Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.

com/96221988/human-physiology-chapter-5-flash-cards/

Human Physiology: An Integrated :C

Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Chapter 5 Membrane Dynamics Learning Outcome: 5.1

1) Which body fluid compartment

contains high levels of K+, large anions,
and proteins?
A) plasma only
B) interstitial fluid only
C) intracellular fluid only
D) both plasma and intracellular fluid
E) both plasma and interstitial fluid

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :E

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.1
2) Which body fluid compartment
contains higher levels of Na+, Cl-, and
HCO3-?
A) plasma only
B) interstitial fluid only
C) intracellular fluid only
D) both plasma and intracellular fluid
E) both plasma and interstitial fluid

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
3) All of the following are types of
mediated transport except one. Identify
the exception.
A) facilitated diffusion
B) primary active transport
C) simple diffusion
D) secondary active transport

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
4) Bulk flow is fluid flow as a result of a(n)
________ gradient.
A) concentration
B) electrical
C) pressure
D) Two of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.4
5) Water is a polar molecule, yet it easily
moves through the nonpolar portions of
cell membranes. Which transport process
is responsible?
A) facilitated diffusion
B) simple diffusion
C) uniport
D) symport
E) antiport

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :A

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.4
6) Permeability is a property of
A) membranes.
B) ions.
C) solutes.
D) solvents.
E) proteins.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.8
7) The term cellular (metabolic) energy
indicates any biological process requiring
A) energy in any form.
B) ATP.
C) thermal energy.
D) chemical energy.
E) thermal energy and chemical energy.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.1
8) What are the two extracellular fluid
compartments in the body?
A) intracellular and plasma
B) plasma and interstitial
C) interstitial and intracellular
D) plasma and the fluid portion of the
blood
E) None of the answers are correct.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.2
9) Saturation occurs when
A) molecules are moved by the use of
vesicles.
B) the energy required to move
molecules results from a high-energy
bond.
C) a group of carrier proteins is operating
at its maximum rate.
D) a preference of a carrier protein for a
substance is demonstrated based on the
differing affinities of the carrier for the
substrates.
E) a carrier molecule has the ability to
transport only one molecule or a group
of closely related molecules.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
10) The means by which a cell transports
large molecules out of the cell is called
A) phagocytosis.
B) endocytosis.
C) exocytosis.
D) diffusion.
E) active transport.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :A

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
11) Which of the following is a way for
solutes in an aqueous solution to move
from an area of high solute concentration
to an area of low solute concentration?
A) only facilitated diffusion
B) only osmosis
C) only active transport
D) both facilitated diffusion and osmosis
E) None of the answers are correct.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Epithelial Transport
12) In an epithelium, the apical membrane Learning Outcome: 5.5
is also known as the ________ membrane.
A) basolateral
B) mucosal
C) serosal
D) basement
E) nictitating

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.2

13) Hyposmotic solutions

A) have higher concentrations of solutes
than hyperosmotic solutions.
B) have lower concentrations of solutes
than other hyposmotic solutions.
C) have the same concentration of
solutes as hyperosmotic solutions.
D) have lower concentrations of solutes
than hyperosmotic solutions.
E) None of the answers are correct.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
14) Which of the following statements
about the Na+/K+ pump is FALSE?
A) It transports Na+ out of the cell and K+
into the cell.
B) It is present in neurons.
C) Its activity requires the expenditure of
metabolic (cellular) energy.
D) It transports Na+ and K+ in a 1:1 ratio.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
15) Which of the following statements Learning Outcome: 5.11
about the resting membrane potential is
TRUE?
A) It is normally equal to zero volts.
B) The inside of the membrane is
positively charged compared to the
outside.
C) It results, in part, from the
concentration gradients for Na+ and K+.
D) It is due in part to the presence of
extracellular proteins.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
16) Voltage-gated (voltage-dependent) Potential
channels and antiport carriers are both Learning Outcome: 5.11
types of
A) structural proteins.
B) enzymes.
C) transporters.
D) receptors.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.11
17) The resting membrane potential in a
typical nerve cell is approximately
A) +70 mV.
B) -70 mV.
C) +35 mV.
D) -35 mV.
E) 0 mV.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
18) Compared to the outside surface, the Learning Outcome: 5.11
inside of a resting cell membrane is
A) positively charged.
B) negatively charged.
C) electrically neutral.
D) continuously reversing its electrical
charge.
E) positively charged whenever the
sodium-potassium pump is active.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :A

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Vesicular Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.5
19) Caveolae and clathrin-coated pits are
both used in
A) endocytosis.
B) exocytosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
20) As the charge on the membrane of a Potential
typical neuron approaches 0 from -70 mV, Learning Outcome: 5.11
the cell is
A) only repolarizing.
B) only hyperpolarizing.
C) only depolarizing.
D) only becoming more difficult to
stimulate.
E) hyperpolarizing and becoming more
difficult to stimulate

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.11
21) The ion that plays a key role in
initiating electrical signals in neurons is
A) K+.
B) Na+.
C) Cl-.
D) Ca2+.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
22) Which of the following is NOT Learning Outcome: 5.11
involved in creating the resting potential
of a neuron?
A) diffusion of potassium ions out of the
cell
B) diffusion of sodium ions into the cell
C) resting membrane permeability for
sodium ions greater than potassium ions
D) resting membrane permeability for
potassium ions greater than sodium ions

