Wave Shaping and Multi negative halo the input signal, the diode con- circuit. Now, the output voltage, v, = 0 V. a #0 10 V with polarities shown in Fig. 16.44 and aovf ‘of the input signal, the diode does not con- eireuit. Hence, the output voltage. x, = 10 V positively clumped voliage and the resultant in Fig. 16.60(0) Fig. 26.60 bing circuit shown in Fig. 16.61(a) for the given sinusoidal input sigmal, wid TN positive half of the input signal, the diode con- circuit. Now, the output voltage, vp = 0'V. The to 12 V with polarities shown in Fig. 16.61 and it jot conduct Fralf of the input signal, the diode does n 12V-12V circuit, Hence, the output voltage, ¥> negatively clamped voltage and the resultant output Gin the Fig. 16.61 (c) reuits in which the output of the first stage is fed to the input ‘are complementary. Multivibrators and (iii) Monostable jo-stage switching ci fand vice-versa, The outputs of two stage ator, (ii) Bistable multivibrator Fanning multivibrator generates square wave without an: gering pulse. epint fas two quasi stable states, It switches back and forth fom one state the esate fora time depending upon the discharging of capacitive circuit. Fare je symmetrical transistor astable multivibrator in which components one half of ae eMrenteal to their counter parti the other hal. The square wave oudpat ean be point of Q; or O>. The waveforme at base and collector of tansistors Qi and Op 16.6210).664 Electronic Devices and Circuits eg a = fe imo ° 4 * & time (t) Fig. 26.62. Astable multvbrator(e) iri diagram (b) Waveforms at base and collector of.Wave raping and MultwibratorCireuits 665 ge + Vccis applied, one transistor will conduct more than the other due to some tially, et us assume that Q, is conducting and Q, is cut-off. Then Vey, the output gy 1&. approximately zero volt and Vex = +Vc. At this instant, Cy charges expo- constant R,C, towards the supply voltage through R and correspondingly Vp anially towards Vc He cut-in voltage, Q, starts conducting and Vc falls (0 Vena Also, Vy falls due 12 between collector of Q, and base of Q;, thereby driving Q,, into OFF state, Now, Ze is coupled through C; to the base of 0, causing a small overshoot in voltage Vz OW. At this instant, the voltage levels are: V ive, Ver = Veo Vn land Q, is OW, the voltage Vg, increases exponentially with a time constant RC fore, Q, is driven into saturation and Q, is cul-oll. Now, the voltage levels are: = Vena» Vm isnexative and Vox = Veo is OW, the falling voltage Vc permits the discharging apacitor C, which fof. The rising voltage of Vc, feeds back to the base of Q: tending to turn it ON. This be regenerative period T in astable muttivibrator 3 lime period 7'can be derived by finding the ow time ft the base of transistor as shown in Fig. 16.62 is taken for consideration. for Q, and the on time T for the output can be written as - Ve the base voltage at B,, {Cydischarges exponentially, the voltage Vgp at base B increases exponentially initial value of V, final value of Vy, s final Hhoreasing beyond the cut in voltage V/, its rise in towards +Vge, which is it ‘with the time constant r, = RC: (Veo-€ Veo) Wece *** reo 2 61) t= Tyand Vin V, Vy = Voc (1-26 HR) mation to obtain 7 is, ¥,=0V Ofc l/-