CHAPTER 3 93

Chapter 3
Section 3-1: Vector Algebra
Problem 3.1 Vector A starts at point (1, - 1,-2) and ends at point (2,-1,0). Find
a unit vector in the direction of A.
Solution:

A = i(2-1)+y(-1- (-l»+z(O- (-2» =i+Z2,

IAI = vI +4 = 2.24,
A A i+Z2 ~O45 A 9
a = IAI = 2.24 = A. + zO.8 -

~blem ~) Given vectors A = :i2- y3+ Z, B = i:2- y+Z3, and C = i4+y2 - n,

show that C is perpendicular to both A and B.
Solution:

"A·C = (:i2-Y3+z)· (i4+y2-Z2) = 8-6-2= 0,

B·C= (i2-Y+Z3)·(i4+Y2-Z2) =8-2-6=0.

Problem 3.3 In Cartesian coordinates, the three comers of a triangle are Pl (O,2,2),
P2(2,-2,2), and P3(1, 1,-2). Find the area of the triangle.
--+ ---+
Solution: Let B = P1P2 = i2 - y4 and C = PI P3 = i: - Y - z4 represent two sides of
the triangle. Since the magnitude of the cross product is the area of the parallelogram
(see the definition of cross product in Section 3-1.4). half of this is the area of the
triangle:

A = ilB x C/ = t/(i2-y4) x (x-y-Z4)1

= !lx(-4)(-4) +y(-(2)(-4» +i(2(-I} - (-4)1)1
= HiI6+y8+Z21 == ~JI62+82+22 = !v324 = 9,
where the cross product is evaluated with Eq. (3.27).

Problem 3.4 Given A = X2- y3 + zl and B = XBx + y2 + ZBz:

(a) find Bx and Bz if A is parallel to B;
(b) find a relation between Bx and Bz if A is perpendicular to B.
 94

Solution:
(aj If A is parallet to D, then their directions are equal or opposite: 8A = ±8B, or

From the y-component,

-3 ±2
04 - -/4+B;-t--jj;
which can only be solved for the minus sign (which means that A and B must point
in opposite directions for them to be paraHel). Solving for B; + B;,

B;+B;= (=~v'i4)2-4= ~o.

From the x-component,
2 -B
__ - __ . _x
= -2..;56 _ -4
3V14 -"3
Bx
04 - "/56/9'
and, from the z-component,
-2
Bz = --3
This is consistent with our result for B; + B;.
These results could also have been obtained by assuming €lAB was 00 or 1800 and
solving IAIIBI = ±A· B, or by solving A x B = O.
(b) If A is perpendicular to B, then their dot product is zero (see Section 3-1.4).
Using Eq. (3.17),
O=A·B= 2Bx-6+Bz,
or

There are an infinite number of vectors which could be B and be perpendicular to A,

but their x- and z-components must satisfy this relation.
This result could have also been obtained by assuming €lAB = 90° and calculating
IAIIBI =
IA x BI·

~blem ~~iven vectors A = x + y2 - 23, B = x3 - Y4. and C = y3 - Z4, find

 CHAPTER 3 95

(a) A and a,
(b) the component ofB along C,
(c) BAC,
(d) AxC,
(e) A·(BxC),
(f) Ax (Bx C),
(g) xxB,and
. (h) (Axy)'z,
Solution:
(a) From Eq. (3.4),

and, from Eq. (3.5),

i+y2-Z3
8A = VI4
(b) The component of B along C (see Section 3-1.4) is given by
B·C -12
Bcos6BC = --C = --.5
(c) From Eq. (3.21),

-I -I =cos-I ~
BAc = COS
A·C _
AC - cos .•114h5
6+ 12
Sa = 15.80.

(d) From Eq. (3.27),

A x C = x(2(-4} - (-3}3) +Y«-3)0- 1(-4}) +z{1(3) -O( -3}} = x+Y4+i3.

(e) From Eq. (3.27) and Eq. (3.17),

A· (B x C) = A· (x16+ y12+Z9) = 1(16) +2(12) + {-3)9 = 13.

Eq. (3.30) could also have been used in the solution. Also, Eq. (3.29) could be used
in conjunction with the result of part (d).
(f) By repeated application ofEq. (3.27),

A x (B x C) =A x (i16+y12+z9) = iS4-y57 -Z20.

Eq. (3.33) could also have been used.
 96 CHAPTER 3

(g) From Eq. (3.27),

xxB= -.24.
(h) From Eg. (3.27) and Eq. (3.17),

(A x y) ·z= (x3+i) ·z= 1.

Eq. (3.29) and Eq. (3.25) could also have been used in the solution.

Problem 3.6 Given vectors A = x2 - y + z3 and B = x3 - z2, find a vector C whose

magnitude is 6 and whose direction is perpendicular to both A and D.
Solution: The cross product of two vectors produces a new vector which is
perpendicular to both of the original vectors. Two vectors exist which have a
magnitude of 6 and are orthogonal to both A and B; one which is 6 units long in
the direction of the unit vector parallel to A x B, and one in the opposite direction.