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6
23) Passive transport refers to a process
that requires
A) no energy at all.
B) no cellular energy.
C) no pressure gradient.
D) no concentration gradient.
E) no electrical gradient.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
24) Which of the following is NOT true of Learning Outcome: 5.6
diffusion in the human body?
A) Diffusion occurs faster at higher
temperatures.
B) Smaller molecules take longer to
diffuse than larger ones.
C) Net movement of molecules occurs
until the osmolarity is equal.
D) Diffusion is rapid over short distances
and slower over longer distances.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.11
25) Gated channels for sodium ions may
include
A) mechanical gates, which respond to
pressure.
B) chemical gates, which respond to
ligands.
C) voltage gates, which respond to
electrical signals.
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
26) When a neuron changes its ion Learning Outcome: 5.11
permeability from the resting state,
A) a variety of gated ion channels may
open or close.
B) Na+ channels may open, allowing Na+
to enter the cell.
C) K+ channels must open, allowing K+ to
enter the cell.
D) only a variety of gated ion channels
may open or close and Na+ channels may
open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell.
E) a variety of gated ion channels may
open or close, Na+ channels may open,
allowing Na+ to enter the cell, and K+
channels must open, allowing K+ to enter
the cell.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
Match the membrane protein with its
function.

A. transfer signals from the extracellular

environment to the cytoplasm of the cell
B. form cell-to-cell connections
C. bind to molecules to facilitate entry to
or exit from the cell
D. ligands bind to these proteins and are
changed by the protein

27) structural proteins

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
28) enzymes

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :A

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
29) receptors

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
30) transporters

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5

Match the transport process to its

description.

A. active transport
B. passive transport

31) the movement of molecules from an

area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :A

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
32) the movement of molecules via Learning Outcome: 5.5
proteins embedded in the cell
membrane; requires ATP

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :A

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
33) the movement of molecules against
the concentration gradient

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
34) tends to create an equilibrium state

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5

Match the transport process to its

description.

A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. both
D. neither

35) the movement of molecules from an

area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.5
36) the use of ATP to move molecules

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
37) a form of mediated transport

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
38) conform(s) to the properties of Learning Outcome: 5.5
specificity, competition, and saturation

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.8

Match the type of transport with its

description.

A. secretion
B. paracellular transport
C. transcellular transport
D. absorption

39) between adjacent cells

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.8
40) from an organ's lumen to the
extracellular fluid

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.8
41) in one side of a cell and out the other

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :A

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.8
42) movement from the extracellular fluid
into the lumen of an organ

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms s may be used once, more than once, or
(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) not at all.

Match the terms to changes presented, A. electrical polarization

assuming a resting membrane potential B. hyperpolarization
of -70 mV. C. depolarization
D. repolarization
E. more than one of the answers

43) to -50 mV from resting potential

Answer: C
Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
44) to -70 mV from -50 mV Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
45) to -90 mV from resting potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
46) to +30 mV from resting potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :D

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
47) to -70 mV from -90 mV Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :A

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
48) any value other than 0 mV, regardless Learning Outcome: 5.11
of relationship to resting potential

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms s may be used more than once or not at
(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) all.

Match the potential or potential change A. resting membrane potential

with the causative circumstances. Assume B. hyperpolarization
ion movements are net movements. C. depolarization
D. repolarization
E. more than one of the answers

49) Na+ enters the cell

Answer: C
Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :E

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
50) K+ leaves the cell Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
51) Cl- enters the cell Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
52) membrane potential is 0 mV Learning Outcome: 5.11

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : membrane-spanning

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
53) This type of membrane protein
extends all the way through the cell
membrane into both the extra- and
intracellular fluids: ________.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : enzymes

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
54) The membrane proteins that catalyze Learning Outcome: 5.7
reactions that take place on the external
or internal surface of the cell are ________.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : receptors

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7

55) The membrane proteins that bind to a

ligand and act in the body's chemical
signaling system are ________.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : structural proteins

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
56) The membrane proteins that provide
for support of the cell membrane and
allow for cells to connect to each other
are ________.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : carrier proteins

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
57) The membrane proteins that change
shape and bind with specific molecules to
transport them across the cell membrane
are ________.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : saturated

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.9
58) Carrier proteins operating at their
maximum rate are said to be ________.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : chemically gated channels,

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) voltage-gated channels, mechanically
gated channels
59) The three types of gated channels are Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
________, ________, and ________. Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : gated (regulated)

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
60) Membrane protein pores that can be
opened and closed are called ________
channels.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : 3 Na+, out of, 2 K+, into
(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
61) The Na+-K+-ATPase pumps (this Learning Outcome: 5.7
number of) ________ Na+ ions ________ (into/out
of) the cell and (this number of) ________ K+
ions ________ (into/out of) the cell.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : electrogenic

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7

62) A pump that helps maintain an

electrical gradient, such as the Na+-K+-
ATPase is a(n) ________ pump.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : aquaporins

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
63) Channel proteins that allow water to
pass are called ________.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : open, leak (either order)

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
64) Membrane protein pores that are
essentially always open are called ________
or ________ channels.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :C

