22kN
202.22 × 103
4303.89 ×247
= 0.19N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
3 1
200
3 1
k = (1 + √ ) <2 𝜌1 = 0.02
= [0.035(1.9) (30) ](4303.89 × 247)
2 2 𝑑
= 533.72kN 200
= (1 +√247 )
1
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.02 × 30) ](4303.89 × 247)
3
= 948.88kN > 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 242.88kN
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶
𝛾𝑅𝐷,𝐶 =
948.88×103
=
4303.89 ×247

15

2 2
(2− 0.3) (2− 0.3) 1
= 79.3 × 2 × × (2)
2 2
= 57.29kNm
𝑀
K= where K’= 0.167
57.29 ×106
=
(30)(2000)(247)2
= 0.016
𝐾
Z = d (0.5 + √0.25 − 1.134
) where 0.82d < Z < 0.954d
0.016
= d (0.5 + √0.25 − 1.134
)
= 0.986d >0.954d
∴ Z = 0.954d
𝑀
57.29 ×106
=
0.87(500)(0.954 ×247)
= 558.91𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠
558.91
=
𝜋162 /4
= 2.78
≈3

= 3 × 𝜋162 /4
= 603.19𝒎𝒎𝟐
16
3 1
3 1 k = (1 + √ ) <2 𝜌1 =
= [0.035(1.9) (30) ](4303.89 × 247)
2 2
𝑑 𝑏𝑤𝑑
= 533.72kN 200 𝟔𝟎𝟑.𝟏𝟗

= (1 +√247 ) =
(2000)(247)
1
3 = 1.9 < 2 = 0.001
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.001 × 30)3 ](4303.89 × 247)
= 349.57kN < 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 533.72kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 533.72kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 202.22kN
∴ h is adequate.
2
(2− 0.3)
= 79.3 × 2 × [ − 0.247]
2
= 95.64kN
3 1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑)
3 1
= [0.035(1.9)2 (30)2 ](2000 × 247)
= 248.02kN
1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑)
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.001 × 30)3 ](2000 × 247)
= 162.44kN < 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 248.02kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 248.02kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 95.64kN
17
3.4 Design of Footing B2 and C2

= 559.63 + (2.4 × 0.3 × 0.3)(25)
= 559.63 + 5.4
= 565.03kN
𝑁𝐸𝐷
Earth pressure =
565.03
=
(2000 ×2000)× 10−6

= 300 - 45 - 16/2
= 247mm
𝑓
𝑐𝑘 𝑓
𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 [0.6 (1 − 250 )] 1.5
30 30
= 0.5(1200)(247) [0.6 (1 − )]
250 1.5
= 1200mm
= 1564.99kN > 565.03kN
18

= 4 × 300 + 4𝜋(247)
= 4303.89mm

= (300 + 4 × 247)2 – (4 – 𝜋)(2 × 247)2
= 1658944 – 209482.3
= 1.45 × 106 𝑚𝑚2
= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝟐
= 141.26 × (2 × 2 – 1.45)
= 141.26 × (2.55)
= 360.21kN
360.21 × 103
4303.89 ×247
= 0.34N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
3 1
200
3 1
k = (1 + √ ) <2 𝜌1 = 0.02
= [0.035(1.9) (30) ](4303.89 × 247)
2 2 𝑑
= 533.72kN 200
= (1 +√247 )
1
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.02 × 30) ](4303.89 × 247)
3
= 948.88kN > 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 242.88kN
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶
𝛾𝑅𝐷,𝐶 =
948.88×103
=
4303.89 ×247

19

2 2
(2− 0.3) (2− 0.3) 1
= 141.26 × 2 × × (2)
2 2
= 102.06kNm
𝑀
K= where K’= 0.167
102.06 ×106
=
(30)(2000)(247)2
= 0.028
𝐾
Z = d (0.5 + √0.25 − 1.134
) where 0.82d < Z < 0.954d
0.028
= d (0.5 + √0.25 − 1.134
)
= 0.975d >0.954d
∴ Z = 0.954d
𝑀
102.06 ×106
=
0.87(500)(0.954 ×247)
= 995.68𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠
995.68
=
𝜋162 /4
= 4.95
≈5

= 5 × 𝜋162 /4
= 1005.31𝒎𝒎𝟐
20
3 1
3 1 k = (1 + √ ) <2 𝜌1 =
= [0.035(1.9) (30) ](4303.89 × 247)
2 2
𝑑 𝑏𝑤𝑑
= 533.72kN 200 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓.𝟑𝟏

