DC POWERED ENERGY BASED HACKSAW

MACHINE

ABSTRACT
The project aims at designing a system which makes the Wood cutter based motor running
through DC Powered energy.

A DC Powered wood cutter is a machine that uses Hacksaw blades to cut a

wood at an even length. Even more sophisticated devices are there in every field. Power
consumption becomes essential for future. DC Powered wood cutter is a very useful device
which is very simple in construction. It is used to maintain and upkeep wood in industrial, home
application etc. We have made some changes in the existing machine to make its application
easier at reduced cost. Our main aim in pollution control is attained through this. Unskilled
operation can operate easily and maintain the lawn very fine and uniform surface look. In our
project, ―DC Powered wood cutter‖ is used to cut the different woods for the different
application.

In this Pedal operated hacksaw machine which can be used for industrial applications and
Household needs in which no specific input energy or power is needed. This project consists of a crank
and slider mechanism. In the mechanism pedal is directly connected to the hacksaw through crank and
slider mechanism for the processing of cutting the wooden blocks, metal bars, pvc materials. The
objective of the modal is using the conventional mechanical process which plays a vital role. The main
aim is to reduce the human effort for machining various materials such as wooden blocks, steel, PVC etc.
The power hacksaw machine, which runs on human power, works on the principle of the conversion of
rotational motion to oscillatory motion. Importance of this project lies in the very fact that it is green
project and helps us to reduce our electricity need. Secondly, this cutter can be used and transferred to our
working place easily. Moreover, if we want we can generate electricity with our project by connecting it
to dynamo, diode and battery.

Moving the wood cutters with a Dc motor powered wood cutters is an inconvenience, and
no one takes pleasure in it. Cutting wood cannot be easily accomplished by elderly, younger,
wood cutter moving with engine create noise pollution due to the loud engine, and local air
pollution due to the combustion in the engine. Also, a motor powered engine requires periodic
maintenance such as changing the engine oil. Even though electric DC Powered wood are
environmentally friendly, they too can be an inconvenience. Along with motor powered wood
cutter, electric wood cutters are also hazardous and cannot be easily used by all. Also, if the
electric wood cutter is corded, mowing could prove to be problematic and dangerous. The
prototype will also be will be charged from sun by using DC Powered panels.

PEDAL POWER HACKSAW

The principle of pedal power hacksaw is to change circulatory motion or cycling motion into
translatory motion with the help of metal cutting rod. This is mainly used for cutting metals and plastics.
it is manually pedal operated system. If we use dynamo then we can produce electricity which will be
help to lighting the work piece area when electricity is not available in mechanical workshop. A hacksaw
is a fine-tooth saw with a blade under tension in a frame, used for cutting materials such as metal or
plastics. Hand-held hacksaw consist of a metal arch with a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for
attaching a narrow disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism is used to used to put the thin blade
under tension. It is a fine tooth hand saw with a blade under tension. It is used to cut metals and PVC
pipes. It would be useful in many projects discussed on this site which used plastic pipes as materials.
Blades of hacksaw are measured in TPI (Tooth Per Inch). Different TPI is needed for different jobs of
cutting.
 ARECIPROCATING POWER HACKSAW

Ituses a blade that moves back and forth across the work. The blade cuts on the backstroke.
There are several types of feeds available.

Positive feed-produces an exact depth of cut on each stroke. The pressure on the blade varies with
the number of teeth in contact with the work. Definite pressure feed-yields a pressure on the blade that is
uniform regardless of the number of teeth in contact with the work. The depth of the cut varies with the
number of teeth contacting the work. This condition prevails with gravity feed. Feed can be adjusted to
meet varying conditions. For best performance, the blade and feed must be selected to permit high-speed
cutting and heavy feed pressure with minimum blade bending and breakage. Standard reciprocating metal
cutting saws are available in sizes from 6~ ~ 6~ (150 mm ~ 150 mm) to 24~ ~ 24~ (900 mm ~ 900 mm).
The saws can be fitted with many accessories, including quick-acting vises, power stock feed, power
clamping of work, and automatic cycling of the cutting operation. The latter moves the work out the
required distance, clamps it, and makes the cut automatically. The cycle is repeated upon completion of
the cut. High-speed cutting requires use of a coolant. Coolant reduces friction, increases blade life, and
prevents chip-clogged teeth. Cast iron and some brass alloys, unlike most materials, do not require
coolant.

Selecting A Power Hacksaw blade Proper blade selection is important. Use the three-tooth
ruleatleast three teeth must be in con-tact with the work. Large sections and soft materialsrequire a
coarse-tooth blade. Small or thin work and hard materials require a fine-tooth blade. For best cutting
action, apply heavy feed pressure on hard materials and large work. Use light feed pressure on soft
materials and work with small cross sections. Blades are made in two principal types: flexible-back and
all-hard. The choice depends upon use. i) Flexible-back blades -should be used where safety requirements
demand a shatterproof blade. These blades should also be used for cutting odd-shaped work if there is a
possibility of the work coming loose in the vise. ii) All-hard blade -For a majority of cutting jobs, theall-
hard bladeis best for straight, accurate cutting under a variety of conditions.

When starting a cut with an all-hard blade, be sure the blade does not drop on the work when
cutting starts. If it falls, the blade could shatter and flying pieces cause injuries.

Mounting a Power Hacksaw blade The blade must be mounted to cut on the power (back) stroke.
The blade must also lie perfectly flat against the mounting plates. If long lifeand accurate cuts are to be
achieved, the blade must be properly tensioned Many techniques have been developed for properly
mounting and tensioning blades. Use a torque wrench and consult the manufacturer’ s literature. If the
information (proper torque for a given blade on a given machine) is not available, the following methods
can be used: Tighten the blade until a low musical ring is heard when the blade is tapped lightly. A
highpitched tone indicates that the blade is too tight. A dull thud means the blade is too loose. The shape
of the blade pin hole can serve as an indicator of whether the blade is tensioned properly. When proper
tension is achieved, the pin holes will become slightly elongated, The blade will become more firmly
seated afterthe first few cuts and will stretch slightly. The blade will require retensioning(retightening)
before further cutting can be done.

Selecting a Band Saw Blade

Band saw blades are made with raker teeth or wavy teeth. Most manufacturers also make
variations of these sets. The rakersetis preferred for general use. Tooth pattern determines the efficiency
of a blade in various materials. The standard tooth blade pattern is best suited for cutting most ferrous
metals. A skip tooth blade pattern is preferred for cutting aluminum, magnesium, copper, and soft brasses.
The hooktooth blade pattern also is recommended for most nonferrous metallic materials. For best results,
consult the blade manufacturer ’ s chart or manual for the proper blade characteristics (set, pattern, and
number of teeth per inch) for the particular material being cut.

Installing a Band Saw Blade

If the saw is to work at top efficiency, the blade must be installed carefully. Wear heavy leather
gloves to protect your hands when installing a band saw blade. Blade guides should be adjusted to
provide adequate support, Proper blade support is required to cut true and square with the holding device.
Follow the manufacturer’ s instructions for adjusting blade tension. Improper blade tension ruins blades
and can cause premature failure of bearings in the drive and idler wheels. Cutting problems encountered
with the band saw are similar to those of the reciprocating hack saw. Most problems are caused by poor
machine condition. They can be kept to a minimum if a maintenance program is followed on a regular
basis.This typically includes checking wheel alignment, guide alignment, feed pressure, and hydraulic
systems.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 DC ENERGY REVIEW

In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concern,

alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. One
such alternative is DC energy. DC energy is quite simply the energy produced directly by the sun
and collected elsewhere, normally the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear
process that converts about 650,000,000 tons of hydrogen to helium every second. The process
creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat remains in the sun and is instrumental in
maintaining the thermonuclear reaction. The electromagnetic radiation (including visible light,
infra-red light, and ultra-violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions.

Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation
that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. The
exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their
origins to the sun; they were once living plants and animals whose life was dependent upon the
sun. Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by DC power. More still can
be provided indirectly.

Due to the nature of DC energy, two components are required to have a functional DC
energy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector simply
collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either
electricity and heat or heat alone).The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature
of DC energy; at certainties only a very small amount of radiation will be received. At night or
during heavy cloud cover, for example, the amount of energy produced by the collector will be
quite small. The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the periods of
maximum productivity, and release it when the productivity drops.