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.5
65) Which of the following is a unique
characteristic of glucose as a solute in
biological systems?
A) It enters the interstitial fluid before
going into the cell.
B) It is freely penetrating and can pass in
and out of the cells at any time.
C) 100% of it is absorbed into the cell
from the extracellular fluid.
D) It is converted into dextrose inside the
cell.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : plasma, interstitial fluid

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.1
66) The two extracellular compartments
in the body are ________ and ________.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : circulatory system

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
67) The walls of the ________ separate the Learning Outcome: 5.1
two extracellular fluid compartments.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : specificity

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
68) The ability of a carrier molecule to
transport only one specific molecule or a
group of closely related molecules is
called ________.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms : resting membrane potential

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
69) At rest, nerve cells have an unequal Learning Outcome: 5.11
distribution of ions on either side of the
cell membrane, producing the ________.

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms
(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)
70) At rest, nerve cells have a voltage of
________ mV.
: -70 (Note to instructor: All nerve cells
are different, so you may wish to accept a
range of similar values instead of insisting
on precisely this value.)
Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms :B

(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5
71) A cell membrane that is selectively
permeable
A) randomly chooses which substances
will pass through.
B) can change which substances pass
through by changing its lipid and protein
content.
C) is impermeable to all substances but
water.
D) will only allow substances in or out if
their concentration in the cell is above or
below a certain point.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :B

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
72) Fick's law of diffusion states that the Learning Outcome: 5.6
rate of diffusion across a membrane is
A) proportional to surface area and
membrane thickness, but inversely
proportional to concentration gradient.
B) proportional to concentration
gradient, surface area, and membrane
permeability.
C) proportional to membrane
permeability, but inversely proportional
to concentration gradient and surface
area.
D) proportional to membrane thickness
and surface area.

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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :D

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6
73) Which of the following would
increase the rate of diffusion across a cell
membrane?
A) a decrease in the surface area of the
membrane
B) a decrease in the concentration
gradient
C) a decrease in membrane permeability
D) a decrease in membrane thickness

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :A

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Vesicular Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.5

74) Pinocytosis and potocytosis are types

of
A) endocytosis.
B) exocytosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) endocytosis and exocytosis.
E) exocytosis and phagocytosis.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :C

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.1
75) Sodium ions are more concentrated in
the extracellular fluid than in the
intracellular fluid. This is an example of
A) electrical disequilibrium.
B) osmotic equilibrium.
C) chemical disequilibrium.
D) failed homeostasis.

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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :A

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
76) The inside of a resting cell is slightly Learning Outcome: 5.1
negative relative to the outside. This is an
example of
A) electrical disequilibrium.
B) osmotic equilibrium.
C) chemical disequilibrium.
D) failed homeostasis.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :C

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6
77) Which property of diffusion best
helps explain the necessity of the
circulatory system in multicellular
organisms?
A) Molecules move from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
B) Diffusion can take place in an open
system or across a partition that
separates two systems.
C) Diffusion is rapid over short distances
but much slower over long distances.
D) Diffusion rate is inversely related to
molecule size.

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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :C

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.5

78) Facilitated diffusion and active

transport differ in that
A) facilitated diffusion uses cell
membrane proteins to move substances,
whereas active transport does not.
B) facilitated diffusion uses a substrate to
bind to a protein carrier, whereas active
transport does not.
C) ATP is necessary for active transport,
but not for facilitated diffusion.
D) facilitated diffusion moves water across
the cell membrane, whereas active
transport does not.
E) potential energy is required for active
transport but not for facilitated diffusion.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :B

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
79) Water will always move from ________ Learning Outcome: 5.4
areas to ________ areas, if there are no
impermeable barriers.
A) hyperosmotic, hyposmotic
B) hyposmotic, hyperosmotic
C) isosmotic, hyposmotic
D) hyperosmotic, isosmotic

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :B

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.5
80) Substances that readily dissolve in
water and do not readily dissolve in lipids
are
A) hydrophobic and lipophobic.
B) hydrophilic and lipophobic.
C) hydrophobic and lipophilic.
D) hydrophilic and lipophilic.

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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :E

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.5
81) Which of the following molecules can
move across the phospholipid bilayer by
simple diffusion?
A) lipids
B) steroids
C) water
D) lipids and water
E) All of the answers are correct.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :B

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6

82) A cell that is permeable to Solute X is

placed into solution containing a higher
concentration of X. Diffusion occurs until
equilibrium is attained. At this time,
A) there is no further movement of
Solute X across the membrane.
B) there is no further change in
concentration of Solute X.
C) Both of the statements are correct.
D) Neither of the statements is correct.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :B

Taxonomy: Application) Section Title: Diffusion
83) Cations will ________ each other. Learning Outcome: 5.9
A) attract
B) repel
C) not react with

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :B

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.9
84) Anions will ________ each other.
A) attract
B) repel
C) not react with

