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Outdoor activities
go hang gliding (v)
go sailing (v)
go surfing (v)
go rock climbing (v)
Other words
afraid (of heights) (adj)
fun (adj)
(secret) dream (n)
hopes and dreams (n)
sailboat (n)
waterfall (n)
Grammar
Present perfect statements
Use the present perfect for events at an indefinite time before now:
Affirmative statements
Remember, the contracted form of have for he, she, and it is 's (= has).
When people talk about travel destinations, they generally use been as an alternative to gone
to mean "gone somewhere and come back":
Negative statements
Remember, the contracted form of have not for he, she, and it is hasn't (= has not).
• always
I've always wanted to study acting.
(= This was my dream a long time ago, and it's still my dream today.)
• never . . . before
She's never tried it before.
(= She didn't do this at any time in the past.)
Past participles
Regular verbs have the same form for the simple past and past participle. They end in -ed:
Remember, for verbs ending in a consonant and a -y, change the y to i before you add -ed.
Irregular verbs sometimes have different forms for the simple past and past participle:
do did done
go went gone
Good experiences
enter a talent contest (v)
get 100% on a test (v)
speak to a famous person (v)
take an exciting trip (v)
win a prize (v)
Outdoor activities
go bungee jumping (v)
go camping (v)
go kite surfing (v)
go white-water rafting (v)
Other words
exciting (adj)
scared (adj)
scary (adj)
contest (n)
Grammar
Present perfect vs. simple past
Use the present perfect to ask about indefinite times before now.
Use the present perfect to give answers about indefinite times before now:
Use the simple past for specific events or times in the past:
A Did you have a good time? (= on your rafting trip last May)
B Yes, I did. But I fell off the raft.
Conversation strategies
Keeping the conversation going
To keep a conversation going, you can comment on what other people say to show interest,
and then ask a question:
A We went to a new club called "Fizz" last week. Have you been there?
B No, but I've heard good things about it. How was it?
Response questions
You can show interest by responding with short questions like Do you? and Have you? Use the
same tense as the other person:
A I've seen that movie about hip-hop artists a couple of times. (present perfect)
B Have you? (present perfect)
To show surprise, you can respond with questions like You do? and You have? This is more
informal.
Other words
blog (Web log) (n)
blogger (n)
ruins (n)
tent (n)
view (n)
zip line (n)
get a flat tire (v)
go hiking (v)
go parasailing (v)
go windsurfing (v)
Writing
Adverbs of attitude
You can use adverbs to show your attitude or feelings about something.
Use unfortunately when you are sorry about what happened or didn't happen:
I didn't see a quetzal bird, unfortunately.
Natural wonders
(active) volcano (n)
canyon (n)
Adjectives of measurement
deep (36,000 feet deep) (adj)
long (4,160 miles long) (adj)
tall (1,670 feet tall) (adj)
Units of measurement
1 kilometer = 0.62 miles
1 meter = 3.28 feet
Numbers
1,000,000 = a million
509 = five hundred (and) nine
Regular superlatives
the busiest (adj)
the most interesting (adj)
the least expensive (adj)
Irregular superlatives
the best (adj)
the worst (adj)
Other words
cover (v)
go hiking (v)
hold (v)
serve (v)
visit (v)
Grammar
Superlatives
You can use superlatives of adjectives to compare three or more things:
This is the tallest building in the world.
Short adjectives
For short adjectives, superlatives are the + adjective + -est:
What's the tallest building in the world?
For short adjectives ending in e, add -st:
Where is the largest shopping mall?
For two-syllable adjectives ending in y, change the y to i and add -est:
What's the busiest restaurant?
For most one-syllable adjectives ending in vowel + consonant, double the last letter and add -
est:
Irregular superlatives
Adjectives of measurement
high (8,850 meters high) (adj)
wide (29 kilometers wide) (adj)
Units of measurement
Celsius (48°C / 48 degrees Celsius)
Fahrenheit (120°F / 120 degrees Fahrenheit)
0°C = 32°F
1 square kilometer = 0.386 square miles
Numbers
6,529 = six thousand five hundred (and)
twenty-nine
7.7 = seven point seven
Other words
erupt (v)
reach (v)
Grammar
Questions with How + adjective . . . ?
You can use these adjectives in questions with How + adjective . . . ? In answers to questions
like these, you can repeat the adjective after the measurement:
• high
• long
• wide
• deep
• large
• hot
Conversation strategies
Being a supportive listener
You can be a supportive listener by using short responses with really and sure to agree with
what someone says.
If the other speaker uses the verb be, repeat the verb in your response:
A This is the most incredible place!
B Yeah, it really is.
If the other speaker uses the simple present, use do or does in your response:
A It feels good to be out of the city.
B It sure does.
If the other speaker uses the present perfect, use have or has in your response:
A Well, it's been a great day.
B It really has.
If the other speaker uses a modal verb (can, should, etc.), repeat the speaker's verb in your
response:
A We should go hiking there sometime.
B We really should.
Writing
Adding information
Sometimes, you can use one sentence to say the same thing as two sentences.
You can add extra information about something into a sentence like this:
Mount Aconcagua, a peak in the Andes range, is the highest mountain in Argentina.
You can also add extra information about something at the end of a sentence:
Many people come to Argentina to see the Andes, the longest mountain range in
the world.
(= Many people come to Argentina to see the Andes. + They are the longest mountain
range in the world.)
Family life
clean up (your room) (v)
do chores (v)
fight over (the remote) (v)
go over the speed limit (v)
gripe (about) (v)
have a gripe (about) (v)
start a family (v)
stay out late (v)
Grammar
let, make, and have
After let, make, and have, use an object + verb:
help
After help you can use an object + verb or an object + to + verb, but help + object + verb is
more common:
Extended family
grandfather (n)
grandmother (n)
great-grandfather (n)
great-grandmother (n)
uncle (n)
aunt (n)
nephew (n)
niece (n)
(first / second) cousin (n)
brother-in-law (n)
sister-in-law (n)
Blended family
stepfather (n)
stepmother (n)
stepson (n)
stepdaughter (n)
stepbrother (n)
stepsister (n)
half brother (n)
half sister (n)
Family life
be part of (a big family) (v)
come over (for dinner) (v)
crawl under the table (v)
get divorced (v)
get married (v)
tease someone (v)
The past
used to (v)
would (v)
when I was (17)
when we were kids
Grammar
used to and would
Affirmative statements
Use used to + verb for regular activities in the past that don't happen now:
I used to go over to my sister's house a lot.
(= In the past, I went to my sister's house a lot, but I don't do this now.)
You can also use would or 'd + verb for regular activities in the past:
I'd go over to my sister's house a lot.
Use used to + verb for situations in the past that are no longer true:
My sister used to live next door.
(= In the past, my sister lived next door, but this isn't true now.)
You can only use would to describe regular activities. Do not use would for situations in the
past that are no longer true.
Other words
(a lot of) pressure (n)
grow up (v)
Conversation strategies
Giving opinions
You can use expressions like these to give opinions:
• I think . . .
• I don't think . . .
• It seems like . . .
• It seems to me (that) . . .
It seems to me (that) people don't spend enough time with their families.
• If you ask me . . .
Agreeing
You can use expressions like these to agree with people's opinions:
B Absolutely.
Other words
sibling (= brother or sister) (n)
Writing
Using time markers
You can use these time markers to show the past:
When we were kids, / When I was younger, my sister and I used to roller-skate a lot.
In those days, / Back then, we didn't have all the safety equipment kids use today.
We didn't have all the safety equipment kids use today / now / nowadays / these days.