In practice, a backup power supply is usually added, too, for the situations when the
amount of energy required is greater than both what is being produced and what is stored in the
container. Methods of collecting and storing DC energy vary depending on the uses planned for
the DC generator. In general, there are three types of collectors and many forms of storage
collectors. Flat-plate collectors are the more commonly used type of collector today. They are
arrays of DC panels arranged in a simple plane. They can be of nearly any size, and have an
output that is directly related to a few variables including size, facing, and cleanliness. These
variables all affect the amount of radiation that falls on the collector. Often these collector panels
have automated machinery that keeps them facing the sun. The additional energy they take in
due to the correction of facing more than compensates for the energy needed to drive the extra
machinery.
 Focusing collectors are essentially flat-plane collectors with optical devices arranged to
maximize the radiation falling on the focus of the collector. These are currently used only in a
few scattered areas. DC furnaces are examples of this type of collector. Although they can
produce far greater amounts of energy at a single point than the flat-plane collectors can, they
lose some of the radiation that the flat-plane panels do not. Radiation reflected off the ground
will be used by flat-plane panels but usually will be ignored by focusing collectors (in snow
covered regions, this reflected radiation can be significant). One other problem with focusing
collectors in general is due to temperature. The fragile silicon components that absorb the
incoming radiation lose efficiency at high temperatures, and if they get too hot they can even be
permanently damaged. The focusing collectors by their very nature can create much higher
temperatures and need more safeguards to protect their silicon components. Passive collectors
are completely different from the other two types of collectors. They absorb radiation and
convert it to heat naturally, without being designed and built to do so. All objects have this
property to some extent, but only some objects (like walls) will be able to produce enough heat
to make it worthwhile. Often their natural ability to convert radiation to heat is enhanced in some
way or another (by being painted black, for example) and a system for transferring the heat to a
different location is generally added. People use energy for many things, but a few general tasks
consume most of the energy. These tasks include transportation, heating, cooling, and the
generation of electricity. DC energy can be applied to all four of these tasks with different levels
of success. Heating is the business for which DC energy is best suited. DC heating requires
almost no energy transformation, so it has a very high efficiency. Heat energy can be stored in a
liquid, such as water, or in a packed bed. A packed bed is a container filled with small objects
that can hold heat (such as stones) with air space between them. Heat energy is also often stored
in phase-change or heat-of-fusion units. These devices will utilize a chemical that changes phase
from solid to liquid at a temperature that can be produced by the DC collector. The energy of the
collector is used to change the chemical to its liquid phase, and is as a result stored in the
chemical itself. It can be tapped later by allowing the chemical to revert to its solid form. DC
energy is frequently used in residential homes to heat water. This is an easy application, as the
desired end result (hot water) is the storage facility. A hot water tank is filled with hot water
during the day, and drained as needed. This application is a very simple adjustment from the
normal fossil fuel water heaters. Swimming pools are often heated by DC power. Sometimes the
pool itself functions as the storage unit, and sometimes a packed bed is added to store the heat.
Whether or not a packed bed is used, some method of keeping the pool's heat for longer than
normal periods (like a cover) is generally employed to help keep the water at a warm temperature
when it is not in use DC energy is often used to directly heat a house or building. Heating a
building requires much more energy than heating a building's water, so much larger panels are
necessary. Generally a building that is heated by DC power will have its water heated by DC
power as well. The type of storage facility most often used for such large DC heaters is the heat-
of-fusion storage unit, but other kinds (such as the packed bed or hot water tank) can be used as
well. This application of DC power is less common than the two mentioned above, because of
the cost of the large panels and storage system required to make it work. Often if an entire
building is heated by DC power, passive collectors are used in addition to one of the other two
types. Passive collectors will generally be an integral part of the building itself, so buildings
taking advantage of passive collectors must be created with DC heating in mind. These passive
collectors can take a few different forms. The most basic type is the incidental heat trap. The idea
behind the heat trap is fairly simple. Allow the maximum amount of light possible inside through
a window (The window should be facing towards the equator for this to be achieved) and allow it
to fall on a floor made of stone or another heat holding material. During the day, the area will
stay cool as the floor absorbs most of the heat, and at night, the area will stay warm as the stone
re-emits the heat it absorbed during the day. Another major form of passive collector is thermos
phoning walls and/or massive collector, the heat normally absorbed and wasted in the walls and
roof is re-routed into the area that needs to be heated. The last major form of passive collector is
the DC pond. This is very similar to the DC heated pool described above, but the emphasis is a
warm pool. With the DC pond, the whole purpose of the pond is to serve as an energy regulator
for a building.

DC energy can be used for other things besides heating. It may seem strange, but one of
the most common uses of DC energy today is cooling. DC cooling is far more expensive than
DC heating, so it is almost never seen in private homes. DC energy is used to cool things by
phase changing a liquid to gas through heat, and then forcing the gas into a lower pressure
chamber. The temperature of a gas is related to the pressure containing it, and all other things
being held equal, the same gas under a lower pressure will have a lower temperature. Besides
being used for heating and cooling, DC energy can be directly converted to electricity. Most of
our tools are designed to be driven by electricity, so if you can create electricity through DC
power, you can run almost anything with DC power. The DC collectors that convert radiation
into electricity can be either flat-plane collectors or focusing collectors, and the silicon
components of these collectors are photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells, by their very nature,
convert radiation to electricity. This phenomenon has been known for well over half a century,
but until recently the amounts of electricity generated were good for little more than measuring
radiation intensity. Most of the photovoltaic cells on the market today operate at an efficiency of
less than 15%; that is, of all the radiation that falls upon them, less than 15% of it is converted to
electricity. The maximum theoretical efficiency for a photovoltaic cell is only 32.3%, but at this
efficiency, DC electricity is very economical. Most of our other forms of electricity generation
are at a lower efficiency than this. Hope for bulk DC electricity should not be abandoned,
however for recent scientific advances have created a DC cell with an efficiency of 28.2%
efficiency in the laboratory. This type of cell has yet to be field tested. If it maintains its
efficiency in the uncontrolled environment of the outside world, and if it does not have a
tendency to break down, it will be economical for power companies to build DC power facilities
after all. Of the main types of energy usage is transportation. Large, relatively slow vehicles like
ships can power themselves with large onboard DC panels, electric cars that are partially
powered by DC energy are available now, but it is unlikely that DC power will provide the
world's transportation costs in the near future. DC power has two big advantages over fossil
fuels. The first is in the fact that it is renewable; it is never going to run out. The second is its
effect on the environment. While the burning of fossil fuels introduces many harmful pollutants
into the atmosphere and contributes to environmental problems like global warming and acid
rain, DC energy is completely non-polluting.

While many acres of land must be destroyed to feed a fossil fuel energy plant its required
fuel, the only land that must be destroyed for a DC energy plant is the land that it stands on.
Indeed, if a DC energy systems were incorporated into every business and dwelling, no land
would have to be destroyed in the name of energy. This ability to decentralize DC energy is
something that fossil fuel burning cannot match. As the primary element of construction of DC
panels, silicon, is the second most common element on the planet, there is very little
environmental disturbance caused by the creation of DC panels. In fact, DC energy only causes
environmental disruption if it is centralized and produced on a gigantic scale. DC power
certainly can be produced on a gigantic scale, too. Among the renewable resources, only in DC
power do we find the potential for an energy source capable of supplying more energy than is
used. DC is perhaps the most promising. Numerically, it is capable of producing the raw power
required to satisfy the entire planet's energy needs. Environmentally, it is one of the least
destructive of all the sources of energy. Practically, it can be adjusted to power nearly everything
except transportation with very little adjustment, and even transportation with some modest
modifications to the current general system of travel. Clearly, DC energy is a resource of the
future.

2.2 The Sun as a Source of Energy

DC energy is energy derived from the heat and light from the Sun. Several scientific
works have concluded that the Sun is the central and the largest part of our DC system, making
up about 99.8% of the entire system.It's mass is about 330,000 times the mass of the planet Earth
and has a diameter of about 1.5 x 106Km. It is about 1.5 x 108 Km away from the Earth and yet
has a very powerful influence on life on Earth. The Sun's surface temperature is about 6,000oC,
while the temperature of the core is about 1.4 x 107oC. The temperature of the Sunspots (the
coolest regions of the Sun's surface) is about 4,000oC The luminosity (the amount of energy
emitted by a star each second - Sun often considered as a star) of the Sun is about 3.9 x
1026Watts.

The Sun releases considerable amount of light and heat to the planets and stars of the DC
system. The Earth receives about 1.74 x 1017W) of DC radiation from the Sun at the upper
atmosphere. Thirty percent (30%) of the DC radiation is believed to be reflected back while the
remaining seventy percent (70%) are absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans and land masses. The
absorbed energy is in the order of 3 - 4 x 1024J per year. According to some studies using the
2002 World's energy requirement figure, this absorbed energy figure represents more energy in
one hour than the Earth need in one year! Literally, the sun powers the universe – everything on
Earth derives its energy from the sun.

Over years, the sun energy is converted into other energy sources such as fossil fuels,
biomass, wind, hydropower etc which we have used extensively to meet the energy needs of our
World. These are indirect energy sources and one of them particularly; fossil fuels (crude oil, gas
and coal) have been used predominantly for energy supply to provide electricity for light and
heat for domestic and industrial uses. Unfortunately, fossil fuels produce energy and produce
with it considerable amount of pollutions and the greenhouse gases that endanger our
environment. Moreover, fossil fuels are not renewable.

2.3 DC Energy Applications

DC energy has been used for thousands of years to dry clothes and agricultural products,
among other things. With the growing concerns over climate change and global warming and the
need for alternative energy sources, there is increased consciousness of using DC for energy
production for domestic and industrial uses.

The current and potential uses to which DC power can be put are:

• Electricity generation through DC power plants or photovoltaic systems

• Space heating and cooling in active and passive DC buildings;

• Natural lighting or "day lighting";

• DC Water Heating and swimming pools;

• Thermal cooking;

• Water treatment by "thermal" distillation and disinfection;

• Providing high temperature process heat for industrial purposes;

• Agricultural purposes (drying, power supply for equipment, running greenhouses etc);

• DC electrical vehicles.

The applications above can be classified under two broad headings:

(i) DC Electricity; and

(ii) DC Heating

2.4 DC Energy and the Environment:

 DC energy is a renewable resource. A renewable resource is a resource that is able to be
replaced or replenished, either by the earth's natural processes or by human action. DC energy is
available at varying proportions almost everywhere on earth. It cannot be depleted unlike the
fossil fuel based energy resources. DC energy is a “clean” energy resource. It does not involve
the emission of Green House Gases (GHGs) that are believed to be responsible for the worsening
global warming of our planet, Earth. It provides a suitable energy alternative to the traditional
fossil fuel energy sources that are currently widely in use.

The slight drawback for DC Energy is waste products generated from the use of silicon to
produce PVCs and possible desertification from operating DC thermal farms (expanse of land
containing collectors or PVCs). These defects can however be managed effectively to limit
impact on the environment.