AxD (i2-y+i3) x (i3-z2)

C=±6jAxB/ =±6/(i2_y+z3) x (x3-Z2)/
x2+y13+z3
= ±6-";=22=+=13=2=+=3=2 ~
(A
± xO.89 + y5.
A 78
+ zl. 33).
A

Problem 3.7 Given A = x(2x+3y) -y(2y+3z) +z(3x-y), detenninea unit vector

parallel to A at point pel, -1,2).
Solution: The unit vector parallel to A = i(2x+3y) -y(2y+3z) +z(3x-y) at the
pointP(1,-1,2) is

A(1,-1,2) -x- Y"4 +z4" _ -i-y4+z4

IA(I,-1,2)f
V(-1)2+(-4f+42 - v33 ::::::-iO.17-YO.70+z0.70.

Problem 3.8 By expansion in Cartesian coordinates, prove:

(a) the relation for the scalar triple product given by (3.29), and
(b) the relation for the vector triple product given by (3.33).
Solution:
(a) Proof of the scalar triple product given by Eq. (3.29): From Eq. (3.27),

AxB = x(AyBz - AzBy) + y(AzBx - AxBz) + z(AxBy - AyBx) ,

 B(P2) ~ -RO.896+60.449-~5.

(c)

C = (Rsine +6cose)cos<jl-$sin<jl + (Reose -asine) coscpsin41

= Rcos$(sinB+cos8sincp) +6coscp(eosB - sin8sin CP) -$sinljl,

P3 = (v'22 + 22, tan-I (2/2),X/4) = (2.J2,45°,45°),

C(P3) :::::RO.854+80.146-~O.707.

(d)

A R2sin2esin241
D = (R sin Beos «I>+ 8 cos Bcos $- • sin CP)R2 sin2 e sin2 4>+ R2 sin2 Beos2 $
A R2sin2ecos2cp
- (Rsin esin «I>
+9cos9sincp+ 'cos</» R2 sin2 6sin2 4>+ R2 sin2 Bcos2$
+ (Rcose-8sin9)4
= R(sinecoscpsin2<j1 - sin8sincpcos2 cp +4cos B)
+ a(cosecos $ - cosesincpcos2 </>- 4sin 8)
«I>sin2
- ~(cos31j1+ sin3 CP),

P4(I, -1,2) = P4 [VI + 1 +4, tan-l (v'f+T/2),tan-l( -Ill)]

= P4(V6,35.26°, -45°),

D(P4) = R(sin35.26° cos45° sin245° - sin 35.26° sine -45°) cos245° +4cos35.26°)
+6(cos35.26° cos45° sin245° -cos35.26° sine -45°) cos245° -4sin35.26°)
-.$( cos3 45° + sin3 45°)
= R3.67 -91.73 -~O.707.

Sections 3-4 to 3-7: Gradient, Divergence, and Curl Operators

~oblem 332JFind the gradient of the foHowing scalar functions:

(a) T = 2/(;? +r).
(b) V = xy2z3,
 121
CHAPTER 3

(c) U = zcos<p/(1 +?),

(d) W = e-R sin e.
(e) S=x2e-z+r, ,
(f) N = ,.2 cos <P.

(g) M = Rcosesinip.
Solution:
(a) From Eg. (3.72),

(b) From Eg. (3.72),

(c) From Eg. (3.82),

'flU = -r 2rzcostji _+ zsintji z coslj>

(1 +
,.2)2 r(1 +,.2) + 1 +,.2 .

(d) From Eg. (3.83),

(e) From Eg. (3.72),

s=2e-z+r,
Vs ~as A as A as M_ -- A2 ,,2-z
=x dX +y dy +z dz =~e ""+y y-z;re .
(0 From Eg. (3.82),
N = ,.2coSIj>,
aN A aN aNI A

VN = f3"""
ur +4>- ~
r ucj> +z~ uz = iZrcosiP-4>rsinlj>.
(g) From Eg. (3.83),

M = Rcos8sinip,
~ aM A I dM aM
VM = 1(. aR +8 R de +,Rsin81
A
dip
A A
= RcosSsinip-SsinSsinlj>+,
A COS ip
tanS'
 CHAPTER 3 123

_i(_ar
- +_aT __+y2Z + Z2 v.~xz-+-y2-
aR --";-;::x=z=+=y2=+=z=z
x ae xZ a<jJx2 +y2
X_+-iiT--=L)

+ Y. CT. y + -ae
-aR -v.-;::x=2=+=y2=+=Z=2 y + -aq,
aT x-;2:-+-y2~+-Z-;;:2·-v.--;x=2=+=y2=
z aT x-2-+-y2-
x )

+ z. CT
aR vi xl +zy2 + Z2 + aT
ae x2 +-1
y2 + Z2 v'Xl + y2 + iiT
aq,0)

=x
A
-.----+-.------+-----
(aTaR Rsinecos$
R aT
ae Rcose
R2 Rsineeos<jJ
Rsine aT
a<jJ-RSineSin<jJ)
RZsinZe

+y A (aT
-aR--R--
Rsinesinq, + -de
aT -R-2 Rsin 8 sin q, + -aq,
Rease---R-s-in-e- aT RSinecosq,)
-R-z-s-in-2-e-