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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
85) The cell membrane acts as a good
A) electrical insulator.
B) electrical conductor.
C) electrical gradient.
D) source of ions.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
86) Describe the distribution of water in
the body's fluid compartments.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
87) Explain why transporting epithelial
cells are said to be polarized. What does
it mean when a nerve cell is said to be
polarized?
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
88) Explain the term resting membrane
potential difference.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
89) Evaluate the validity of this statement:
"The extracellular and intracellular fluid
compartments have a stable solute
composition that is in equilibrium."
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:A
Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.11
: 67% is intracellular.
33% is extracellular; of that 75% is in the
interstitial fluid and 25% is in the plasma.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.1
: Transport epithelia have cells that are
polarized with respect to distribution of
transport proteins in the apical and
basolateral membranes, i.e., different
types of transporters in the two
membranes. Nerve cells are electrically
polarized, meaning that the inside of the
membrane is charged relative to the
outside.
Section Title: Epithelial Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.11
: See "The Resting Membrane Potential"
section of the chapter.
Section Title: Epithelial Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.12
: This statement is only partially true. The
two compartments have stable solute
compositions, but they are not in
equilibrium. We use the term dynamic
disequilibrium to describe this
relationship.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.1
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
90) Explain how the body can be in a
state of osmotic equilibrium and chemical
disequilibrium.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
91) Explain why the composition of the
phospholipid bilayer determines how
readily water passes through it.
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: Osmotic equilibrium occurs because
water moves freely between most cells
and the extracellular fluid. Water will
continue to move across membranes into
more highly concentrated compartments
until the concentrations (solute/volume)
are equal, hence osmotic equilibrium.
Osmotic equilibrium does not take into
account what particles are present in
each compartment, just the total number.
The key is that water moves freely but the
solutes do not. Na+ and Cl- are more
highly concentrated in the ECF while K+
and many anions are more highly
concentrated inside the cell. Each ion is in
chemical disequilibrium because it is not
evenly distributed between the two
compartments. Although the
compartments are chemically different
(chemical disequilibrium), when all
solutes in one compartment are
compared to all the solutes in another
compartment they have the same total
concentrations of solutes (are in osmotic
equilibrium).
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: The phospholipid bilayer is a fluid
mosaic and, depending on the function of
the cell, contains various ratios of
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
Water molecules slip between the spaces
between the fatty acid tails. Membranes
with higher levels of cholesterol are less
permeable to water because cholesterol
fills these spaces.
Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
92) How do most polar molecules move
through a cell membrane? Explain why
water, a polar molecule, is able to cross
the nonpolar portion of a cell membrane.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
93) Water can cross a cell membrane by a
variety of means. List at least three. Do
water molecules cross a membrane
through the same molecules as other
solutes? Explain. Are all cells equally
permeable to water? Explain.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
94) Explain the differences between
channel proteins and carrier proteins and
why cells need both.
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: Most polar molecules must be assisted
by a protein, because the molecule will
not interact with the nonpolar
phospholipid tails. Examples are
facilitated diffusion and active transport.
Because water is very small and
electrically neutral, it is able to diffuse
between the phospholipid tails.
Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6
: Water can cross through the
phospholipid molecules, through special
water channels called aquaporins, and
through open or leak channels (pores)
that also transport ions. Water can move
through pores as a solvation shell around
ions or independent of ions, because the
watery interstitial fluid is continuous with
the watery cytosol when pores are open.
Some cells are more permeable to water,
especially those with less cholesterol in
the membranes and those with a high
density of pores.
Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6
: Channel proteins allow more rapid
transport but are not as selective. Carrier
proteins are slower because of the
conformation change. They are also more
selective and can move larger molecules
than channel proteins. Carrier proteins
never allow free exchange across the
membrane because they never create a
continuous passage between the inside
and outside of the cell.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
95) Briefly explain the difference between
open channels and gated channels.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
96) Explain the difference between Fick's
law of diffusion and the flux of a
molecule.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
97) Name two ways the selectivity of a
channel is determined.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
98) Compare and contrast facilitated
diffusion and active transport.
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: This is discussed in the "Protein-
Mediated Transport" section of the
chapter.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
: Fick's law of diffusion determines the
rate of diffusion. The flux of a molecule is
the rate of diffusion per unit surface area
of membrane.
Fick's: Rate of diffusion = concentration
gradient × membrane permeability ×
surface area
Flux = concentration gradient ×
membrane permeability
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
:
1. the diameter of the central pore
2. the electrical charge of the amino acids
that line the channel
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
: Both involve binding of substrate to a
carrier, but facilitated is passive, moving
solutes down their concentration
gradients, whereas active requires ATP
and can move solutes against their
concentration gradients.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.8
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
99) Distinguish between these
statements, explaining what is correct or
incorrect about each, and what requires
clarification. Relate your answers to the
energy hill concept from the previous
chapter.
A. Passive transport requires energy.
B. Active transport requires energy.
C. Vesicular transport requires energy.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
100) Distinguish between the following
terms: cotransport; antiport; symport.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
101) Compare and contrast primary active
transport and secondary active transport,
noting any special differences.
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: All forms of transport require energy,
because something is being moved.
A. Passive transport uses the thermal
energy present in the living cell to move
molecules in the energetically favorable
downhill direction (with concentration
gradients).
B. Active transport uses the energy
transferred by the ATP molecule, to move
molecules in the energetically
unfavorable uphill direction (against
concentration gradients).
C. Vesicular transport uses the energy of
the ATP molecule also, to move large
molecules or large quantities of
molecules.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.8
: Cotransport is the moving of more than
one kind of molecule at one time.
Antiport is cotransport of two or more
solutes in opposite directions across the
membrane. Symport is cotransport of two
or more solutes in the same direction
across the membrane.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.8
: Both ultimately depend on the energy
of ATP, but dependence is indirect in
secondary, direct in primary.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.8
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
102) Explain the process of secondary
active transport and how it uses ATP.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
103) Explain the purpose of having both
the reversible GLUT transporters as well
as the SGLT transporters in the body.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
104) Compare and contrast penetrating
solutes and non-penetrating solutes.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
105) Explain the term dynamic steady
state.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
106) Describe the three major roles of
structural proteins.
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: Secondary active transport uses the
energy released from moving one
molecule down its concentration gradient
to push other molecules against their
concentration gradient. ATP is used to
create the chemical disequilibrium (or
concentration gradient) for the first
molecule.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.8
: See Figure 5.26 in the chapter.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.8
: This is discussed in the "Osmosis and
Tonicity" section of the chapter.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.4
: Dynamic indicates that materials are
constantly moving from compartment to
compartment, but steady state implies
there is no net movement between the
compartments.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
:
1. connect membrane to the cytoskeleton
to maintain cell shape
2. create cell junctions that hold tissues
together
3. attach cells to the extracellular matrix
by linking cytoskeleton fibers to
extracellular collagen and other protein
fibers
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's : See Figure 5.10 in the chapter.
Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7
107) Draw a membrane channel protein
from two different perspectives, clearly
indicating the pore in each.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's : See Figure 5.13 in the chapter.
Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.7