2.4 Energy transfer

Heat naturally moves from warm to colder areas, always seeking to even out the
temperature of objects and substances in contact. those is made possible by the movement of
molecules. Molecules of hotter bodies move faster than those of cold ones hence they transfer
energy among themselves. DC energy –thermal energy- is transferred from the sun to the earth
through the three modes of heat transfer, mostly a combination of them. They are;

• Conduction

• Radiation

• Convection

Conduction is the movement of heat through a solid substance. The density of the
material (molecular composition) affects the transfer. Denser materials transfer heat faster than
less dense ones. Radiation transfer is through electromagnetic waves. This is achieved through
heating the target object maximally with minimum heating the medium of transfer. The object
absorbs radiant energy which it then radiates at a much longer wavelength than from the source
(sun). Convection is the transfer of heat through air, water or other fluids. Heated fluid becomes
less dense and moves faster, colder fluid is heavier and displaces it upwards. Once it is up it
cools, gets denser thus displacing the warm layer beneath. The cycle repeats.
 Block diagram
Solar Wood Cutter

Switch
Solar 230V AC
Panel Power supply

Charging Circuit

Battery Switch Motor

wood cutter
Chapter -1

Introduction
This project is a proposed model of the DC Powered wood cutting machine by using the
non-renewable energy (i.e. DC Powered energy). The DC Powered wood cutting machine is a
machine which is going to perform the wood cutting operation by its own which means no
manpower is required.

This machine consists of the photovoltaic, motor, Hacksaw blades, wheels Architecture
for motor running through DC Powered energy to cutting wood. The photovoltaic is used to
receive the DC Powered energy from the sunlight and output of the photovoltaic panel is
varying. So the dc to dc converter is used to convert the low level dc voltage to high level dc
voltage. The dc to dc converter is act as buck, boost and buck-boost mode of operation.

The step up dc voltage is stored in dc battery. The battery is charge by the dc input which
is get from the photovoltaic panel. If the battery is fully charged then the controller is
disconnected the contact between dc to dc converter and output voltage from battery is convert
the dc voltage as step up and step down voltage by the requirement of the dc motor.

Converter’s mode of operation is selected by the controller is fully based on the required
of motor and battery. The speed of the motor is maintained constant. If the motor torque is
increase then boost mode is activate. If the motor torque is decrease then buck mode is activate.
The dc voltage is step up and step down by varying the duty cycle.

In this project is only concentrated on the part of control the dc motor with constant speed
by the photovoltaic source. It is used to maintain and upkeep wood in industrial and home
application etc. Moving the wood cutters with a standard motor powered wood cutters is
an inconvenience, and no one takes pleasure in it. Cutting wood cannot be easily
accomplished by elderly, younger, wood cutter moving with engine create noise pollution due to
the loud engine, and local air pollution due to the combustion in the engine. Also, a
motor powered engine requires periodic maintenance such as changing the engine oil.
Even though electric DC Powered wood are environmentally friendly, they too can be an
inconvenience. Along with motor powered wood cutter, electric wood cutters are also
hazardous and cannot be easily used by all. Also, if the electric wood cutter is corded,
mowing could prove to be problematic and dangerous. The prototype will also be will be
charged from sun by using DC Powered panels. DC Powered energy is very large,
inexhaustible sourceof energy. The power from the sun interrupted by earth is
approximately 1.8/10MW, which are many thousands of times larger than the present
consumption rate on the earth of all energy sources. The quantum of energy India’s land area
receive from sun is equivalent to 15,000 time sits consumption requirement (500 billion
kWh) as projected for 2004. In addition to its size, DC Powered energy has two other
factors in its favor. Firstly, unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power, it is an environmentally
clean source of energy. Secondly, it is free and available in adequate quantities in almost all parts
of the world people live. But there are some problems associated with its. The real challenge
in utilizing DC Powered energy is of and economic concern. One has to strive for the
development of cheaper methods of collection and storage so that large initial investments
required at preset in most applications are reduced, DC Powered energy in India: A large
amount of DC Powered radiation fall on India and for most of the country very few days are
without sunshine. India lies within the latitude of 7 N to and 37 N with annual average intensity
of DC Powered radiation as500 to 600 call/cm/day with more such insulations available in arid
and semi-arid regions. Average DC Powered radiation falling on India in arid and semiarid
regions is 7.5 K w h/m/day. DC Powered energy 5× 10 K w h/year potential to meet basic
energy needs of teeming millions who live in rural India. DC Powered energy is an
important, clean, cheap and abundantly available renewable energy. The sun radiates heat
and light. The heat, light received from the sun supports the environment on the earth
through the following well known natural effects.

1. Temperature balance on the earth

2. Photo-synthesis by biological plants production of oxygen and organic materials,
production of organic chemicals and biomass.
3. Wind due to unequal heating of water, land surfaces.
4. Heating of ocean water: ocean thermal energy (OTEC)
5. Waves in ocean: ocean wave energy
6. Tides in ocean: ocean tidal energy (due to gravitational forces)
 The sun produces enormous amount of energy of heat and light through sustained
nuclear fusion reactions. The DC Powered energy received on the earth in the form of
radiation is used for heating and producing an electrical energy.

Among the non-conventional sources of energy DC Powered energy is the most

promising. Hence our project is based on the DC Powered energy conversion to
mechanical energy to run a normal wood cutter.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 DC POWERED ENERGY REVIEW

In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concern,

alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. One
such alternative is DC Powered energy. DC Powered energy is quite simply the energy
produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the Earth. The sun creates its
energy through a thermonuclear process that converts about 650,000,000 tons of hydrogen to
helium every second. The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat remains
in the sun and is instrumental in maintaining the thermonuclear reaction. The electromagnetic
radiation (including visible light, infra-red light, and ultra-violet radiation) streams out into space
in all directions.

Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation
that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. The
exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their
origins to the sun; they were once living plants and animals whose life was dependent upon the
sun. Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by DC Powered power. More
still can be provided indirectly.

Due to the nature of DC Powered energy, two components are required to have a
functional DC Powered energy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage
unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to
other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone).The storage unit is required
because of the non-constant nature of DC Powered energy; at certainties only a very small
amount of radiation will be received. At night or during heavy cloud cover, for example, the
amount of energy produced by the collector will be quite small. The storage unit can hold the
excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the
productivity drops.

In practice, a backup power supply is usually added, too, for the situations when the
amount of energy required is greater than both what is being produced and what is stored in the
container. Methods of collecting and storing DC Powered energy vary depending on the uses
planned for the DC Powered generator. In general, there are three types of collectors and many
forms of storage collectors. Flat-plate collectors are the more commonly used type of collector
today. They are arrays of DC Powered panels arranged in a simple plane. They can be of nearly
any size, and have an output that is directly related to a few variables including size, facing, and
cleanliness. These variables all affect the amount of radiation that falls on the collector. Often
these collector panels have automated machinery that keeps them facing the sun. The additional
energy they take in due to the correction of facing more than compensates for the energy needed
to drive the extra machinery.

Focusing collectors are essentially flat-plane collectors with optical devices arranged to
maximize the radiation falling on the focus of the collector. These are currently used only in a
few scattered areas. DC Powered furnaces are examples of this type of collector. Although they
can produce far greater amounts of energy at a single point than the flat-plane collectors can,
they lose some of the radiation that the flat-plane panels do not. Radiation reflected off the
ground will be used by flat-plane panels but usually will be ignored by focusing collectors (in
snow covered regions, this reflected radiation can be significant). One other problem with
focusing collectors in general is due to temperature. The fragile silicon components that absorb
the incoming radiation lose efficiency at high temperatures, and if they get too hot they can even
be permanently damaged. The focusing collectors by their very nature can create much higher
temperatures and need more safeguards to protect their silicon components. Passive collectors
are completely different from the other two types of collectors. They absorb radiation and
convert it to heat naturally, without being designed and built to do so. All objects have this
property to some extent, but only some objects (like walls) will be able to produce enough heat
to make it worthwhile. Often their natural ability to convert radiation to heat is enhanced in some
way or another (by being painted black, for example) and a system for transferring the heat to a
different location is generally added. People use energy for many things, but a few general tasks
consume most of the energy. These tasks include transportation, heating, cooling, and the
generation of electricity. DC Powered energy can be applied to all four of these tasks with
different levels of success. Heating is the business for which DC Powered energy is best suited.
DC Powered heating requires almost no energy transformation, so it has a very high efficiency.
Heat energy can be stored in a liquid, such as water, or in a packed bed. A packed bed is a
container filled with small objects that can hold heat (such as stones) with air space between
them. Heat energy is also often stored in phase-change or heat-of-fusion units. These devices will
utilize a chemical that changes phase from solid to liquid at a temperature that can be produced
by the DC Powered collector. The energy of the collector is used to change the chemical to its
liquid phase, and is as a result stored in the chemical itself. It can be tapped later by allowing the
chemical to revert to its solid form. DC Powered energy is frequently used in residential homes
to heat water. This is an easy application, as the desired end result (hot water) is the storage
facility. A hot water tank is filled with hot water during the day, and drained as needed. This
application is a very simple adjustment from the normal fossil fuel water heaters. Swimming
pools are often heated by DC Powered power. Sometimes the pool itself functions as the
storage unit, and sometimes a packed bed is added to store the heat. Whether or not a packed bed
is used, some method of keeping the pool's heat for longer than normal periods (like a cover) is
generally employed to help keep the water at a warm temperature when it is not in use DC
Powered energy is often used to directly heat a house or building. Heating a building requires
much more energy than heating a building's water, so much larger panels are necessary.
Generally a building that is heated by DC Powered power will have its water heated by DC
Powered power as well. The type of storage facility most often used for such large DC Powered
heaters is the heat-of-fusion storage unit, but other kinds (such as the packed bed or hot water
tank) can be used as well. This application of DC Powered power is less common than the two
mentioned above, because of the cost of the large panels and storage system required to make it
work. Often if an entire building is heated by DC Powered power, passive collectors are used in
addition to one of the other two types. Passive collectors will generally be an integral part of the
building itself, so buildings taking advantage of passive collectors must be created with DC
Powered heating in mind. These passive collectors can take a few different forms. The most
basic type is the incidental heat trap. The idea behind the heat trap is fairly simple. Allow the
maximum amount of light possible inside through a window (The window should be facing
towards the equator for this to be achieved) and allow it to fall on a floor made of stone or
another heat holding material. During the day, the area will stay cool as the floor absorbs most of
the heat, and at night, the area will stay warm as the stone re-emits the heat it absorbed during
the day. Another major form of passive collector is thermos phoning walls and/or massive
collector, the heat normally absorbed and wasted in the walls and roof is re-routed into the area
that needs to be heated. The last major form of passive collector is the DC Powered pond. This
is very similar to the DC Powered heated pool described above, but the emphasis is a warm
pool. With the DC Powered pond, the whole purpose of the pond is to serve as an energy
regulator for a building.

