3/31/2019 Homework Chapters 25-26

Homework Chapters 25-26

Due: 1:59pm on Monday, February 25, 2019
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

Visualize It! Chapter 25 Figure 2

You will name the processes that occur during wine making.

Part A
Label the steps in the wine-making process.
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

ANSWER:

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must

starter culture of
yeast and bacteria

fermentation

clarification

aging of wine

bottling of wine

Correct

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3/31/2019 Homework Chapters 25-26

Visualize It! Chapter 25 Figure 1

You will name the processes that occur during cheese-making.

Part A
Label the steps in the cheese-making process.
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
ANSWER:

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Pasteurization

Starter bacterial culture

Unripened cheeses

Curds

Ripened cheeses

Pressing and addition of

secondary microbial cultures

Aging (ripening)

Correct

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3/31/2019 Homework Chapters 25-26

Is It Me, Or Is It Hot In Here???

Jamie, a 47-year-old environmental microbiologist, is having the best day of her life! She has just returned from a three-day oceanographic expedition
exploring the biota of a recently discovered hydrothermal vent in the Pacific Ocean. Her preliminary results seem to indicate that the team has discovered a
complete and novel vent ecosystem. Jamie can’t wait to characterize the different vent species she has collected and identify the role each plays in the
processes that sustain a community of organisms in such an extreme environment.

Part A
Which of the following statements about extremophiles is FALSE?

Hint 1. What is the origin of the word extremophile?

Extremophile = Latin extremus, meaning "extreme" + Greek philiā, meaning "love"

ANSWER:

Extremophiles can be found in environments with high salinity, such as the Great Salt Lake, or with low temperatures, such as the Antarctic.

Extremophiles can include members of the Bacteria or Archaea that live in extreme environments.

Extremophiles are generally pathogenic to humans.

Extremophiles use specialized enzymes in their metabolic pathways.

Correct
At this time, the extremophiles that have been identified are not pathogenic to humans. Most likely, extremophiles are too specialized for
extreme environments to successfully adapt to the median temperature and neutral pH of the human body.

Jamie is able to identify a new species based on DNA sequencing in a relatively short amount of time. Now the obstacle is to grow it in the laboratory.
Knowing that the microbe was found in nature near a hydrothermal vent, Jamie sets up a specialized vessel to mimic those conditions. Several months later,
she finds some patchy growth. She isolates some of the organisms and processes them for scanning electron microscopy. Based on her morphological
results, she determines that the organism is most likely in the Domain Archaea. Jamie’s images look very similar to image A, which, based on DNA
sequencing, is a relative of her novel species.

Jamie classifies the novel organism as a member of the Domain Archaea. Given that the organism was isolated near a hydrothermal vent, she is curious
about its role in biogeochemical cycling.

Part B
Which of the following situations is an example of biogeochemical cycling?
Select all that apply.

Hint 1. Definition of biogeochemical cycles

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3/31/2019 Homework Chapters 25-26
Biogeochemical cycles involve the cycling of elements that are oxidized and reduced by microorganisms to meet their metabolic needs.

ANSWER:

Bacteria were added to the Gulf of Mexico to degrade oil that was spilled after a deep-water drilling accident.

Some microbes decompose proteins from dead cells and waste products to their amino acid subunits, which are ultimately converted into
ammonia.

Plants and bacteria incorporate sulfates to become part of sulfur-containing amino acids for humans and other animals.

Photoautotrophs incorporate carbon dioxide into organic matter using energy from sunlight.

Correct
Biogeochemical cycling results in the oxidation and reduction of elements by microorganisms to meet their metabolic needs. Carbon, nitrogen,
sulfur, and phosphorus are elements that are essential to life on Earth, and they must be recycled.

Molecular data analysis supports Jamie’s initial identification of a novel Archaean species. Jamie further classifies this organism as a hyperthermophile
capable of growth near the hydrothermal vent because it has symbiotic relationships with chemoautotrophic bacteria. These bacteria receive their energy
from hydrogen sulfide and support the growth of other organisms.