108) How is a carrier protein like a ship

canal?

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's : Higher concentrations of cholesterol in

Taxonomy: Application)
109) What property of some cell
membranes is associated with
impermeability to water molecules?
the cell membrane reduce membrane
permeability to water.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
110) Explain the process of receptor-
mediated endocytosis and exocytosis.
: See Figure 5.24 in the chapter.
Section Title: Vesicular Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
111) Explain the five rules for diffusion and
the two rules for simple diffusion across a
membrane.
: See Table 5.1 in the chapter.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's : See Tables 5.7 and 5.8 in the chapter.
Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
112) Write the five rules for osmolarity and
tonicity. Are the relative osmolarity and
tonicity of an extracellular solution
compared to intracellular fluid always the
same? If they are, explain why. If they are
not, give specific examples of when they
are different.

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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
113) Explain and distinguish between the
following:
A. chemical reaction equilibrium
B. chemical equilibrium
C. osmotic equilibrium
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
114) You are a server in a restaurant,
always interested in going the extra mile
for your customers. Patrick, a regular
customer in your section, has ordered
sweet iced tea and has an appointment in
10 minutes, so he must drink quickly then
leave. The kitchen staff makes only
unsweetened tea, but there are sugar
packets on the tables. What should you
do for Patrick to provide the best sweet
tea, and what general principle of
diffusion does this illustrate? (Hint: Will
sugar dissolve quickly in an iced drink?)
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:
A. Chemical reaction equilibrium is
achieved in reversible reactions when the
rate of the forward reaction equals the
rate of the reverse reaction. At this state
there is no net change in the
concentration of reactants and products
in the system. This does not mean that
concentrations are equal.
B. Chemical equilibrium occurs when the
concentration of a particular solute in
one location equals that in another.
Typically the locations compared are
intracellular vs. extracellular.
C. Osmotic equilibrium occurs when total
solute concentration is the same, though
chemical disequilibrium may exist.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: Make sugar syrup for Patrick by heating
a small amount of water with a generous
amount of sugar. The sugar diffuses
through the water as it dissolves, and this
will occur much quicker in warm water
(diffusion rate increases with increasing
temperature). Then add the syrup to his
iced tea and serve.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
115) Provide the basic physics definition of
the term fluid. What is bulk flow relative
to body compartments? What types of
matter move by bulk flow? What is
fundamentally different in the behavior of
these types of matter?
: A fluid is a substance that flows. Bulk
flow is movement of a fluid, usually within
a body compartment. Liquids and gases
are fluids, and they flow. Gases are
compressible, but liquids are not.
Section Title: Transport Processes
Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :B

Taxonomy: Comprehension) Section Title: Integrated Membrane
Processes: Insulin Secretion
116) When you eat a large meal and your Learning Outcome: 5.14
body absorbs a lot of glucose and that
makes its way to the interstitial fluid
before going into the cell. 100% of the
glucose should be absorbed into the cell
from the interstitial fluid. Why does
nearly all of the glucose enter the cell,
rather than only half of it?
A) It is moved by active transport.
B) It is modified by the cell, so there is
still more glucose on the outside of the
cell than inside it.
C) Insulin forces glucose into the cell
against a concentration gradient.
D) The cells make ATP so fast, they use
up all the glucose as soon as it enters the
cell.

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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's :A

Taxonomy: Application) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.4
117) If a 10% sucrose solution is separated
from a 20% sucrose solution by a
membrane impermeable to sucrose, in
which direction will net movement of
water occur?
A) from the 10% sucrose solution to the
20% sucrose solution only
B) from the 20% sucrose solution to the
10% sucrose solution only
C) There will be no net movement of
water in this case.
D) from the 10% sucrose solution to the
20% sucrose solution and from the 20%
sucrose solution to the 10% sucrose
solution
E) None of the answers are correct.