DC Powered energy can be used for other things besides heating. It may seem strange,
but one of the most common uses of DC Powered energy today is cooling. DC Powered
cooling is far more expensive than DC Powered heating, so it is almost never seen in private
homes. DC Powered energy is used to cool things by phase changing a liquid to gas through
heat, and then forcing the gas into a lower pressure chamber. The temperature of a gas is related
to the pressure containing it, and all other things being held equal, the same gas under a lower
pressure will have a lower temperature. Besides being used for heating and cooling, DC Powered
energy can be directly converted to electricity. Most of our tools are designed to be driven by
electricity, so if you can create electricity through DC Powered power, you can run almost
anything with DC Powered power. The DC Powered collectors that convert radiation into
electricity can be either flat-plane collectors or focusing collectors, and the silicon components of
these collectors are photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells, by their very nature, convert radiation
to electricity. This phenomenon has been known for well over half a century, but until recently
the amounts of electricity generated were good for little more than measuring radiation intensity.
Most of the photovoltaic cells on the market today operate at an efficiency of less than 15%; that
is, of all the radiation that falls upon them, less than 15% of it is converted to electricity. The
maximum theoretical efficiency for a photovoltaic cell is only 32.3%, but at this efficiency, DC
Powered electricity is very economical. Most of our other forms of electricity generation are at
a lower efficiency than this. Hope for bulk DC Powered electricity should not be abandoned,
however for recent scientific advances have created a DC Powered cell with an efficiency of
28.2% efficiency in the laboratory. This type of cell has yet to be field tested. If it maintains its
efficiency in the uncontrolled environment of the outside world, and if it does not have a
tendency to break down, it will be economical for power companies to build DC Powered
power facilities after all. Of the main types of energy usage is transportation. Large, relatively
slow vehicles like ships can power themselves with large onboard DC Powered panels, electric
cars that are partially powered by DC Powered energy are available now, but it is unlikely that
DC Powered power will provide the world's transportation costs in the near future. DC Powered
power has two big advantages over fossil fuels. The first is in the fact that it is renewable; it is
never going to run out. The second is its effect on the environment. While the burning of fossil
fuels introduces many harmful pollutants into the atmosphere and contributes to environmental
problems like global warming and acid rain, DC Powered energy is completely non-polluting.

While many acres of land must be destroyed to feed a fossil fuel energy plant its required
fuel, the only land that must be destroyed for a DC Powered energy plant is the land that it
stands on. Indeed, if a DC Powered energy systems were incorporated into every business and
dwelling, no land would have to be destroyed in the name of energy. This ability to decentralize
DC Powered energy is something that fossil fuel burning cannot match. As the primary element
of construction of DC Powered panels, silicon, is the second most common element on the
planet, there is very little environmental disturbance caused by the creation of DC Powered
panels. In fact, DC Powered energy only causes environmental disruption if it is centralized and
produced on a gigantic scale. DC Powered power certainly can be produced on a gigantic scale,
too. Among the renewable resources, only in DC Powered power do we find the potential for an
energy source capable of supplying more energy than is used. DC Powered is perhaps the most
promising. Numerically, it is capable of producing the raw power required to satisfy the entire
planet's energy needs. Environmentally, it is one of the least destructive of all the sources of
energy. Practically, it can be adjusted to power nearly everything except transportation with very
little adjustment, and even transportation with some modest modifications to the current general
system of travel. Clearly, DC Powered energy is a resource of the future.

2.2 The Sun as a Source of Energy

DC Powered energy is energy derived from the heat and light from the Sun. Several
scientific works have concluded that the Sun is the central and the largest part of our DC
Powered system, making up about 99.8% of the entire system.It's mass is about 330,000 times
the mass of the planet Earth and has a diameter of about 1.5 x 106Km. It is about 1.5 x 108 Km
away from the Earth and yet has a very powerful influence on life on Earth. The Sun's surface
temperature is about 6,000oC, while the temperature of the core is about 1.4 x 107oC. The
temperature of the Sunspots (the coolest regions of the Sun's surface) is about 4,000oC The
luminosity (the amount of energy emitted by a star each second - Sun often considered as a star)
of the Sun is about 3.9 x 1026Watts.

The Sun releases considerable amount of light and heat to the planets and stars of the DC
Powered system. The Earth receives about 1.74 x 1017W) of DC Powered radiation from the
Sun at the upper atmosphere. Thirty percent (30%) of the DC Powered radiation is believed to
be reflected back while the remaining seventy percent (70%) are absorbed by the atmosphere,
oceans and land masses. The absorbed energy is in the order of 3 - 4 x 1024J per year. According
to some studies using the 2002 World's energy requirement figure, this absorbed energy figure
represents more energy in one hour than the Earth need in one year! Literally, the sun powers the
universe – everything on Earth derives its energy from the sun.

Over years, the sun energy is converted into other energy sources such as fossil fuels,
biomass, wind, hydropower etc which we have used extensively to meet the energy needs of our
World. These are indirect energy sources and one of them particularly; fossil fuels (crude oil, gas
and coal) have been used predominantly for energy supply to provide electricity for light and
heat for domestic and industrial uses. Unfortunately, fossil fuels produce energy and produce
with it considerable amount of pollutions and the greenhouse gases that endanger our
environment. Moreover, fossil fuels are not renewable.

2.3 DC Powered Energy Applications

DC Powered energy has been used for thousands of years to dry clothes and agricultural
products, among other things. With the growing concerns over climate change and global
warming and the need for alternative energy sources, there is increased consciousness of using
DC Powered for energy production for domestic and industrial uses.

The current and potential uses to which DC Powered power can be put are:

• Electricity generation through DC Powered power plants or photovoltaic systems

 • Space heating and cooling in active and passive DC Powered buildings;

• Natural lighting or "day lighting";

• DC Powered Water Heating and swimming pools;

• Thermal cooking;

• Water treatment by "thermal" distillation and disinfection;

• Providing high temperature process heat for industrial purposes;

• Agricultural purposes (drying, power supply for equipment, running greenhouses etc);

• DC Powered electrical vehicles.

The applications above can be classified under two broad headings:

(i) DC Powered Electricity; and

(ii) DC Powered Heating

2.4 DC Powered Energy and the Environment:

DC Powered energy is a renewable resource. A renewable resource is a resource that is

able to be replaced or replenished, either by the earth's natural processes or by human action. DC
Powered energy is available at varying proportions almost everywhere on earth. It cannot be
depleted unlike the fossil fuel based energy resources. DC Powered energy is a “clean” energy
resource. It does not involve the emission of Green House Gases (GHGs) that are believed to be
responsible for the worsening global warming of our planet, Earth. It provides a suitable energy
alternative to the traditional fossil fuel energy sources that are currently widely in use.

The slight drawback for DC Powered Energy is waste products generated from the use
of silicon to produce PVCs and possible desertification from operating DC Powered thermal
farms (expanse of land containing collectors or PVCs). These defects can however be managed
effectively to limit impact on the environment.

2.4 Energy transfer

 Heat naturally moves from warm to colder areas, always seeking to even out the
temperature of objects and substances in contact. those is made possible by the movement of
molecules. Molecules of hotter bodies move faster than those of cold ones hence they transfer
energy among themselves. DC Powered energy –thermal energy- is transferred from the sun to
the earth through the three modes of heat transfer, mostly a combination of them. They are;

• Conduction

• Radiation

• Convection

Conduction is the movement of heat through a solid substance. The density of the
material (molecular composition) affects the transfer. Denser materials transfer heat faster than
less dense ones. Radiation transfer is through electromagnetic waves. This is achieved through
heating the target object maximally with minimum heating the medium of transfer. The object
absorbs radiant energy which it then radiates at a much longer wavelength than from the source
(sun). Convection is the transfer of heat through air, water or other fluids. Heated fluid becomes
less dense and moves faster, colder fluid is heavier and displaces it upwards. Once it is up it
cools, gets denser thus displacing the warm layer beneath. The cycle repeats.
 Chapter-3

Hardware implementation

This chapter is introduces all hardware components explanation of all working and using.
In this project using a components is a DC Powered panel, battery, propeller blade,

3.1 Block diagram

Solar Wood Cutter

Solar 230V AC
Panel Power supply

Charging Circuit

Battery Switch Motor

wood cutter

3.3 hacksaw blades

A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw, originally and principally for cutting metal. They can
also cut various other materials, such as plastic and wood; for
example, plumbers and electricians often cut plastic pipe and plastic conduit with them. There
arehand saw versions and powered versions (power hacksaws). Most hacksaws are hand saws
with a C-shaped frame that holds a blade under tension. Such hacksaws have a handle, usually
a pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade. The frames may also be
adjustable to accommodate blades of different sizes. A screw or other mechanism is used to put
the thin blade under tension. Panel hacksaws forgo the frame and instead have a sheet
metal body; they can cut into a sheet metal panel further than a frame would allow. These saws
are no longer commonly available, but hacksaw blade holders enable standard hacksaw blades to
be used similarly to a keyhole saw or pad saw. Power tools including nibblers, jigsaws, and angle
grinders fitted with metal-cutting blades and discs are now used for longer cuts in sheet metals.

