Lecture Slides On CPFSK PDF

Shift Keying Modulation Techniques
B. Sainath
sainath.bitragunta@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
March 4, 2019
B. Sainath (BITS, PILANI) Bandpass Data Transmission & Reception March 4, 2019 1 / 37
Outline
1 What is Bandpass Transmission ?
2 Shift Keying Modulation
3 Phase Shift Keying
4 M−ary Phase Shift Keying
5 M−ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
6 Symbol Error Probability: Craig’s Formula
7 CPM & CPFSK
8 Minimum Shift Keying
9 References & Further Reading
What is Bandpass Transmission?
Baseband transmission
bit stream in the form of a discrete PAM signal is transmitted directly
Bandpass transmission
incoming bit stream (eg. PCM encoded speech) is modulated onto RF
carrier with fixed frequency limits imposed by bandpass channel
e.g. satellite communication, mobile communication
Figure: Bandpass data transmission: an illustrative block diagram.
Shift Keying Modulation Schemes
Modulation performed by switching (or keying) some characteristic of RF

sinusoidal carrier w.r.t incoming symbols
Binary Signaling
L = 1 ⇒ two symbols
Pulse shape p(t) = 1, 0 < t < T
Let a(k) = {−1, +1}
Binary Signaling
L = 1 ⇒ two symbols
Pulse shape p(t) = 1, 0 < t < T
Let a(k) = {−1, +1}
x(t) = a(k ), (k − 1)T < t < kT
RF carrier’s characteristic is modulated in accordance with the baseband

signal
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Also called ON-OFF signaling; Analogous to AM

RF carrier of fixed amplitude and fixed frequency for bit duration → bit ‘1’
Switched off carrier for bit duration → bit ‘0’
Transmitted bandpass signal
y(t) = (1 + x(t)) cos(2πfc t), for all t
Application
used in optical communication
Binary ASK Probability of Error
in AWGN Channel
√ I
(0, 0) ( Eb , 0)
Figure: Constellation diagram of ASK.
A2c Tb
Let Eb denote bit energy = 2 joules
q
Eb
SEP = Q 2N0
Solution by geometric approach (discussed in class)
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
This is analogous to FM
y (t) = cos(2πfc t + x(t)2πf0 t), for all t
RF carrier with frequency fc + f0 ⇒ bit ‘1’

RF carrier with frequency fc − f0 ⇒ bit ‘0’
Application
used in Amateur radio, emergency broadcasts
Binary FSK Probability of Error in
AWGN Channel
Q
√
(0, Eb)
√ I
0 ( Eb, 0)
Assume that signals representing the bits are orthogonal

Assume coherent
q reception
Eb
SEP = Q N0
Solution by geometric approach
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
This is analogous to PM
PSK: Most popular and widely used modulation technique
y (t) = cos(2πfc t + βx(t)), for all t

RF carrier with phase − π2 ⇒ bit ‘1’
RF carrier with phase + π2 ⇒ bit ‘0’
Application
satellite communication, wireless LANs, RFID, and Bluetooth
Binary PSK Probability of Error in
AWGN Channel
Q
s0 s1
√ √ I
(− Eb , 0) 0 ( Eb , 0)
BPSK: also called antipodal signaling (correlation coefficient ρ = -1)

Assume coherent reception
q
2Eb
SEP = Q N0
Solution by geometric approach
q RT
Eb (1−ρ) s (t)s (t) dt
General formula: SEP = Q N0 , where ρ = √0 E 0 √1 E
s0 (t) s1 (t)
Bandwidth of BPSK and BFSK
PSK modulated signal bandwidth

1
2× Tb
FSK modulated signal bandwidth

1
(2 × Tb
) + (f1 − f2 )
2
f1 − f2 > Tb
where f1 = fc + f0 and f2 = fc − f0
fc in terms of f1 and f2 ?
Bandwidth of BPSK and BFSK
PSK modulated signal bandwidth

1
2× Tb
FSK modulated signal bandwidth

1
(2 × Tb
) + (f1 − f2 )
2
f1 − f2 > Tb
where f1 = fc + f0 and f2 = fc − f0
fc in terms of f1 and f2 ?
f1 +f2
fc = 2
BPSK: Coherent RX
Figure: Coherent receiver of BPSK.
Alternatively, correlation receiver
M−ary Phase Shift Keying
Transmitted signal representation & examples (in class)

