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Affordable housing
– its need and
December 6
2018
necessity
With high rise in a population density, there is a rapid growth in Under the guidance-
urbanization which led to a huge demand for urban land in India.
Thus bridging the gap between the housing need and the Ar. Deepa Mane
availability of satisfactory dwellings. K.L.E TECH University
Huballi, Karnataka
01FA15BAT014
VII SEM
ABSTRACT
This paper gives a synopsis of housing affordability. Due to the constant rising or doubling of
population from 1980 to 2018, where the major population of our country is below income
group, affordable living is the major concern for the government of India, which led to the
affordable housing scheme, collaborating with public and private partnership. HOME, a basic
necessity to every human that exists on earth, a shelter where one lives, grows, nourishes and
builds their dreams. It not only provides shelter but also gives the sense of security, a feeling
of place which is more comforting and required by everyone. And keeping this situation,
MICRO HOUSING MOVEMENT, as a solution to a rising population started, a small house
includes all the essentials, which are the basics to be given, which occupies less area,
sustainable and achieves higher level energy efficiency and cost effective for a growing
population. The aim of the paper is to understand an affordable housing, its types, need and
necessity in India.
AIM
The aim of the paper is to understand the reason and issues behind the fall of housing
shortage and defining the gap between the housing need and the availability of satisfactory
dwellings.
I
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Key words
3. Methodology
4. Affordable housing
4.1 types
4.2 Why affordable housing?
4.2.1 Urbanisation and housing shortage in India
4.3 Issues in the development of the housing
4.3.1 Availability of land
4.3.2 Home finances
4.3.3 Conclusions
5. Case study
6. Literature review
7. Need and necessity of affordable housing
7.1 Policy framework by government
7.2 housing need and necessity
7.3 Approach to affordable housing
8. Conclusions
9. Bibliography
10. Appendices
II
1. INTRODUCTION
In rural – urban development, India being one of the largest and populated countries in the
world, where the economic condition is lagging behind when compared to other countries.
India is a developing country having 30% population of high income group and other 70%
are middle income group and low income group. Housing affordability is a major issue
affecting both, the regional level and the users. The main reason behind the factors
contributing the issues related to housing affordability in and around the world is the
progressive and rapid increase in population, as the cities were not designed according to the
population. The growing population has led to the shortage of land, housing shortfall which
severely stressed on the existing basic amenities such as water, open spaces, etc. Despite of
decreasing the family size the size of homes grew. An expertise began to recognise micro
housing movement as a solution to a rising population. The Tiny house and Social Movement
advocating for a simple living in a small homes. A tiny house is a residential structure that
falls around 500 square feet. People look forward for the homes that provide them an easier
and simpler life. The main aim of the design is to develop micro housing community that
provides shelter to every user. Though micro apartments are smaller in size, but a good
design through accurate measures of architecture, selection of furniture and material selection
can make an ideal space for living. The paper will show the aim of research through various
case studies and this will allow for analysis of the material that are used and the sustainable
design measures taken. The successful project of a designer is based on his ability to design a
small space that feels larger.
2. KEYWORD
Affordable housing need, types, issues in development of housing
3. METHODOLOGY
The methodology of this report is to understand affordable housing, its various types and why
in today’s era we need an affordable housing for the people of low income group who cannot
afford a house which provides shelter and fulfils basic amenities and for the low class people,
due to the fail in equal citizen right. Through analysing case studies and various research
paper on housing affordability, the paper concludes on the issues that why there is so much of
gap between the total demand and the total stock of houses.
1.
4. AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Affordable housing is a fundamental right, as it fulfils basic human need for shelter, as well
as it contributes to the well being of both parents and children. There is no clear-cut
definition of the term “affordable”, as it is a correlative concept and has several meanings in
different context.
In the context of urban housing, affordability Table 1: Definition of affordable housing –
means a provision of an “adequate shelter”, MHUPA (2011)
ensuring security within the means of common
households on a sustained basis.
It also states, affordable housing is provided to
those whose needs are not met by the open
market. According to the task force on
affordable housing set up by the MHUPA on
2008, affordable housing for various segments is divided by the size of dwelling units and
housing affordability is derived by the income of the household population.
For living in decent affordable housing, the stress is reduced due to lessening of concern that
high housing cost leads to eviction and foreclosure, this in turn leads to the fewer physical
and mental health.
2.
4.1.4 COORPERATIVE HOUSIG
Housing for people with low and moderate incomes. Residents contribute time towards the
upkeep of the building.
4.1.5 EMERGENCY HOUSING
Housing provides accommodation for short periods of time and serves people who are
homeless, displaced, fleeing violence or abuse.
4.1.6 PERMANENT HOUSING
It functions for an indefinite period of time without regard to enforceable conditions. No
specific time period that tenants can stay.
4.1.7 TRANSITIONAL HOUSING
It serves as a bridge between emergency housing and permanent housing.
4.1.8 FIRST BUY
New build property is available at 80% of market value through conventional mortgage. The
other 20% is funded by a loan from the government and the developer.