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's :B

Taxonomy: Application) Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.4
118) If a 10% sucrose solution is separated
from a 20% sucrose solution by a
membrane permeable to sucrose, in
which direction will net diffusion of
sucrose take place?
A) from the 10% sucrose solution to the
20% sucrose solution
B) from the 20% sucrose solution to the
10% sucrose solution
C) There will be no diffusion in this case.
D) from the 10% sucrose solution to the
20% sucrose solution and from the 20%
sucrose solution
E) neither from the 10% sucrose solution
to the 20% sucrose solution nor from the
20% sucrose solution to the 10% sucrose
solution

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: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
119) The concentration of calcium inside a
cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium
outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the
cell transport even more calcium to the
inside?
A) passive transport
B) active transport
C) osmosis
D) exocytosis
E) All of the answers are correct.
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
120) When the ions move across the cell
membrane, an electrical potential change
results. As you are probably aware,
nerves trigger muscle movement. When
you place your finger on a sharp object
(such as a tack), you quickly draw your
hand away and develop a sensation of
pain. Which types of channels are
operating under these conditions to
allow nerve conduction and subsequent
muscle movement?
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
121) Design an experiment to test whether
molecular weight does indeed influence
the rate of diffusion. Be sure to list all
controlled variables.
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:B
Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.5
: Mechanically gated (in sensory cell
receptor potentials), voltage-gated (in
nerve and muscle action potentials), and
chemically gated (in neuromuscular
synaptic transmission).
Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.12
: Answers will vary. Controlled variables
may include temperature, pH,
composition and volume of solvent or
medium, amount of solute added. Solutes
could be soluble dyes of different
molecular weight, and rate of diffusion
could be estimated by observing the
extent of coloration around a dye crystal
at specified intervals.
Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation)
122) Cells of the intestine are very
permeable to water while some cells of
the kidney tubule are not at all
permeable to water. Can you suggest
some ways these two types of cells might
be structurally different from each other?
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
123) How are molarity and osmolarity
different? What property of salts
necessitates this distinction? How does
this property affect the behavior of
water?
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
124) Define osmolarity and tonicity. How
are they similar? How are they different?
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: Kidney cells may have fewer open
channels through which water can pass,
and/or they may have more cholesterol in
their membranes.
Section Title: Diffusion
Learning Outcome: 5.6
: Molarity is the number of molecules per
liter of solution, while osmolarity is the
number of independent particles per
liter. The ionization of salt in water
illustrates the importance of this
distinction: one mole of sodium chloride
dissociates to produce a total of two
moles of particles (one mole Na+ and one
mole Cl-), or two osmoles. Osmosis is
diffusion of water. A one molar solution
of sodium chloride (two osmolar)
produces higher osmotic pressure than a
one molar solution of glucose, which
does not dissociate.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: Osmolarity refers to the concentration
of individual particles in solution. Tonicity
refers to the behavior of a cell in a
solution. They are similar in that both are
related to particles in solution. They are
different in that osmolarity depends only
on the total concentration of particles in
solution, whereas tonicity depends on
nature of the particles (i.e., are they
penetrating or nonpenetrating) as well as
on the concentration of the different
particles.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
125) Explain the steps that occur in a
pancreatic beta cell so that insulin is
secreted.
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
126) Indicate the relative osmolarities of
the following solutions.
Solution a: 2 osmolar NaCl
Solution b: 1 molar NaCl
Solution c: 900 milliosmolar glucose
A. a is ________ osmotic to b. D. a is ________
osmotic to c.
B. b is ________ osmotic to a. E. b is ________
osmotic to c.
C. c is ________ osmotic to a. F. c is ________
osmotic to b.
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
127) When the kidney goes into failure,
one of the signs that doctors will see is
that red blood cells will crenate (shrivel
up). Why does this happen in kidney
failure? What process is occurring to the
blood cells?
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: See Figure 5.38b in the chapter.
Section Title: Integrated Membrane
Processes: Insulin Secretion
Learning Outcome: 5.14
: This is easier to answer if all three
solutions are described in equivalent
terms. Solution b is 2 osmolar, because of
the dissociation of sodium and chloride.
Solution c is 0.9 osmolar.
A. iso D. hyper
B. iso E. hyper
C. hypo F. hypo
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: Because the kidney is failing to filter
particles out of the blood effectively, the
plasma becomes hypertonic or
hyperosmotic in comparison to the
intracellular compartment of the blood
cell. Since the cell membrane is
impermeable to the ions, but permeable
to water, water will leave the cell to try to
balance the tonicity and osmolarity with
the plasma and in the process the cell
will shrink.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.4
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
128) Red blood cells with an internal
osmolarity of 300 mOsM are placed in
the following solutions. Designate each
solution according to its osmolarity and
tonicity, and explain what happens to the
cells and why.
A. 200 mOsM NaCl
B. 400 mOsM urea
C. 100 mOsM urea plus 200 mOsM NaCl
D. 300 mOsM urea
E. 300 mOsM NaCl
F. 200 mOsM urea plus 300 mOsM NaCl
G. 400 mOsM NaCl
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:
A. Hyposmotic, hypotonic. The cell
swells. By Rule 5 in Table 5.8 in the
chapter, hyposmotic solutions are always
hypotonic, because the intracellular
solutes are mainly nonpenetrating (Rule 1)
thus there will be a net flow of water into
the cell.
B. Hyperosmotic, hypotonic. The cell
swells. Urea is a penetrating solute, so
