Wave Shaping and Multi
negative halo the input signal, the diode con-
circuit. Now, the output voltage, v, = 0 V. a
#0 10 V with polarities shown in Fig. 16.44 and aovf
‘of the input signal, the diode does not con-
eireuit. Hence, the output voltage. x, = 10 V
positively clumped voliage and the resultant
in Fig. 16.60(0)
Fig. 26.60
bing circuit shown in Fig. 16.61(a) for the given sinusoidal input sigmal,
wid
TN
positive half of the input signal, the diode con-
circuit. Now, the output voltage, vp = 0'V. The
to 12 V with polarities shown in Fig. 16.61 and it
jot conduct
Fralf of the input signal, the diode does n
12V-12V
circuit, Hence, the output voltage, ¥>
negatively clamped voltage and the resultant output
Gin the Fig. 16.61 (c)
reuits in which the output of the first stage is fed to the input
‘are complementary. Multivibrators
and (iii) Monostable
jo-stage switching ci
fand vice-versa, The outputs of two stage
ator, (ii) Bistable multivibrator
Fanning multivibrator generates square wave without an: gering pulse.
epint fas two quasi stable states, It switches back and forth fom one state the
esate fora time depending upon the discharging of capacitive circuit. Fare
je symmetrical transistor astable multivibrator in which components one half of
ae eMrenteal to their counter parti the other hal. The square wave oudpat ean be
point of Q; or O>. The waveforme at base and collector of tansistors Qi and Op
16.6210).664 Electronic Devices and Circuits
eg a = fe imo
° 4 * & time (t)
Fig. 26.62. Astable multvbrator(e) iri diagram (b) Waveforms at base and collector of.Wave
raping and MultwibratorCireuits 665
ge + Vccis applied, one transistor will conduct more than the other due to some
tially, et us assume that Q, is conducting and Q, is cut-off. Then Vey, the output
gy 1&. approximately zero volt and Vex = +Vc. At this instant, Cy charges expo-
constant R,C, towards the supply voltage through R and correspondingly Vp
anially towards Vc
He cut-in voltage, Q, starts conducting and Vc falls (0 Vena Also, Vy falls due
12 between collector of Q, and base of Q;, thereby driving Q,, into OFF state, Now,
Ze is coupled through C; to the base of 0, causing a small overshoot in voltage Vz
OW. At this instant, the voltage levels are: V ive, Ver = Veo Vn
land Q, is OW, the voltage Vg, increases exponentially with a time constant RC
fore, Q, is driven into saturation and Q, is cul-oll. Now, the voltage levels are:
= Vena» Vm isnexative and Vox = Veo
is OW, the falling voltage Vc permits the discharging apacitor C, which
fof. The rising voltage of Vc, feeds back to the base of Q: tending to turn it ON. This
be regenerative
period T in astable muttivibrator 3
lime period 7'can be derived by finding the ow time
ft the base of transistor as shown in Fig. 16.62 is taken for consideration.
for Q, and the on time T for
the output can be written as
- Ve
the base voltage at B,,
{Cydischarges exponentially, the voltage Vgp at base B increases exponentially
initial value of V,
final value of Vy,
s final
Hhoreasing beyond the cut in voltage V/, its rise in towards +Vge, which is it
‘with the time constant r, = RC:
(Veo-€ Veo)
Wece ***
reo 2 61)
t= Tyand Vin V,
Vy = Voc (1-26 HR)
mation to obtain 7 is, ¥,=0V
Ofc l/-