Moral Ethics and Society:

I. Freedom and responsibility

II. Rights and duties
III. Tolerance
IV. Justice
V. Punishment and theories of punishment

Freedom and Responsibility

Freedom is the ability to choose in every moment the most beneficial action or direction for yourself.
This is not easily accomplished. It requires a keen sense of self-awareness. Without self-awareness it
is unlikely that you would have any idea of who you are and what is most beneficial for you.

In order to maintain self-awareness the individual needs to cultivate responsibility. Responsibility

can be defined as the state of being responsible or accountable; that for which one is answerable,
for example, a duty or trust. It also means the ability to meet obligations.

What it means in a practical manner is the ability to accept all of your choices and their outcomes
without blaming your life’s circumstances, other people, your genetics, the weather, the
government, God or even plain luck to name a few.

The amount of freedom that we experience in our daily lives will be a direct outcome of the degree
of responsibility we express. You cannot have one without the other. There certainly aren’t any
shortcuts. Some people may find this overwhelming and will hand over their freedom in exchange
for little or no responsibility.

Freedom and Moral Responsibility In The Light Of Theistic BeliefS:

Theistic and atheistic beliefs respectively play a fundamental role in the definition of man's free
will and moral responsibility, so far as they can determine the nature, quality, and quantity of
human's freedom. After believing in God, the belief in a revealed or a non-revealed religion and
the manner in which God’s attributes are interpreted play an essential role in the definition of
free will. In fact, the nature of our understanding of some of God’s attributes—such as His
knowledge, power, will, creation, and sovereignty—as well as His relation to human beings can
impact the way we envision the quality and quantity of man’s free will. In revealed religions,
God is introduced as the personal and all-powerful being, who is the real creator of humans,
and humans are considered His creatures, servants, and vicegerents. Human free will and moral
responsibility is defined in the light of such a theistic perspective.
On the other hand disbelieving in God (atheistc believes) also has some very grave
consequences. This is because in this ideology, since the existence of a god or gods is rejected,
man is considered an independent and free being with no limitations; that is, he has absolute
freedom and is not responsible before anything other than himself. He can live just as he wants.
In this approach, the idea of God is considered to have been made by the human mind who
wants to be like a god.

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All humans thar are part of the some society , and being a part of society there are certain
fundamental rights every individual can claim. In the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, formulated by the Third General Council of the United Nations on
10 December 1948 in Paris, the first two Articles run as follows:

1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards another in a
spirit of brotherhood.
2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status

Some of the most important types of freedom or liberty are as follows.

1. Natural Liberty.

2. Civil Liberty.

3. Personal Liberty.

4. Political liberty

5. Economic liberty

6. National liberty