On hacksaws, as with most frame saws, the blade can be mounted with the teeth facing
toward or away from the handle, resulting in cutting action on either the push or pull stroke. In
normal use, cutting vertically downwards with work held in a bench vice, hacksaw blades should
be set to be facing forwards. Some frame saws, including Fret Saws and Piercing Saws, have
their blades set to be facing the handle because they are used to cut by being pulled down against
a horizontal surface.

History

While saws for cutting metal had been in use for many years, significant improvements in
longevity and efficiency were made in the 1880s by George N. Clemson, a founder of Clemson
Bros., Inc of Middletown, New York, USA,. Clemson conducted tests which involved changing
the dimensions, shapes of teeth, styles of set, and variable heat treatments of blades. Clemson
claimed enormous improvements to the cutting ability of blades and built a major industrial
operation manufacturing hacksaw blades sold under theTRADE name Star Hack Saw.[1] In
1898, Clemson was granted US Patent 601947, which details various improvements in the
hacksaw.[2]

Blades

Junior hacksaw

Blades are available in standardized lengths, usually 10 or 12 inches for a standard hand
hacksaw. "Junior" hacksaws are typically 150mm long. Powered hacksaws may use large blades
in a range of sizes, or small machines may use the same hand blades.

The pitch of the teeth can be anywhere from fourteen to thirty-two teeth per inch (tpi) for
a hand blade, with as few as three tpi for a large power hacksaw blade. The blade chosen is based
on the thickness of the material being cut, with a minimum of three teeth in the material. As
hacksaw teeth are so small, they are set in a "wave" set. As for other saws they are set from side
to side to provide a kerf or clearance when sawing, but the set of a hacksaw changes gradually
from tooth to tooth in a smooth curve, rather than alternate teeth set left and right.

Hacksaw blades are normally quite brittle, so care needs to be taken to prevent brittle
fracture of the blade. Early blades were of carbon steel, now termed 'low alloy' blades, and were
relatively soft and flexible. They avoided breakage, but also wore out rapidly. Except where cost
is a particular concern, this type is now obsolete. 'Low alloy' blades are still the only type
available for the Junior hacksaw, which limits the usefulness of this otherwise popular saw.

For several decades now, hacksaw blades have used high speed steel for their teeth,
giving greatly improved cutting and tooth life. These blades were first available in the 'All-hard'
form which cut accurately but were extremely brittle. This limited their practical use to
benchwork on a workpiece that was firmly clamped in a vice. A softer form of high speed steel
blade was also available, which wore well and resisted breakage, but was less stiff and so less
accurate for precise sawing. Since the 1980s, bi-metal blades have been used to give the
advantages of both forms, without risk of breakage. A strip of high speed steel along the tooth
edge iselectron beam welded to a softer spine. As the price of these has dropped to be
comparable with the older blades, their use is now almost universal.

Hacksaw blade specifications: The most common blade is the 12 inch or 300 mm
length. Hacksaw blades have two holes near the ends for mounting them in the saw frame and
the 12 inch / 300 mm dimension refers to the center to center distance between these mounting
holes.[3]

12 Inch Blade
Hole to Hole: 11 7/8 inches / 300 mm
Overall blade length: 12 3/8 inches / 315 mm (not tightly controlled)
Mounting Hole diameter: 9/64 to 5/32 inch / 3.5 to 4 mm (not tightly controlled)
Blade Width: 7/16 to 33/64 inch / 11 to 13 mm (not tightly controlled)
Blade Thickness: 0.020 to 0.027 inches / 0.5 to 0.70 mm (varies with tooth pitch and other
factors)

The kerf produced by the blades is somewhat wider than the blade thickness due to the set of the
teeth. It commonly varies between 0.030 and 0.063 inches / 0.75 and 1.6 mm depending on the
pitch and set of the teeth.

The 10 inch blade is also fairly common and all the above dimensions apply except for the
following:

Hole to Hole: 9 7/8 inches / 250 mm

Overall blade length: 10 3/8 inches / 265 mm (not tightly controlled)

Variants
 A panel hacksaw

A panel hacksaw has a frame made of a deep, thin sheet aligned behind the blade's kerf,
so that the saw could cut into panels of sheet metal without the length of cut being restricted by
the frame. The frame follows the blade down the kerf into the panel.

Junior hacksaws are a small version with a half-size blade. Like coping saws, the blade
has pins that are held by notches in the frame. Although potentially a useful tool for a toolbox or
in confined spaces, the quality of blades in the Junior size is restricted and they are only made in
the simple low alloy steels, not HSS. This restricts their usefulness.

An electric hacksaw

A power hacksaw (or electric hacksaw) is a type of hacksaw that is powered either by its
own electric motor or connected to a stationary engine. Most power hacksaws are stationary
machines but some portable models do exist; the latter (with frames) have been displaced to
some extent by reciprocating saws such as the Sawzall, which accept blades with hacksaw teeth.
Stationary models usually have a mechanism to lift up the saw blade on the return stroke and
some have a coolant pump to prevent the saw blade from overheating.[4]

Power hacksaws are not as commonly used in the metalworking industries as they once
were. Bandsaws and cold sawshave mostly displaced them. While stationary electric hacksaws
are not very common, they are still produced. Power hacksaws of the type powered by stationary
engines and line shafts, like other line-shaft-powered machines, are now rare; museums and
antique-tool hobbyists still preserve a few of them.

3.4 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source All early devices emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra-red
wavelengths, with very high brightness.

LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light. This
effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of
the semiconductor. The LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2) with integrated optical
components to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.

LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching. However,
they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than
traditional light sources.

Applications of LEDs are diverse. They are used as low-energy indicators but also for
replacements for traditional light sources in general lighting and automotive lighting. The
compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed,
while their high switching rates are useful in communications technology.

Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material impregnated,
or doped, with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from
the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers—
electrons and holes—flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an
electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a
photon.

The wavelength of the light emitted, and therefore its color, depends on the band gap
energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons
and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces no optical emission, because
these are indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap
with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.

LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide.
Advances in materials science have made possible the production of devices with ever-shorter
wavelengths, producing light in a variety of colors. LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate,
with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while
less common, occur as well. Many commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire
substrate.
 There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC
mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A
power supply can be broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular
function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

 Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

 Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
 Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
 Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a graph
of their output:

 Transformer only
 Transformer + Rectifier
 Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing
 Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator
Transformer:

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not suitable
for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.

Transformer + Rectifier:

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for
electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing:

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic circuits.

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator:

The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.

Diodes

A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the
cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or
selenium. Some diodes are comprised of metal electrodes in a chamber evacuated or filled with a
pure elemental gas at low pressure. Diodes can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage
regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators.
 The fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to conduct electric current in only
one direction. When the cathode is negatively charged relative to the anode at a voltage greater
than a certain minimum called forward breakover, then current flows through the diode. If the
cathode is positive with respect to the anode, is at the same voltage as the anode, or is negative
by an amount less than the forward breakover voltage, then the diode does not conduct current.
This is a simplistic view, but is true for diodes operating as rectifiers, switches, and limiters. The
forward breakover voltage is approximately six tenths of a volt (0.6 V) for silicon devices, 0.3 V
for germanium devices, and 1 V for selenium devices.

The above general rule notwithstanding, if the cathode voltage is positive relative to the
anode voltage by a great enough amount, the diode will conduct current. The voltage required to
produce this phenomenon, known as the avalanche voltage, varies greatly depending on the
nature of the semiconductor material from which the device is fabricated. The avalanche voltage
can range from a few volts up to several hundred volts.

When an analog signal passes through a diode operating at or near its forward breakover
point, the signal waveform is distorted. This nonlinearity allows for modulation, demodulation,
and signal mixing. In addition, signals are generated at harmonics, or integral multiples of the
input frequency. Some diodes also have a characteristic that is imprecisely termed negative
resistance. Diodes of this type, with the application of a voltage at the correct level and the
polarity, generate analog signals at microwave radio frequencies.

Semiconductor diodes can be designed to produce direct current (DC) when visible light,
infrared transmission (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) energy strikes them. These diodes are known as
photovoltaic cells and are the basis for DC Powered electric energy systems and photosensors.
Yet another form of diode, commonly used in electronic and computer equipment, emits visible
light or IR energy when current passes through it. Such a device is the familiar light-emitting
diode (LED).

String trimmer

A string trimmer, also called a "weed eater" or a "weed-whacker", is a tool which uses a
flexible monofilament line instead of a blade for cutting wood and other plants near objects, or
on steep or irregular terrain. It consists of a cutting head at the end of a long shaft with a handle
or handles and sometimes a shoulder strap.