4.1.9 SUPPORTIVE HOUSING
It is the permanent housing for the people who need assistance to live independently. Houses
elderly or disabled people, addictions or mental illness.
4.1.10 PRIVATE PURPOSE BUILT RENTAL HOUSING
Built for the purpose for renting to the tenants. Where the apartments buildings are common
type owned by individual or private company.
The reasons why affordable housing never took off was the issue of the applicant not having
enough money to give the margin for taking a housing loan. Thus, the government of India
has done three things to make it affordable.
First, by giving a subsidy of the 6.5 per cent at the lowest rung of the ladder. Secondly, it is
crediting the entire subsidy of a 20-year loan to the loan account of an applicant, which
reduces EMI, which further makes it more affordable to the applicant and Thirdly, they have
allowed withdrawals from the EPFO to the extent of 90 per cent of the amount for housing in
case there is a group of eight other people who are doing so for a house in the same society.
3.
4.2.1 URBANISATION AND HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA
As per 2011 census, the country had a population of 1,238 millions, out of which 31% live in
urban areas. From 2001-11, the increase in level of urbanisation from 27.81% to 31.16%.
Thus resulting in growing population in urban areas which led to the problems of land
shortage, housing shortfall and congested transit which severely affected the basic amenities
such as water, power and open spaces of town and cities. Urbanisation has increasingly led
people live in slums and squatters settlements and deteriorated housing conditions of
economically weaker sections of the society.
Currently there exists a wide gap between the
demand and supply of housing both in terms of
quantity and quality. The technical group constituted
by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation (MHUPA), estimated 24.71 million for
66.30 million households for 10th Five – year plan in
the country of urban housing shortage.
In the current time of 26.53 million dwelling units for
75.01 million households and due to the backlog of housing, a minimum of 30 million
additional houses will be required by 2020. However, the total dwelling in the segment is
insufficient when compared to existing units. Thus, the housing requirements for lower
income group and middle income group are neglected and that led to the huge dearth in the
supply of affordable houses demanded by income group in India.
4.
4.3.1.1 SITE SELECTION
Reduction of cost and for housing to be affordable it begins with the selection of the site. The
main criteria to be considered are-
The area shouldn’t be within co-sensitive zone. It should be under ‘residential’ category.
Not to be lying on the areas, which are likely to be affected by disasters
The site should be well connected with transportation hubs, such as bus terminals, railway
station, educational institutions, and hospitals.
Have soil with good bearing capacity, free of organic waste, saltpetre and other harmful
chemicals.
Not to be in the zone of any polluting and hazardous industry, which leads to the various
problems and make a housing schemes non-liveable and unpopular.
4.3.3 CONCLUSIONS
Undoubtedly, shelter is one of the basic needs of every human being. In any civilised society,
each and every citizen should be provided with a reasonably decent and liveable shelter or
housing/dwelling unit. The today government has to work relentlessly to achieve this goal. It
is good that the present government has bound itself with a mandate of achieving this goal. If
all the issues are carefully put to practice, by government of India, this goal, which appears
utopian at the moment, may definitely become feasible. It would be ideal if all of us, that is,
architects, town planners and engineers, could find ourselves with the mandate of the
government and ensure that each and every citizen of India has a shelter over his head by
2022.
5.
the city. Bhilwara is the seventh largest city of State having a population of 280185
(Census2001). The growth rate of the city in last three decade is more than 50%. The textiles
sector, being the prime economic driver of the city, is directly responsible for the increase in
housing affordability among the city’s various demographic segments. Over the past decade
there has been a paradigm shift in the attitude of home buyers. The economic growth has
resulted in an increase in the city’s per capita income, promoting fast development that has
changed the home buyer’s outlook. The traditional conservative consumer mindset has been
replaced by a desire for instant gentrification, resulting into frantic activities in housing
market. Home buyers in Bhilwara represent a mix of end users and investors, whereas
previously the former constituted the majority of housing demand.
6.
Conclusion
What should be done to make housing more affordable? For the owner occupied sector, lack
of affordability is a problem for EWS/LIG and MIG in most of the urban centre in the
country. However, the study shows that in Bhilwara, the affordability is not a problem like
other metropolitans cities of the country. Till now the main concerns are metropolitan’s cities
and this paper argue that small cities are often neglected with respected to affordable housing.
If we ignore our fast growing small cities now, which are potential metropolitan cities, then
the future may become more critical in terms of providing affordable housing to inhabitants
of these cities. The Government and the developers are emphasizing more on metropolitan
areas where the saturation point has already been achieved and ignoring areas where it could
have been more fruitful in realizing the dream of affordable housing for masses, with all the
basic amenities with strong infrastructure. If that is done over a period of time, with gradual
growth these under developed areas would turn into a metropolitan area in the future without
having housing problem. Most of the EWS/LIG and MIG category houses require the basic
necessities for comfortable living which are more important in the present housing scenario.