Part C
Which of the following situations is an example of a symbiotic relationship?
Select all that apply.

Hint 1. Types of symbiosis

Symbiosis is the relationship shared by two differing organisms living together in a close association that benefits one or both of them. Symbiotic
relationships are classified as follows:

Mutualism: Both organisms or populations benefit from the relationship.

Parasitism: One organism (the parasite) exploits another (the host) without providing a benefit in return.
Commensalism: One organism benefits, whereas the other is unaffected.

ANSWER:

Staphylococcus epidermidis growing on the skin

Haemophilus influenzae growing in the respiratory tract

fungi growing on the root hairs of plants

E. coli growing in the large intestine of humans

Correct
Symbiotic relationships are common among microorganisms. Normal flora microbes associated with the human body typically represent either
commensal or mutualistic relationships. In a commensal relationship, one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. In a mutualistic
relationship, both organisms benefit. The third type of symbiosis is parasitism, in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other. In
nature, it is possible to find examples of all three types of symbiosis.

Part D
Another thermophile, Thermus aquaticus, was isolated from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. It is the source of the enzyme Taq polymerase,
which is used in the molecular technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is used to amplify sequences of DNA. What extremophile
characteristic of this enzyme makes it an essential component in a PCR reaction?

Hint 1. The steps of polymerase chain reaction

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3/31/2019 Homework Chapters 25-26
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a tool used to amplify DNA sequences. Typically, a thermal cycler is used, and a cycle consists of the
following:

1. Denaturation: making the sequences single stranded using temperatures of 94 to 98 degrees C

2. Annealing: cooling the reaction mixture to 50 to 65 degrees C to allow hybridization with primers
3. Elongation: heating to 72 degrees C to make a complementary copy of the template

This process is repeated multiple times, usually about 30 cycles, to amplify the original sequence of DNA.

ANSWER:

Taq polymerase is stable under acidic or alkaline conditions.

Taq polymerase is stable under extremely cold temperatures.

Taq polymerase is heat-stable and can withstand high temperatures.

Taq polymerase is stable in solutions that are extremely high in salt.

Correct
Taq polymerase is an enzyme isolated from a bacterium, Thermus aquaticus, normally found in environments with extremely high
temperatures. This enzyme is extremely heat-stable and can withstand the temperatures used in PCR to denature the double-stranded DNA.
Other industrial applications are being examined using proteins isolated from extremophiles because they can withstand environmental
extremes that normally result in the denaturation, or complete unfolding, of a protein.

Part E
Match the following groups of extremophiles with the environment in which they live.
Match the following terms with their definitions.

Hint 1. Example of extremophile groupings

Extremophiles are specially adapted to tolerate environments characterized by extreme temperatures, pH levels, or salinity, among other factors.
The organisms that live in these environments are grouped based on the conditions in their environment.

ANSWER:

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1. Halophiles : Organisms that thrive in salt concentrations of more than 25%.

2. Thermophiles : Organisms that thrive in environments between 50 and 60

degrees C.

3. Acidophiles : Organisms that can be found growing at pH values below 4.

4. Hyperthermophiles : Organisms that thrive in environments above 80

degrees C.

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3/31/2019 Homework Chapters 25-26

Correct
Extremophiles are microbes that live in extreme conditions of temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or salinity. These organisms can be members of
the Bacteria or Archaea, both of which are prokaryotic and have various metabolic processes. Thermophiles thrive at temperatures between
50 and 60 degrees C. Hyperthermophiles thrive at extremely high temperatures. Psychrophiles thrive at extremely cold temperatures.
Acidophiles like pH values less than 7, whereas alkalophiles like pH values greater than 7. Halophiles like salt concentrations of greater than
25%. Research is ongoing to identify even more organisms that live in environments inhospitable to most other organisms.

Visualize It! Chapter 26 Figure 1

You will name the processes that occur in the carbon cycle.

Part A
Label the general phases of the carbon cycle.
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
ANSWER:

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Fixation
Respiration
Anaerobic
Decomposition
oxidation Combustion

Consumption

Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 100%.
You received 2 out of a possible total of 2 points.

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