some urea will move into the cell down
its concentration gradient. This will
increase the osmolarity inside the cell,
causing a net flow of water into the cell.
C. Isosmotic, hypotonic. The cell swells.
Urea is a penetrating solute, so there will
be a net movement of urea into the cell,
raising the osmolarity and causing a net
flow of water into the cell.
D. Isosmotic, hypotonic. The cell swells.
Urea will penetrate the cell, raising the
osmolarity and causing a net flow of
water into the cell.
E. Isosmotic, isotonic. No change in cell
size. Sodium and chloride are
nonpenetrating solutes, so there will be
no net ion flow across the membrane.
Because there is no osmotic pressure,
there will also be no net flow of water.
F. Hyperosmotic, isotonic. No change in
cell size at equilibrium. Initially water
leaves the cell due to the higher
osmolarity outside the cell. Then,
because there is a concentration gradient
for urea, urea will enter the cell,
increasing its osmolarity, and bringing
some water into the cell. The
nonpenetrating solute concentrations in
cell and solution initially are equal,
therefore there will be no net movement
of water at equilibrium.
G. Hyperosmotic, hypertonic. The cell
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
shrinks. There are no penetrating
solutes, and water exits due to the
higher osmolarity.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated
Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
129) There are two solutions separated by
a semipermeable membrane. Solution a is
0.3 M glucose, and solution b is 0.15 M
NaCl. Will there be a net flow of water
across this membrane? Why or why not?
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
130) There are two solutions separated by
a semipermeable membrane. Solution a is
0.2 M NaCl and solution b is 0.1 M CaCl2.
Will there be a net flow of water across
the membrane? Why or why not?
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
131) Define the term transport maximum
and describe a way cells can increase
their transport capacity.
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: In osmoles, solution a is 0.3 OsM and
solution b is 0.3 OsM (because sodium
and chloride dissociate into separate
particles). The solutions are isosmotic,
and there is no net water flow.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: In osmoles, solution a is 0.4 OsM and
solution b is 0.3 OsM. Solution a is
hyperosmotic, so there will be a net flow
of water into solution a until equilibrium
is established.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: The transport maximum occurs when all
carrier binding sites are filled with
substrate. At this point adding more
substrate will no longer increase the rate
of transport. In order to increase the
capacity and raise the maximum rate of
transport, some cells can increase the
number of carrier proteins in the
membrane.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.9
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: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application)
132) Diuretics cause the kidneys to
produce large amounts of urine.
Unfortunately, they can also cause the
loss of large quantities of K+ in the urine.
What effect might prolonged use of
diuretics have on nerve or muscle cells?
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
133) If someone has a muscle cramp or
spasm, a commonly discussed treatment
is to consume a banana (or another food
high in potassium). Why would this be a
possible treatment for muscle cramps or
spasms?
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: Low concentrations of potassium in the
blood is a condition called hypokalemia.
Interstitial fluids would similarly become
low in K+. As the resting potential of
nerve and muscle cells depends primarily
on extracellular K+ concentration, the
potential would be altered. Decreased
extracellular K+ would increase the
concentration gradient for movement of
K+ out of the cells, which would gradually
hyperpolarize the potential as positive
ions exit and make the cells less excitable
(farther from threshold).
Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.12
: Potassium is a cation that leaves the cell
during an action potential or
depolarization of a muscle or nerve cell,
and the muscle or nerve cell needs to
move potassium back into the cell to
allow the cell to repolarize and relax. If
there is a deficiency in potassium, muscle
and nerve cells may take longer to
repolarize and therefore relax, so
increasing your dietary intake of
potassium may help cells repolarize
quicker.
Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
Learning Outcome: 5.14
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
134) Which membrane transport
process(es) is/are abnormal in people
with cystic fibrosis? What is the
consequence of the abnormal transport?
Which organ systems are affected? How
is this disease treated? How long do
cystic fibrosis patients normally live?
What are some of the possible causes of
death related to this disease? What is the
cause of cystic fibrosis?
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: Active transport of chloride is impaired,
in the airways, sweat glands, and
pancreas. The affected epithelia are
involved in production of sweat and
mucus. Thus the respiratory,
integumentary, and digestive systems are
affected. Treatments include replacement
of pancreatic digestive enzymes, which
are blocked from secretion by the mucus
buildup in secretory ducts, and
respiratory therapies to loosen mucus in
the airways and treat recurring infections.
Gene therapy is being explored as well.
Median survival is 37 years as of the
publication date of the textbook. Causes
of death can be related to malnutrition
and respiratory illness. This is a genetic
disease, in which the gene coding for the
chloride transporter is abnormal.
Section Title: Epithelial Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.11
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: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's : Similar to the myelin membrane around
Taxonomy: Analysis) nerve cells-good insulators.
You are walking to school one day when Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
you notice an alien spaceship that has Learning Outcome: 5.7
crashed in a nearby field. You and some
other physiology students collect
samples from the beings inside of the
spaceship. First, you collect a liquid
sample of what appears to be alien blood
so that you can test for the concentration
of solutes inside the alien blood cells.
You then extract some of these cells,
place them in various concentrations of
glucose in water, then look at them under
the microscope. Below is what happens
to the cells when they are placed in
various concentrations of glucose:

Percent Glucose
in Water Condition of
Alien Blood Cells
0.02% cells lyse
0.05% cells lyse
0.10% cells lyse
0.12% cells crenate (shrivel up)
0.20% cells crenate

Table 5.1

135) Refer to Table 5.1. From cells located

in another part of the alien's body, you
find that the protein-to-lipid ratio of the
cell membrane is about 20% protein, 78%
lipid, and 2% carbohydrate. Assuming the
aliens use their cells as Earthlings do, and
have the same terrestrial physiology,
what is the most likely function of these
cells?

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: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
136) Refer to Table 5.1. How can you
determine the osmolarity and tonicity of
the alien blood and alien cells?
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
137) How does the beta cell in the
pancreas react to release insulin when
glucose levels are low?
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
138) What is the approximate
concentration of solute present in alien
blood cells?
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
139) A patient is given an intravenous
infusion of glucose solution that has a
concentration of 25 grams of glucose per
liter. If the infusion is given at a rate of 4
milliliters per minute, what is the mass
flow of glucose into the body?
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
140) A 70-year-old man weighs 145
pounds and has 48% of his body weight
in the form of water. How many liters of
water is that?
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: Quantitative chemical analysis would
determine osmolarity. To determine
tonicity, drop the cells into various
solutions and observe the cells' response
under the microscope.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: ATP dependent potassium gates keep
the insulin releasing channels closed
when there is enough glucose getting
into the cell. When glucose levels drop
and the amount of ATP the beta cell is
making drops, it eventually loses the
energy to keep the gates closed,
therefore opening and allowing insulin to
be released into the blood.
Section Title: Integrated Membrane
Processes: Insulin Secretion
Learning Outcome: 5.14
: Equivalent osmolality to a 0.11% solution
of glucose
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: 25 g glucose/1000 mL solution × 4 mL
solution/min = 0.1 g glucose/min
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: 0.48 × × × 1 L = 31.64 L
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
141) A dehydrated patient needs a saline
solution IV in order to be rehydrated.
Unfortunately the hospital is poorly
stocked with saline solutions. The nurse
was asked by the doctor to mix up 1 L of a
0.45% saline solution using NaCl and
distilled water. How would she do this?
What is the osmolarity of this solution?
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation)
142) Based on what you know about the
characteristics of membrane transport,
explain the results shown on the graph.
Each mixture consists of equal parts of
glucose and fructose at the indicated
concentration.
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
143) You mix one liter of 300 mOsM NaCl
with two liters 450 mOsM glucose.
A. What is the osmolarity of the new
solution?
B. What is the final osmolarity of the NaCl
in the new solution?
C. What is the final osmolarity of glucose
in the new solution?
D. What is the tonicity of this new solution
compared to a red blood cell with 300
mOsM nonpenetrating solute?
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: 4.5 g NaCl into 950 mL of distilled water.
Adjust the pH if necessary to 7.4, then
add more distilled water, up to 1000 mL.
× × × = 0.154 osmoles/L
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
: The cell has two separate membrane
transport molecules, one specific for
glucose and the other for fructose. The
transporters become saturated
somewhere between the concentrations
of 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM, thus any higher
concentration of these sugars produces
no further increase in transport.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Learning Outcome: 5.9
:
A. 300 mOsM NaCl × 1 L = 300 mOsmoles
NaCl.
450 mOsM glucose × 2 L = 900 mOsmoles
glucose.
Total solutes = 900 mOsmoles + 300
mOsmoles = 1200 mOsmoles.
Total volume = 1 L + 2 L = 3 L. 1200
mOsmoles/3 L = 400 mOsM solution.
B. 300 mOsmoles/3 L = 100 mOsM NaCl.
C. 900 mOsmoles/3 L = 300 mOsM
glucose.
D. Solution is hyperosmotic. Glucose is a
penetrating solute, so glucose diffuses
into the cell, raising the osmolarity,
causing water to diffuse into the cell. The
cell swells. Thus, the solution is
hypotonic.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.2
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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
144) Nurse Cameron has been asked to
mix an isotonic intravenous solution for
an emergency room patient who has lost
a lot of blood. The available solutes
include glucose (m.w. 180), NaCl (m.w.
58.5), and urea (m.w. 60). How should she
make up 10 L of IV solution with an
osmolarity of 290 mOsm (isosmotic),
making sure that it will also be isotonic?
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis)
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: Nurse Cameron should make her
solution contain only nonpenetrating
solutes, i.e., she should use NaCl but not
glucose or urea.
10 L (0.290 Osmoles/L) (1 mole NaCl/2
Osmoles) (58.5 g/1 mole NaCl) = 84.8 g
NaCl.
She should add 84.8 g NaCl to about 9.5
L distilled water, mix until dissolved,
adjust the pH if necessary to 7.4, then
add more water to a final volume of 10 L.
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.3
...
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