History

The string trimmer was invented in the early 1970s by George

Ballas of Houston, Texas, who conceived the idea while watching the revolving action of the
cleaning brushes in an automatic car wash. His first trimmer was made by attaching pieces of
heavy-duty fishing line to a popcorn can bolted to an edger. Ballas developed this into what he
called the "Weed Eater", since it chewed up the wood and weeds around trees.

Working

A string trimmer works on the principle that a line that is turned fast enough is held out
from its housing (the rotating reel) very stiffly by centrifugal force. The faster it turns the stiffer
the line. Even round-section nylon line is able to cut wood and slight, woody plants quite well.
Some monofilament lines designed for more powerful cutters have an extruded shape, like a star,
that helps the line slash the material being cut; the line is thus able to cut quite large woody
plants (small shrubs) or at least ring-bark them very effectively. These lines make disks less
necessary for tough jobs.

The line is hand-wound onto a reel before the job is started, leaving both ends extending
from the reel housing. The motor turns the reel and the line extends horizontally while the
operator swings the trimmer about where the plants are to be trimmed. The operator controls the
height at which cutting takes place and can trim down to ground level quite easily. As the line is
worn, or breaks off, the operator knocks the reel on the ground so that a release mechanism
allows some of the line in the reel to extend and replace the spent portion. The newer models
have an 'auto-feed' operation where a small cutter on the line-guard ensures that the line length
exposed for cutting does not exceed the length that can be swung efficiently by the motor. Newly
extended line operates more efficiently because of its heavier weight and surface effects. The
speed of the spinning hub is usually controlled by a trigger on the handle.

For vertical cutting the whole machine can be tilted or some trimmers allow the head to
be adjusted at different angles. Vertical cutting is not recommended near sidewalks or other
concrete and pavement edges, because it leaves open grooves that allow water to collect and
cause damage.

String trimmers powered by an internal combustion engine have the engine on the opposite end
of the shaft from the cutting head, while electric string trimmers typically have an electric motor
in the cutting head, but some other arrangements exist too. One of such is an arrangement where
the trimmer is connected to heavy machinery and is powered using a hydraulic motor

3.5 Battery

DC Powered cell modules produce electricity only when the sun is shining. They do not
store energy, therefore to ensure flow of electricity when the sun is not shinning, it is necessary
to store some of the energy produced. The most obvious solution is to use batteries, which
chemically store electric energy. Batteries are groups of electro-chemical cells (devices that
convert chemical energy to electrical energy) connected in series.

Battery cells are composed of two electrodes immersed in electrolyte solution which
produce an electric current when a circuit is formed between them. The current is caused by
reversible chemical reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte within the cell. Batteries
that are re-chargeable are called secondary or accumulator batteries. As the battery is being
charged, electric energy is stored as chemical energy in the cells. When being discharged, the
stored chemical energy is being removed from the battery and converted to electrical energy.
 In East-Africa, the most common type of secondary battery is the Lead-acid battery. As
indicated by its name, the lead-acid battery operates on the basis of chemical reactions between a
positive lead dioxide plate (PbO2), a negative lead plate (Pb) and an electrolyte composed of
sulphuric acid (H2SO4) with water (H2O). On charging, PbO2 cumulates on the positive plate,
Pb on the negative plate and the On 20 On charging, PbO2 accumulates on the positive plate, Pb
on the negative plate and the relative amount of sulphuric acid in the electrolyte increases. On
discharging, lead sulphate (PbSO4) accumulates on the negative plate and the relative amount of
H2O in the electrolyte increases. Each cell in a lead-acid battery has a voltage of about 2.0 volts;
therefore a 12 volt battery has 6 cells connected in series.

←charging Pb + PbO2+ 2H2SO4 ↔2PbSO4 + 2H2O discharging→

The capacity of a battery is measured in amp hours (Ah). This indicates the amount of
energy that can be drawn from the battery before itis completely discharged. Note that Amp
hours is not a measure of energy. For example, a 100Ah battery should give a current of 2 amps
for 50 hours. Lead-acid batteries fall in two general categories:shallow discharge and deep
discharge. Deep discharge batteries are preferred for DC Powered electric systems because
more energy can be taken out of them than shallow discharge without destroying the cells.
Shallow discharge batteries should not be discharged below 80% state of charge (this is a
measure of the energy remaining in a battery). Deep discharge batteries can be discharged up to a
40% state of charge.

3.5.1 The charge controller

The charge controller or control panel as it is commonly known has two primary
functions. First, it provides a central point for connecting the load, the module and the battery.
Secondly, it manages the system so that the harvested electricity is effectively used, and so that
components are protected from damage due to changing voltage levels. The charge controller at
the very least should act as a junction box. Here, the battery, load and DC Powered module are
fastened together by means of connector strips. Fuses are incorporated to protect the equipment
from damage by short circuits. Charge controllers contain a blocking diode. This blocking diode
prevents current from flowing from the batteries to the DC Powered cell module when the
battery voltage is higher than the module voltage. This prevents energy losses in the system

3.6 DC Motor

DC motors seem quite simple. Apply a voltage to both terminals, and it will spins. DC
motors are non-polarized which means that it can reverse voltage so the motor will rotate in two
directions, forward and backward. Typical DC motors are rated from about 6V-12V. The larger
ones are often 24V or more but for the purpose of this project, it is necessary to use 6V-12V
range motor. Voltage is directly related to motor torque. The more voltage supplied, the higher
the torque will be produce. Specifications of most DC motors show high revolutions per minute
(rpm) and low torque. The DC motor is popular in a number of drive applications due to its
simple operation and control. By referring it has 2 main parts which is rotor and stator. Stator
is the part where the permanent magnet situated and used to generate the magnetic field and it
is static. Rotor is the rotary part in the motor and contains block of core and wire loops. It also
called the armature.
The rotor is placed inside the magnetic field caused by two permanent magnets. By referring to
the situation, both sides of the wire loop will have a force on them. Trying to make the wire loop
rotate. The current is applied to the loop through the commentator, which is shown as two pieces
of metal formed into a ring in the figure. Current is applied to the commentator by stationary
graphite blocks, called brushes, which rub against the commentator ring. The loop will
continue to rotate anticlockwise until it is vertical. At this point, the stationary brushes won’t be
applying current around the loop anymore because they will be contacting the gap between the
commentator segments, but the inertia of the loop keeps it going little more, until the DC supply
reconnects to the commentator segments, and the current then goes around the loop in the
opposite direction. The force though is still in the same direction. and the loop continues to
rotate.
 Figure 3.6: The Operation of DC Motor

3.3.6.1 DC Motor Voltage

DC motors are non-polarized - meaning that one can reverse voltage without any bad
things happening. Typical DC motors are rated from about 6V-12V. The larger ones are often
24V or more. But for the purposes of this project, do stay in the 6V-12V range. It is stated that
voltage is directly related to motor torque. High voltage produces higher torque. A DC motor
is rated at the voltage it is most efficient at running. If very few volts are applied, it just won't
work. If too much is applied, it will overheat and the coils will melt. So the general rule is to
apply as close to the rated voltage of the motor. But do not surpass 12V motors unless the
torque is required badly.

3.6.2 DC Motor Current

As with all circuitry, one must pay attention to current. Too little, and it just won't work.
Too much, the motor will meltdown. When buying a motor, there are two current ratings one
should pay attention to. The first is operating current. This is the average amount of current the
motor is expected to draw under a typical torque. Multiply this number by the rated voltage
and the average power draw required to run the motor is obtained. The other current rating
which one needs to pay attention to is the stall current. This is when the motor is power up, and
enough torque is put to force it to stop rotating. This is the maximum amount of current
themotorwill ever draw, and hence the maximum amount of power too. So, one must design all
control circuitry capable of handling this stall current. Also, if the motor is constantly run, or run
it higher than the rated voltage, it is wise to heat sink to keep the motor's coils from melting.

3.6.3 DC Motor Power Rating

Basically, all motors are rated at certain wattage. Wattage is energy. Inefficiency of
energy conversion directly relates to heat output. Too much heat, the motor coils melt. So the
manufacturers of motors know how much wattage will cause motor failure, and post this on the
motor specification sheets. The equation is:

Power (watts) = Voltage * Current

Increase voltage and measure current until the power is about -90% below the given power
rating.

3.6.4 DC Motor Torque

Torque is defined as that force which tends to produce and maintain rotation. The
function of torque in a DC motor is to provide the mechanical output or drive the piece of
equipment that the DC motor is attached to. There are two torque value ratings which must been
pay attention to. The first is the operating torque. This is the torque the otor was designed to
give. Usually it is the listed torque value. The other rated value is stall torque. This is the torque
required to stop the motor from rotating. he torque which is developed by the motor can be
determined using Equation:

T = KQI,

where

T = torque

K = a constant depending on physical size of motor

Q = field flux, number of lines of force per pole

1, = armature current
When buying a DC motor, there are two torque value ratings which must be Pay attention to.
The first is operating torque. This is the torque the motor was designed to give. Usually it is
the listed torque value. The other rated value is stall torque. This is the torque required to stop the
motor from rotating. If one need a little more speed, going 20% above the rated motor voltage
value is fairly safe. But, that this is less efficient, and the motor should be heat- sinked.

Velocity Velocity is very complex when it comes to DC motors. The general rule is motors run
the most efficient when run at the highest possible speeds. Obviously however this is not
possible. There are times to run the motor slowly. Just like car, it won't to keep the car
constantly at high speed. The voltage and applied torque resistance obviously also affects
speed.