= (1 +√247 ) =
(2000)(247)
1
3 = 1.9 < 2 = 0.002
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.002 × 30)3 ](4303.89 × 247)
= 440.43kN < 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 533.72kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 533.72kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 360.21kN
∴ h is adequate.
2
(2− 0.3)
= 141.26 × 2 × [ − 0.247]
2
= 170.36kN
3 1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑)
3 1
= [0.035(1.9)2 (30)2 ](2000 × 247)
= 248.02kN
1
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = [0.12𝑘(100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ](𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑)
1
= [0.12(1.9)(100 × 0.002 × 30)3 ](2000 × 247)
= 204.67kN < 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 248.02kN
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 248.02kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 170.36kN
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this report, 4 footings were designed:
1. Footing A1, A3, D1, D3 2. Footing n B1, B3, C1, C3
3. Footing A2 and D2 4. Footing B2 and C2
The design of these footing is done using Eurocode 2. All the footing is singly reinforced.
21

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1.

Total axial load = 1.0 Gk + 1.0 Qk (in kN) [Equation 1]

𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk [Equation 3]

- If height and effective depth is specified, use the specified dimension.

𝑢 is the perimeter of the column.

Step 4. Check for punching shear

- Find the basic control perimeter of punching shear.

Punching shear control perimeter = perimeter of column + 4𝜋𝑑 [Equation 6]

- Find the area within the control perimeter.

Figure 1 Area within control perimeter

- Find punching shear force

- Assume 𝜌1 to be 0.02 as the area of steel required is not known yet.

Step 5. Find the reinforcement steel bar required to resist bending.

- The moment has to be found from the face of the column.

Figure 2. Cross section of footing and column

Step 7. Check the shear force at critical zone ( 𝑉𝐸𝐷 )

- Shear critical zone is 1.0d away from face of column.

If 𝑉𝐸𝐷 <𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 , no shear reinforcement required.

Figure 4. Section of Footing

- It can be seen that there are four footings to be designed:

1. Footing A1, A3, D1, D3

2. Footing B1, B3, C1, C3

𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 161.78kN (found from progress report 5: Design of RC Column)

𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 161.78 + 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Density of Reinforced Concrete = 25kN/𝑚3

Assumptions: safe bearing pressure on soil = 200kN/𝑚2

Assume height of footing = 200mm

d = thickness - cover - ∅/2

Punching shear control perimeter = perimeter of column + 4𝜋𝑑

Area within control perimeter (square) = (𝑎 + 4𝑑)2 – (4 – 𝜋)2𝑑2

= 0.94N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 > Punching shear stress = 0.307N/𝑚𝑚2

(𝑏𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) (𝑏𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) 1

𝐴𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟

= 242.88kN 200 𝟔𝟎𝟑.𝟏𝟗

∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 242.88kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 137.35kN

Step 7. Check the shear force at critical zone ( 𝑉𝐸𝐷 )

∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 159.41kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 58.77kN

∴ No shear reinforcement is required.

𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 291.63kN (found from progress report 5: Design of RC Column)

𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 291.63 + 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Density of Reinforced Concrete = 25kN/𝑚3

Assumptions: safe bearing pressure on soil = 200kN/𝑚2

= 74.26kN/𝒎𝟐 < safe bearing pressure on soil = 200kN/𝑚2

∴ Earth pressure exerted is safe.

Assume height of footing = 300mm

d = thickness - cover - ∅/2

Punching shear control perimeter = perimeter of column + 4𝜋𝑑

Area within control perimeter (square) = (𝑎 + 4𝑑)2 – (4 – 𝜋)2𝑑2

= 948.88kN > 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 242.88kN

= 0.89N/m𝒎𝟐 > Punching shear stress = 0.178N/𝑚𝑚2

(𝑏𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) (𝑏𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) 1

𝐴𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟

= 533.72kN 200 𝟔𝟎𝟑.𝟏𝟗

∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 533.72kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 189.36kN

Step 7. Check the shear force at critical zone ( 𝑉𝐸𝐷 )

∴ 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 = 248.02kN > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 89.56kN

∴ No shear reinforcement is required.

𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 311.78kN (found from progress report 5: Design of RC Column)

𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 311.78 + 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Density of Reinforced Concrete = 25kN/𝑚3

Assumptions: safe bearing pressure on soil = 200kN/𝑚2

= 79.30kN/𝒎𝟐 < safe bearing pressure on soil = 200kN/𝑚2

∴ Earth pressure exerted is safe.

Assume height of footing = 300mm

d = thickness - cover - ∅/2

Punching shear control perimeter = perimeter of column + 4𝜋𝑑