Quadrature PSK: M = 4 ; Octa-PSK or 8-PSK: M = 8
Figure: Constellation diagram of QPSK.
QPSK: Transmission & Reception
Signal-Space Diagram of 8-PSK
Figure: Constellation diagram of 8PSK.
Multilevel Signaling:16-QAM
Q. Compute average energy per symbol
Symbol Error Probability:
Craig’s Formula for MPSK
m , sin2 π
M
MPSK modulation (AWGN)
Z (M−1)π
1 M
exp −mγ csc2 θ dθ

SEP =
π 0
γ is received SNR
Check for BPSK (discussed in class)
Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)
Phase discontinuity in coherent digital phase modulation techniques ⇒

poor spectral efficiency (Why?)
In CPM, carrier phase is modulated continuously
Advantages

Advantages
Phase continuity yields high spectral (bandwidth) efficiency
Constant envelope yields

Advantages
Constant envelope yields excellent power efficiency
Drawback:

Advantages
Constant envelope yields excellent power efficiency
Drawback: high implementation complexity of optimal receiver
Figure: Illustrating Modulation types.
Conventional FSK
Memoryless & does not have continuous phase (why?)

Binary FSK: Modulated signal switches instantaneously between two
sinusoids with different frequencies
M−ary FSK: 2k oscillators, k denotes number of bits in a symbol
Let Rb denote transmission rate
Drawback:
Conventional FSK
Memoryless & does not have continuous phase (why?)

Binary FSK: Modulated signal switches instantaneously between two
sinusoids with different frequencies
M−ary FSK: 2k oscillators, k denotes number of bits in a symbol
Let Rb denote transmission rate
Drawback: Oscillators tuned to desired frequencies & selecting one of M
frequencies according to k −bit symbol transmitted in T = Rk duration
b
Abrupt switching from one oscillator to another in successive intervals results in large
spectral side lobes outside main spectral band of signal ⇒ requires large frequency band
⇒ spectrally inefficient
Continuous Phase FSK
CPFSK: Form of CPM & variant of FSK

Need for CPFSK
CPFSK: Form of CPM & variant of FSK

Need for CPFSK
Maintaining phase continuity improves spectral efficiency
q
2Eb
CPFSK signal s(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + φ(t)), where Ac = Tb
f1 +f2
φ(t) continuous, fc = 2
two frequencies f1 and f2 transmitted to represent symbols 1 & 0
πh
In 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb , φ(t) = φ(0) ± Tb
t
‘+’ corresponds to symbol 1, ‘-’ corresponds to symbol 0
Parameter h = Tb (f1 − f2 ) ← deviation ratio (modulation index)
At t = Tb , φ(Tb ) − φ(0) =?
At t = Tb , φ(Tb ) − φ(0) =?

πh, for symbol 1,
φ(Tb ) − φ(0) = .
−πh, for symbol 0
Transmission ‘symbol 1’
increases phase of CPFSK signal by πh radians
Transmission ‘symbol 0’
reduces phase of CPFSK signal by πh radians
Exercise: Plot φ(t) − φ(0) as a function of Tb (in steps of Tb )
CPFSK Spectral Density
Spectral density of CPFSK (e.g., MSK) signal produced by random binary

sequence
falls off at least as f −4 at frequencies remote from the center of the signal
band
q
2Eb πt
Pulse shape g(t) = Tb cos 2Tb , −Tb ≤ t ≤ Tb
Prove that the PSD of g(t)
2
Ψg (f ) 32Eb cos (2πTb f )
Sg (f ) = =
Tb π2 16Tb2 f 2 − 1
=⇒ |G(f )|2 ∝ f −4 for f >> 1

Tb
QPSK signal
spectral density fall off as f −2
CPFSK signal does not produce as much interference outside signal
band compared to QPSK signal
advantage over QPSK when operating with bandwidth-limited systems
Cyclostationary Signal:
Representation & Analysis
Signal representation (general expression)

X
x(t) = Ik g(t − kT )
∀k
Instantaneous frequency f (t; I) ∝ x(t)

X
f (t; I) = h Ik g(t − kT )
∀k
Instantaneous phase φ(t; I)
Cyclostationary Signal:
Representation & Analysis
Signal representation (general expression)