Affordable housing has become a top priority for developers. The majority of demand is
coming from EWS/LIG and MIG sections of the society. The small and medium towns are an
ideal destination for investment and purchase of property and will be highly affordable for the
masses. Bhilwara provides all such scenarios where the concept of affordable housing can be
realized in practical manner.
6. LITERATURE REVIEW
7.
Australia and globally. In this context, micro houses play an important role due to their
relatively smaller size and higher level of affordability than conventional houses. The term
micro in context of housing refers to different types of dwellings such as, apartments,
townhouses and mobile homes. The paper focuses on detached houses.
8.
economic implication of such housing were not faced, but the problems of providing
physically adequate housing, the working people could afford as rent was faced,
As a society changes, so its need and expectations change, in housing as in everything else.
The concept behind housing desires is based on the household’s preferences and aspirations.
In some circumstances housing desires merge with both need and demand of housing. The
main problem of housing arises, when the gap between housing ‘need’ and availability of
dwelling units (satisfactory) exists. This gap explains numerical shortage in dwelling units to
accommodate all the households in need. The critical problems rose in India such as,
overcrowding, homelessness, shared accommodation and lack of amenities are the important
factors to be known as it is absolutely necessary to diagnose which factor is responsible, since
the remedies are different for each factors.
The provision of housing will ensure weather all the needs are met, an allocation is as
important as building. Is the social aim of housing policy is that of giving everyone? The core
of housing policy is to ensure that ‘need’ is no regardless of the level of effective demand.
The approaches to the solution of housing demand in India is characterised in private and
public sectors. In private sector, relief on tax mortgage interest, rent control, etc. reduces the
actual cost of renting a house or owning. Whereas, in public sectors, the dwellings are let out
to tenants because if their housing needs, rent rebates are also available due to their
inadequate to meet the rents. Both the approaches meet the necessity of housing demand.
Housing shortage leads to a gap between the total demand and number of dwelling units.
There are many reasons for arise in housing shortage ; rapid growth in population, internal
and external movement of population, change in families and household structures, lack of
sufficient supply of residential units due to the financial and material resources, etc.
The normative housing standards should not only reflect the socio-economic conditions but
also the climate and cultural differences that are characterised according to the regions and
classes of the households. The analysis say that estimate of housing shortage depends on a
minimum acceptable housing to adopted for and thus, keeping these consideration, the
National Building Organisation has been estimating the housing shortage from time to time.
9.
Providers: government departments, urban local bodies and research institute which needs to
provide the target groups with approval, technical and financial supports.
Enablers: NGO’s, self help groups and registered societies which helps to identify the users
groups, who initiates the common interest and establish channels of communication.
Executors: private developers, public private partnership, public sectors firms which requires
to be hold and maintain rental accommodations with adequate support from the first two
groups.
A common thread of Housing Development is required to bind these groups together such
that they work in a unified manner and reach the actual target of a Housing Affordability.
8. CONCLUSION
Development of large scale affordable housing is today’s greatest necessity of urban India.
Today the cities lack in low-income housing, which has resulted in escalation in slums,
squatters and unorganised estates across. Today, where the slum dwellers and low income
class people are deprived of basic amenities and failed to be an equal citizen, it is prejudicial
to the planned growth of cities. The large scale urban development on daily basis is
increasingly and difficult due to lack of urban land availability, congested transit routes, lack
of finance and regulatory hurdles. However, in today it is very important to recognise and
address these issues so that a framework can be established in ensuring the development of
affordable housing.
10.
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
BUILDING TYPE BASICS FOR HOUSING – Stephen A. Kliment, Series Founder and Editor
Robert Chandler, John Clancy, David Dixon, Joan Goody, Geoffrey Wooding, with Jean Lawrence
PUBLIC HOUSING – Prof. M. A. MUTTALIS, Dr. MOHO, AKBAR ALLI KHAN (Editors)
Published by S.K. Ghai, Managing Director, Sterling Publishers Pvt.
10. APPENDICES
http: //www.centralbedfordshire.gov.uk/housing/strategic/types.aspx
//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62066464.cms?utm_source=conte
ntofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321937252_A_CASE_STUDY_-
_AFFORDABLE_HOUSING
http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/2397.pdf
/ISSNP_adopted%2011.2_201511041335060419.
http://iihs.co.in/knowledge-gateway/wp-
content/uploads/2015/08/iihs_rf_housing_reduced.pdf
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/how-to-tackle-india-s-affordable-housing-challenge
https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/The-Challenges-in-Affordable-Housing-for-Urban-Poor-in-
India-Deciphering-the-Housing-for-All-by-2022-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Decrement-
Housing-Shortage-A-Case-Study-of-Delhi.pdf
LiveabilityStandards.pdf
Shelter-apr16.pdf
tangible parameters for affordable low cost housing in India – CoA
https://www.coa.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=182
12RFAffordableHousingFinance.pdf
1.3-Apartment-Design-BCA-Class-2-Construction.pdf
Affordable_Housing_in_India_2012.
11.