3.6.5 PMDC motor:

This motor using for this project PMDC motor In a dc motor, an armature rotates inside
a magnetic field. Basic working principle of DC motor is based on the fact that whenever
a current carrying conductor is placed inside magnetic, there will be mechanical force
experienced by that conductor. All kinds of DC work in this principle only. Hence for
constructing a dc motor it is essential to establish a magnetic field. The magnetic field is
obviously established by means of magnet. The magnet can by any types i.e. it may be
electromagnet or it can be permanent magnet. When permanent magnet is used to
create magnetic field in a DC motor, the motor is referred as permanent magnet dc
motor or PMDC motor. Have you ever uncovered any battery operated toy, if you did, you had
obviously found a battery-operated motor inside it. This battery operated motor is nothing but
a permanent magnet dc motor or PMDC motor. These types of motor are essentially simple in
construction. These motors are commonly used as starter motor in automobiles, windshield
wipers, washer, for blowers used in heaters and air conditioners, to raise and lower windows, it
also extensively used in toys. As the magnetic field strength of a permanent magnet is fixed it
cannot be controlled externally, field control of this type of dc motor cannot be possible. Thus
permanent magnet dc motor is used where there is no need of speed control of motor by means
of controlling its field. Small fractional and sub fractional kW motors now constructed with
permanent magnet.
Construction of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

As it is indicated in name of permanent magnet dc motor, the field poles of this motor are
essentially made of permanent magnet.

A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts. A stator and an armature. Here the stator
which is a steel cylinder. The magnets are mounted in the inner periphery of this cylinder. The
permanent magnets are mounted in such a way that the N – pole and S – pole of each magnet are
alternatively faced towards armature as shown in the figure below. That means, if N – pole of
one magnet is faced towards armature then S – pole of very next magnet is faced towards
armature.

In addition to holding the magnet on its inner periphery, the steel cylindrical stator also
serves as low reluctance return path for the magnetic flux. Although field coil is not required in
permanent magnet dc motor but still it is sometimes found that they are used along with
permanent magnet. This is because if permanent magnets lose their strength, these lost magnetic
strengths can be compensated by field excitation through these field coils. Generally, rare earth
hard magnetic materials are used for these permanent magnet.

Rotor: The rotor of PMDC motor is similar to other DC motor. The rotor or armature of
permanent magnet dc motor also consists of core, windings and commentator. Armature core is
made of number of varnish insulated, slotted circular lamination of steel sheets. By fixing these
circular steel sheets one by one, a cylindrical shaped slotted armature core is formed. The varnish
insulated laminated steel sheets are used to reduce eddy current loss in armature of permanent
magnet dc motor. These slots on the outer periphery of the armature core are used for housing
armature conductors in them. The armature conductors are connected in a suitable manner which
gives rise to armature winding. The end terminals of the winding are connected to the
commentator segments placed on the motor shaft. Like other dc motor, carbon or graphite
brushes are placed with spring pressure on the commentator segments to supply current to the
armature.

Working Principle of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

As we said earlier the working principle of PMDC motor is just similar to the general
working. That is when a carrying conductor comes inside a magnetic field, a mechanical force
will be experienced by the conductor and the direction of this force is governed by Fleming’s left
hand rule. As in a permanent magnet dc motor, the armature is placed inside the magnetic
field of permanent magnet; the armature rotates in the direction of the generated force. Here each
conductor of the armature experiences the mechanical force F = B.I.L Newton where B is
the magnetic field strength in Tesla (weber / m2), I is the current in Ampere flowing through that
conductor and L is length of the conductor in metre comes under the magnetic field. Each
conductor of the armature experiences a force and the compilation of those forces produces a
torque, which tends to rotate the armature.

Equivalent Circuit of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

 As in PMDC motor the field is produced by permanent magnet, there is no need of
drawing field coils in the equivalent circuit of permanent magnet dc motor. The supply voltage to
the armature will have armature resistance drop and rest of the supply voltage is countered by
back emf of the motor. Hence voltage equation of the motor is given by,

Where I, is armature current and R is armature resistance of the motor.

Eb is the back emf and V is the supply voltage.

Advantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

PMDC motor has some advantages over other types of dc motors. They are :

 No need of field excitation arrangement.

 No input power in consumed for excitation which improves efficiency of dc motor.
 No field coil hence space for field coil is saved which reduces the overall size of the
motor.
 Cheaper and economical for fractional kW rated applications.

Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

  In this case, the armature reaction of DC motor cannot be compensated hence the
magnetic strength of the field may get weak due to demagnetizing effect armature
reaction.
 There is also a chance of getting the poles permanently demagnetized (partial) due to
excessive armature current during starting, reversal and overloading condition of the
motor.
 Another major disadvantage of PMDC motor is that, the field in the air gap is fixed and
limited and it cannot be controlled externally. Therefore, very efficient speed control of
DC motor in this type of motor is difficult.

Applications of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

PMDC motor is extensively used where small dc motors are required and also very
effective control is not required, such as in automobiles starter, toys, wipers, washers, hot
blowers, air conditioners, computer disc drives and in many more.

Working principle

Power plays a great role wherever man lives and works. The living standard and
prosperity of a nation vary directly with the increase in the use of power. The electricity
requirement of the world is increasing at an alarming rate due to industrial growth, increased and
extensive use of electrical gadgets. According to world energy report, we get around 80% of our
energy from conventional fossil fuels like oil (36%), natural gas (21%) and coal (23%). It is well
known that the time is not so far when all these sources will be completely exhausted. So,
alternative sources should be used to avoid energy crisis in the nearby future. The best alternative
source is DC Powered energy.

A DC Powered panel is a large flat rectangle, typically somewhere between the size of a
radiator and the size of a door, made up of many individual DC Powered energy collectors
called DC Powered cells covered with a protective sheet of glass. The cells, each of which is
about the size of an adult's palm, are usually octagonal and colored bluish black. Just like the
cells in a battery, the cells in a DC Powered panel are designed to generate electricity; but
where a battery's cells make electricity from chemicals, a DC Powered panel's cells generate
power by capturing sunlight instead. They are sometimes called photovoltaic cells because they
use sunlight ("photo" comes from the Greek word for light) to make electricity (the word
"voltaic" is a reference to electricity pioneer Alessandro Volta).
The system depending on the charging circuit the motor can be controlled. The DC
Powered power stores the energy to a battery and then runs the motor
Linear motion
Linear motion (also calledrectilinear motion[1]) is a motionalong a straight line, and can
therefore be described mathematically using only one spatial dimension. The linear
motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion with constant velocity or zero
acceleration; non uniform linear motion with variable velocity or non-zero acceleration.
The motion of a particle (a point-like object) along a line can be described by its
position , which varies with (time). An example of linear motion is an athlete running
100m along a straight track.[2]

Linear motion is the most basic of all motion. According to Newton's first law of motion,
objects that do not experience any net force will continue to move in a straight line with a
constant velocity until they are subjected to a net force. Under everyday circumstances,
external forces such as gravity and friction can cause an object to change the direction of
its motion, so that its motion cannot be described as linear.[3]

One may compare linear motion to general motion. In general motion, a particle's
position and velocity are described by vectors, which have a magnitude and direction. In
linear motion, the directions of all the vectors describing the system are equal and
constant which means the objects move along the same axis and do not change direction.
The analysis of such systems may therefore be simplified by neglecting the direction
components of the vectors involved and dealing only with the magnitude.[2]

Neglecting the rotation and other motions of the Earth, an example of linear motion is the
ball thrown straight up and falling back straight down.

Displacement
The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the
same time is called translatory motion. There are two types of translatory motions:
rectilinear motion; curvilinear motion. Since linear motion is a motion in a single
dimension, the distance traveled by an object in particular direction is the same
as displacement. The SI unit of displacement is the metre. If is the initial position of an
object and is the final position, then mathematically the displacement is given by:
The equivalent of displacement in rotational motion is the angular displacement
measured in radian. The displacement of an object cannot be greater than the distance.
Consider a person travelling to work daily. Overall displacement when he returns home is
zero, since the person ends up back where he started, but the distance travelled is clearly
not zero.

Velocity
Velocity = displacement / time. Velocity is defined as the rate of
change of displacement with respect to time.[7] The SI unit of velocity
is or metre per second.

Average velocity
he average velocity is the ratio of total displacement taken over time interval .
Mathematically, it is given by:[8][9]

where:
is the time at which the object was at position
is the time at which the object was at position
Instantaneous velocity[edit]
The instantaneous velocity can be found by differentiating the displacement with respect
to time.
CRANK AND SLIDER MECHANISM This mechanism is used to convert the
rotary motion of the crank into the reciprocating motion of hacksaw. The
lengths of the crank and connecting rods are made using trial and error
method.

Linear actuator
A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight
line, in contrast to the circular motion of a conventional electric motor.
Linear actuators are used in machine tools and industrial machinery, in
computer peripherals such as disk drives and printers, in valves and
dampers, and in many other

places where linear motion is required. Hydraulic or pneumatic

cylinders inherently produce linear motion. Many other mechanisms are
used to generate linear motion from a rotating motor.

