Definitions of religion tend to suffer from one of two problems: they are either too narrow and exclude

many belief systems which most agree are religions, or they are too vague and ambiguous, suggesting
that just about anything and everything is a religion. A better way to explain the nature of religion is to
identify basic characteristics common to religions. These characteristics may be shared with other belief
systems, but taken together they make religion distinct.

Belief in Supernatural Beings

Belief in the supernatural, especially gods, is one of the most obvious characteristics of religion. It's so
common, in fact, that some people mistake mere theism for religion itself; yet that is incorrect. Theism
can occur outside of religion and some religions are atheistic. Despite this, supernatural beliefs are a
common and fundamental aspect to most religions, while the existence of supernatural beings is almost
never stipulated in non-religious belief systems.

Sacred vs Profane Objects, Places, Times

Distinguishing between the sacred and the profane is common and important enough in religions that
some scholars of religion, notably Mircea Eliade, have argued that this distinction should be considered
the defining characteristic of religion. The creation of such a distinction can help direct believers to focus
on transcendental values and supernatural, but hidden, aspects of the world around us. Sacred times,
places, and object remind us that there is more to life than what we see.

Ritual Acts Focused on Sacred Objects, Places, Times

Of course, merely noting the existence of the sacred usually isn't sufficient. If a religion emphasizes the
sacred, then it will also emphasize ritual acts involving the sacred. Special actions must occur at sacred
times, in sacred places, and/or with sacred objects. These rituals serve to unite members of the current
religious community not just with each other, but also with their ancestors and their descendants.
Rituals can be important components of any social group, religious or not.

Moral Code With Supernatural Origins

Few religions don't include some sort of basic moral code in their teachings. Because religions are
typically social and communal in nature, it's only to be expected that they also have directions about
how people should behave and treat each other, not to mention outsiders. Justification for this
particular moral code rather than any other usually comes in the form of the code's supernatural origins,
for example from gods which created both the code and humanity.

Characteristically Religious Feelings

Awe, a sense of mystery, a sense of guilt, and adoration are "religious feelings" which tend to be
aroused in religious believers when they come in the presence of sacred objects, in sacred places, and
during the practice of sacred rituals. Usually, these feelings are connected with the supernatural, for
example, it may be thought that the feelings are evidence of the immediate presence of divine beings.
Like rituals, this attribute often occurs outside religion.

Prayer and Other Forms of Communication

Because the supernatural is so often personalized in religions, it only makes sense that believers would
seek interaction and communication. Many rituals, like sacrifices, are one type of attempted interaction.
Prayer is a very common form of attempted communication which might occur quietly with a single
person, loudly and publicly, or in the context of a group of believers. There is no single type of prayer or
single type of effort to communicate, just a common desire to reach out.

A World View & Organization of One’s Life Based on the World View

It's normal for religions to present believers with a general picture of the world as a whole and the place
of the individual therein - for example, whether the world exists for them of if they are a bit player in
someone else's drama. This picture will usually include some details of an overall purpose or point of the
world and an indication of how the individual fits into that as well - for example, are they supposed to
serve the gods, or do the gods exist to help them along?

A Social Group Bound Together by the Above

Religions are so commonly organized socially that religious beliefs without a social structure have
acquired their own label, "spirituality." Religious believers often join together with like-minded
adherents to worship or even live together. Religious beliefs are typically transmitted not just by family,
but by an entire community of believers. Religious believers sometimes associate with each other to the
exclusion of non-adherents, and may place this community at the center of their lives.

Submitted by:
Romel D. Isanan