X
x(t) = Ik g(t − kT )
∀k
Instantaneous frequency f (t; I) ∝ x(t)

X
f (t; I) = h Ik g(t − kT )
∀k
Instantaneous phase φ(t; I)

Z t
φ(t; I) = 2π f (τ ; I) dτ
−∞
Z t
= 2πh x(τ ) dτ
−∞
Instantaneous Phase
Rt
Let q(t) = −∞ g(τ ) dτ
Q: For the pulse shown, determine φ(t; I) & sketch q(t)
Instantaneous Phase
Rt
Let q(t) = −∞ g(τ ) dτ
Q: For the pulse shown, determine φ(t; I) & sketch q(t)
X
φ(t; I) = 2πh Ik q(t − kT )
∀k
Instantaneous Phase of CPM
In general
Instantaneous Phase of CPM
In general
X
φ(t; I) = 2π hk Ik q(t − kT ), nT ≤ t ≤ (n + 1)T ⇒ CPM
∀k
{Ik }: sequence of M−ary information symbols selected from

±1, ±2, . . . , ±(M − 1)
hk : sequence of modulation indices (MIs)
q(t): normalized waveform shape
If hk = h, MI is fixed for all symbols
Multi-h CPM: MI varies from symbol to symbol
Full-response CPM: g(t) = 0 for t > T
Partial-response CPM: g(t) 6= 0 for t > T
CPFSK Modulated Signal
Let fd denote peak frequency deviation & φ0 denote initial phase
Let E denote signal energy
Modulation index h , 2fd T
Lowpass (baseband) signal representation
r
2E
xbb (t) = exp (jφ(t; I) + jφ0 )
T
Q: Verify the following expressions
r Z t !
2E
xbb (t) = exp j4πfd T x(τ ) dτ + jφ0
T −∞
Bandpass signal representation:

r
2E
xbp (t) = cos (jφ(t; I) + jφ0 )
T
Instantaneous Phase of the Carrier
Exercise: In nT ≤ t ≤ (n + 1)T , prove that
φ(t; I) = θk + 2πh Ik q(t − kT )

n−1
X
θn = πh Ik
k=−∞
θn ⇒ represents accumulation of all symbols up to (n − 1)T
1
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK): h = 2
All phase shifts are modulo 2π

1
Interesting scenario h = 2
phase can take on only two values ± π2 at odd multiples of Tb
phase can take on two values 0 and π at even multiples of Tb
When h = 12 , CPFSK is called MSK
Expression of MSK signal
s(t) = Ac cos[φ(t)] cos(2πfc t) − Ac sin[φ(t)] sin(2πfc t)

π
where φ(t) = φ(0) ± t, 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
2Tb
Q. Expression for received signal at the Rx front end?
1
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK): h = 2
All phase shifts are modulo 2π

1
Interesting scenario h = 2
phase can take on only two values ± π2 at odd multiples of Tb
phase can take on two values 0 and π at even multiples of Tb
When h = 12 , CPFSK is called MSK
Expression of MSK signal
s(t) = Ac cos[φ(t)] cos(2πfc t) − Ac sin[φ(t)] sin(2πfc t)

π
where φ(t) = φ(0) ± t, 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
2Tb
Q. Expression for received signal at the Rx front end?

π π
x(t) = ±Ac cos t cos(2πfc t) ± Ac sin t sin(2πfc t) + w(t)
2Tb 2Tb
Phase Trellis Example
Figure: Phase trellis; boldfaced path represents the sequence 1101000.
Probability of Bit Error
Probability of bit error: same as coherent QPSK

However, MSK spectrum decays rapidly (f −4 )
MSK by Pasupathy S. (classic paper) (IEEE, 1979)
TX & Coherent RX of MSK
Gaussian MSK
Gaussian pre-modulation filter is used

Pass line-encoded (eg. NRZ) bits through a Gaussian filter
Use FM on the filtered pulses to generate GMSK signal
q
2αEb
Probability of bit error = Q N0
α depends on BT
For example, for BT = 0.25, α ≈ 0.68.
GMSK with BT = 0.3 used in GSM
GMSK offers better bandwidth efficiency but not power efficient
Trade-off between power efficiency & bandwidth efficiency
To confront ISI, GMSK requires equalization
PSD of MSK & GMSK
Exercise on GMSK
Notation:
U[0,T ] shown in Figure. It denotes BOXCAR function which has constant
amplitude of 1 in the defined interval.
U[0,T ] (t)
0 t
T
Figure: BOXCAR function
Exercise
Exercise. Pulse shape g(t) for GMSK can be obtained by smoothing