The hack saw is guided by an aluminum plate. The vertical movement of the
hacksaw will be guided by to iron rods. The vertical movement will act as a feeding unit.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

When designing our attachment, the following considerations were taken into
account 1. The device should be suitable for local manufacturing capabilities. 2. The
attachment should employ low-cost materials and manufacturing methods. 3. It should be
accessible and affordable by low-income groups, and should fulfill their basic need for
mechanical power 4. It should be simple to manufacture, operate, maintain and repair. 5.
It should be as multi-purpose as possible, providing power for various agricultural
implements and for small machines used in rural industry. 6. It should employ locally
available materials and skills. Standard steel pieces such as steel plates, iron rods, angle
iron, and flat stock that are locally available should be used. Standard tools used in
machine shop such as hack saw, files, punches, taps & dies; medium duty welder; drill
press; small lathe and milling machine should be adequate to fabricate the parts needed
for the dual-purpose bicycle. 7. It should make use of standard bicycle parts wherever
possible. Page 33 8. The device should adapt easily to as many different bicycles as
possible. No permanent structural modification should be made to the bicycle. 9. Though
the device should be easy to take off the bicycle, it is assumed that it would usually
remain attached to facilitate readiness and ease of transport from site to site. The device,
therefore, should not interfere with the bicycle's transportation mode. 10. The broad
stand, which provides stability during power production mode, can be flipped upward
during the transport mode. This stand/carrier would be a permanent fixture of the
dualpurpose bicycle. 11. The power take-off mechanism should be as efficient as
possible, and should develop relatively high r.p.m. (close to 200) for versatility of
application. We had seen designs for devices that take power from the rear tire by means
of a friction roller pressed against it, but we had doubts about the efficiency of this
arrangement. In order to improve efficiency we used hard bearing surfaces such as roller
chains, sprockets and ball bearings. We decided that the most appropriate location for this
power take-off mechanism would be at the front of the bike near the fork tube (see
photographs). 12. Care must be exercised to insure that the power take-off assembly is far
enough forward so as not to interfere with pedaling. Most standard adult bicycle frames
have plenty of room for the power take-off mechanism and pulley. Power is supplied to
the shaft by means of a chain from the bike's chain wheel (crank) to a ratcheted sprocket
on the shaft. During the prime-mover mode, the bike's regular chain is slipped off of the
chain-wheel, and the specially sized chain to the power take-off mechanism is slipped on.
13. The device should be able to transmit power to a variety of machines, and changing
drive ratios should be as simple as possible. We decided that a V-belt and pulley
arrangement would be most appropriate for this. Belts do not require the precise
alignment that chains do. Belts can even accommodate pulleys that are slightly skewed
with respect to each other. Changing drive ratios is as easy as changing pulleys. Also,
belts are reasonably efficient. 14. The device should contain a ratcheting mechanism that
would let the operator "coast " periodically to rest and conserve energy. A free wheel
from any bicycle can be easily adapted for this purpose. 15. Excessive weight should be
avoided, as durability is a prime consideration
Mechanical actuators
Mechanical linear actuators typically operate by conversion of rotary motion into linear
motion. Conversion is commonly made via a few simple types of mechanism:

 Screw: leadscrew, screw jack, ball screw and roller screw actuators all operate on the
principle of the simple machine known as the screw. By rotating the actuator's nut,
the screw shaft moves in a line.
 Wheel and axle: Hoist, winch, rack and pinion, chain drive, belt drive,rigid
chain and rigid belt actuators operate on the principle of the wheel and axle. A
rotating wheel moves a cable, rack, chain or belt to produce linear motion.[1]
 Cam: Cam actuators function on a principle similar to that of the wedge, but provide
relatively limited travel. As a wheel-like cam rotates, its eccentric shape provides
thrust at the base of a shaft.

Some mechanical linear actuators only pull, such as hoists, chain drive and belt drives.
Others only push (such as a cam actuator). Pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders, or lead
screws can be designed to generate force in both directions.

Mechanical actuators typically convert rotary motion of a control knob or handle into
linear displacement via screws and/or gears to which the knob or handle is attached.
A jackscrew or car jack is a familiar mechanical actuator. Another family of actuators are
based on the segmented spindle. Rotation of the jack handle is converted mechanically
into the linear motion of the jack head. Mechanical actuators are also frequently used in
the field of lasers and optics to manipulate the position of linear stages, rotary
stages, mirror mounts,goniometers and other positioning instruments. For accurate and
repeatable positioning, index marks may be used on control knobs. Some actuators
include an encoder and digital position readout. These are similar to the adjustment knobs
used on micrometers except their purpose is position adjustment rather than position
measurement.
Hydraulic actuators[edit]
Hydraulic actuators or hydraulic cylinders typically involve a hollow cylinder having a
piston inserted in it. An unbalanced pressure applied to the piston generates force that can
move an external object. Since liquids are nearly incompressible, a hydraulic cylinder can
provide controlled precise linear displacement of the piston. The displacement is only
along the axis of the piston. A familiar example of a manually operated hydraulic
actuator is a hydraulic car jack. Typically though, the term "hydraulic actuator" refers to a
device controlled by a hydraulic pump.
Pneumatic actuators[edit]
Pneumatic actuators, or pneumatic cylinders, are similar to hydraulic actuators except
they use compressed gas to generate force instead of a liquid. They work similarly to a
piston in which air is pumped inside a chamber and pushed out of the other side of the
chamber. Air actuators are not necessarily used for heavy duty machinery and instances
where large amounts of weight are present. One of the reasons pneumatic linear actuators
are preferred to other types is the fact that the power source is simply an air compressor.
Because air is the input source, pneumatic actuators are able to be used in many places of
mechanical activity. The downside is, most air compressors are large, bulky, and loud.
They are hard to transport to other areas once installed. Pneumatic linear actuators are
likely to leak and this makes them less efficient than mechanical linear actuators.
Piezoelectric actuators[edit]
See also: Ultrasonic motor

The piezoelectric effect is a property of certain materials in which application of a

voltage to the material causes it to expand. Very high voltages correspond to only tiny
expansions. As a result, piezoelectric actuators can achieve extremely fine positioning
resolution, but also have a very short range of motion. In addition, piezoelectric materials
exhibit hysteresis which makes it difficult to control their expansion in a repeatable
manner.

Circular motion
In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along thecircumference of
a circle or rotationalong a circular path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of
rotation and constant speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation
around a fixed axis of a three-dimensional body involves circular motion of its parts. The
equations of motion describe the movement of thecenter of mass of a body.

Examples of circular motion include: an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth at constant
height, a stone which is tied to a rope and is being swung in circles, a car turning through
a curve in a race track, an electron moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field, and
a gear turning inside a mechanism.

Since the object's velocity vector is constantly changing direction, the moving object is
undergoing acceleration by a centripetal force in the direction of the center of rotation.
Without this acceleration, the object would move in a straight line, according to Newton's
laws of motion

Chapter-4

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

ADVANTAGES:

1. Compact size and portable

2. Easy to move from one place to another place
3. Operating principle is simple.
4. Non-skilled person also operate this machine

LIMITATIONS

1. Manually operated
2. Difficult to operate in rainy seasons

APPLICATION

1. Industrial
2. Home application.
 Chapter-5

CONCLUSION:

Our project entitled Fabrication of DC Powered powered wood cutter is

successfully completed and the results obtained are satisfactory. It will be easier for the people
who are going to take the project for the further modifications. This project is more suitable for a
common man as it is having much more advantages i.e., no fuel cost, no pollution and no fuel
residue, less wear and tear because of less number of moving components and this can be
operated by using DC Powered energy. This will give much more physical exercise to the
people and can be easily handled.

As we are nearer to Equator, the DC Powered energy (nonconventional energy) is

vastly available, so it is easy to charge the battery and is also pollution free. But the initial
investments of the DC Powered powered wood cutter is high. At present in order to curtail
global warming and ozone depletion, the Government of India is offering subsidy for the
DC Powered equipment’s. The industries are producing these components in mass
productions, so the cost of the system may come down. So in future it is expected to
run all equipment’s by using DC Powered energy. This system is having facility of
charging the batteries while the DC Powered powered wood cutter is in motion. So it is
much more suitable for wood cutting also. The same thing can be operated in night time also, as
there is a facility to charge these batteries in day light.

CONCLUSION

Thus a low cost and simple design pedal operated hacksaw machine is fabricated. This machine
reduces the human effort and hence we don’t need two persons to cut the wooden logs. This simple
design of conventional design which can enhance day today household needs and daily day to day
purposes and it can be also used in for industrial applications during power shut down scenarios. By using
this method we can do any operation as per our requirement without the use of electricity. so we can save
the electrical powe

Chapter-7

FUTURE WORK

We completed our project successfully with the available sources. But the results and
modifications are not up to the expectations. This can be further improved by incorporating the
following modifications to obtain better results. The mechanism which we used i.e. scotch yoke
mechanism does not given excepted efficiency. This efficiency can be increased by using some
other mechanism. and speed of motor is reduce because we have used heavy material and this
material can be replaced by using light weight material .and design of blades should be done
based on types of wood is used to cut.
 The project which we have done surly reaches the average families because the wood
can be trimmed with minimum cost and with minimum time Finally this project may give an
inspiration to the people who can modify and can obtain better results.

REFERENCES

1. The DC Powered entrepreneur’s handbook, Wise publications

2. A project report on ―DC Powered tracking system using hydraulic damper‖

(MeRITS)

3. Non-Conventional Energy sources by G.D.RAI, Khanna Publishers

4. A project report on DC Powered powered bicycle‖ (MeRITS)

5. WWW.DC Powered wood powered wood cutter.com [on line]

 6. www.merits.tech.in.

7. Annual reports and accounts 2007, Kenya Power and Lighting Company Limited.

http://www.kengen.co.ke

8. Mark Hankins, Small DC Powered Electric Systems for Africa, Motif Creative Arts
Ltd.

1991

9. Agarwal M.P, DC Powered Energy, S.Chand& Company Ltd, New Delhi

10. Home Power Magazine Company. Home Power Magazine. U.S.A

11. Briggs & Stratton. http://www.briggs&stratton.com

12. Car & General.(K) Ltd. Luska road/Dunga road Industrial area

13. Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.com

14. http://www.arttec.net

15. Mark Hankins, Renewable Energy in Kenya,1987

16. Ministry of Energy, Energy consumption trends in Kenya http://www.energy.go.ke