1
rectangular pulse of MSK, pMSK (t) = 4T U[0,T ] , by passing through a
Gaussian filter. The filter has transfer function given by
2 !
cf
H(f ) = exp − ,
W3 dB
q
ln 2
c= 2
, W3 dB is the 3 dB bandwidth
Derive the following:
Impulse response h(t) of the Gaussian filter
Convolution of pMSK (t) and h(t)
References & Further Reading
Digital communications by Proakis

Communication Systems by Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, 5th edition
Digital communication by Simon Haykin
http://users.okan.edu.tr/didem.kivanc/courses/EEE306_
2013_Spring/EEE306_Digital_Communication_2013_Spring_
Slides_10.pdf
http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/˜ee120/fa16/
handouts/digital-comm-sp02.pdf

Lecture Slides On CPFSK PDF

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Shift Keying Modulation Techniques

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

2 Shift Keying Modulation

3 Phase Shift Keying

4 M−ary Phase Shift Keying

5 M−ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

6 Symbol Error Probability: Craig’s Formula

7 CPM & CPFSK

8 Minimum Shift Keying

9 References & Further Reading

Figure: Bandpass data transmission: an illustrative block diagram.

Modulation performed by switching (or keying) some characteristic of RF

x(t) = a(k ), (k − 1)T < t < kT

RF carrier’s characteristic is modulated in accordance with the baseband

Also called ON-OFF signaling; Analogous to AM

y(t) = (1 + x(t)) cos(2πfc t), for all t

Figure: Constellation diagram of ASK.

y (t) = cos(2πfc t + x(t)2πf0 t), for all t

RF carrier with frequency fc + f0 ⇒ bit ‘1’

Assume that signals representing the bits are orthogonal

y (t) = cos(2πfc t + βx(t)), for all t

BPSK: also called antipodal signaling (correlation coefficient ρ = -1)

PSK modulated signal bandwidth

FSK modulated signal bandwidth

PSK modulated signal bandwidth

FSK modulated signal bandwidth

Figure: Coherent receiver of BPSK.

Alternatively, correlation receiver

Transmitted signal representation & examples (in class)

Figure: Constellation diagram of QPSK.

Figure: Constellation diagram of 8PSK.

Q. Compute average energy per symbol

Phase discontinuity in coherent digital phase modulation techniques ⇒

Phase discontinuity in coherent digital phase modulation techniques ⇒

Phase discontinuity in coherent digital phase modulation techniques ⇒

Phase discontinuity in coherent digital phase modulation techniques ⇒

Figure: Illustrating Modulation types.

Memoryless & does not have continuous phase (why?)

Memoryless & does not have continuous phase (why?)

CPFSK: Form of CPM & variant of FSK

CPFSK: Form of CPM & variant of FSK

Spectral density of CPFSK (e.g., MSK) signal produced by random binary

=⇒ |G(f )|2 ∝ f −4 for f >> 1

Signal representation (general expression)

Instantaneous frequency f (t; I) ∝ x(t)

Instantaneous phase φ(t; I)

Signal representation (general expression)

Instantaneous frequency f (t; I) ∝ x(t)

Instantaneous phase φ(t; I)

{Ik }: sequence of M−ary information symbols selected from

Bandpass signal representation:

Exercise: In nT ≤ t ≤ (n + 1)T , prove that

φ(t; I) = θk + 2πh Ik q(t − kT )

θn ⇒ represents accumulation of all symbols up to (n − 1)T

All phase shifts are modulo 2π

s(t) = Ac cos[φ(t)] cos(2πfc t) − Ac sin[φ(t)] sin(2πfc t)

Q. Expression for received signal at the Rx front end?

All phase shifts are modulo 2π

s(t) = Ac cos[φ(t)] cos(2πfc t) − Ac sin[φ(t)] sin(2πfc t)

Q. Expression for received signal at the Rx front end?

Figure: Phase trellis; boldfaced path represents the sequence 1101000.

Probability of bit error: same as coherent QPSK

Gaussian pre-modulation filter is used