+ z (aTaR Reose
A
R + aT
ae -RSine)
R2

-_ xA (aT . a eos'j'+
aR sm '" aa
aT R
cosacosej> + a$
aT Rsine
-sinej»

+y (aT A . e SID'j'+
aR SID . '" aTae cosesinq,
R + aT
afj) Rsine
cos<jJ)

+z A aRcose+
(aT aT -R-
ae -sine)

= xsm e cOS",+YSID
(A. '" A. e SID",+ZCOS
. '" A e) aT
aR
f'
+ XCOSe COS'j'+YCOS
'" A e'SID'j'-ZSID
'" A· e) R1 aT
va
-::\

+
(A.'" A ) aT
-XSID'j' + YCOsq. Rsine aep
I
aT A 1 aT A 1 aT
=l'iaR+8liae +·Rsineacp'
•..•.
which is Eq. (3.83) .
:.:::'.:
..

-----------------------------
.

iZ52ProbJem 3.3SJFor the scalar function V = xy - z'l. detennine its directional

derivative along the direction of vector A = (i - yz) and then evaluate it at
P(I, -1,2).
Solution: The directional derivative is given by Eq. (3.75) as dV /dl = VV . a/. where
the unit vector in the direction of A is given by Eq. (3.2):
x-yz
81 = vI +Z2'
 124 CHAPTER 3

and the gradient of V in Cartesian coordinates is given by Eg. (3.72):

VV =xy+Yx-z2z.

Therefore, by Eq. (3.75),

dV ,,_ Y7
J ~"
ill = v'1+z2·
AtP(I,-1,2),

(dV)/
dl (I,-1,2) = ..j5.
-3

Problem 3.36 For the scalar function T = e-r/5 cos $, detennine its directional
derivative along the radial direction r and then evaluate it at P(2, n/4,3).
Solution:

T = e-r/5 cos $,

VT =r aT
dr
+~.!.
aT +z dT = -r
r d4J dZ
e-r/5cos$
5
~ e-r/5r sin</> '

-=VT·r=-----
dT
dl
e-r/5 cos$
5 '
A

_ =_ 4 = -9.48 X 10-2•
dT
dt I(2,11:/4,3) e-2/5 - cos 1!

Problem 3.37 For the scalar function U = k sin2 e, detennine its directional
derivative along the range direction R and then evaluate it at P( 4, nj4, n(2).
Solution:

U = kSin29,
V _
U - R aR
A au
+ 6.!.au -t._1_ dU
R de + 'I' R sin e a$
__
-
Asin29
R R2
-6 2sin9cos9
R'

dU = VU. R = _ sin2 e
dl R2 '

dU
dl I(4,1[/4,1[/2) = - sin2{1t/4)
16 = -3.125 x 10-2.
 CHAPTER 3 125

. Problem 3.38 Vector field E is characterized by the following properties: (a) E

points along Ii, (b) the magnitude of E is a function of only the distance from the
origin, (c) E vanishes at the origin. and (d) V . E =
6, everywhere. Find an expression
for E that satisfies these properties.
Solution: According to properties (a) and (b), E must have the form

E = HER
where ER IS a function of R only.

Hence,

and
E = fUR.

. ~blemeorem by3.3VF<>,r
computing:the vector field E =
ixz - yyz:. - ixy, verify the divergence
(a) the total outward flux flowing through the surface of a cube centered at the
origin and with sides equal to 2 units each and parallel to the Cartesian axes,
and
(b ) the integral of V .E over the cube's volume.
Solution:
(a) For a cube, the closed suriace integral has 6 sides:

f E . ds = /<top + Fbottom + Fright + Fieft + FfroDt + Fback,

126 CHAPTER 3
 CHAPTER 3 127

(b)

Problem 3.40 For the vector field E = rI Oe-r - Z3z, verify the divergence theorem
for the cylindrical region enclosed by r = 2. z = 0, and z = 4_
Solution:

fE.dS = Jr=o1f=O
[2 [~~(iIOe-r -Z3z). (-zrdrdlfl))/z=o

r (ilOe-r-Z3z)-{rrdlj>dz»1r=2
+ 1,=01=0
f21t

+12r=O L2~
¢=O
(ilOe-r -Z3z)·{zrdrdlfl»1
==4
= 0+ 121C.14 lOe-22dlj>dz+ 12 - 12rdrdcp
¢=o =0 r=0 127t
4'=0
= 1601te-2 -481t:::=-82.77,
iiirfr V.Edv = 1z=oir=oilr=o
~ r2 r21t (lOe-r(1-r r) 3) rdlj>drdz

=81t ir=o
f2 (lOe-r(I-r)-3r)dr
.,

=81t( -lOe-r + lOe-r(l+r)- 3;)I~o

= 1601te-2-481t:::=-82.77.

=
ZiProblem 3.4J..,) A vector field D i,3 exists in the region between two concentric
g(cylindricaI surfaces defined by r =I
and r'-:' 2, with both cylinders extending
= =
.,>between z 0 and z 5. Verify the divergence theorem by evaluating:

--i(a)
....... "D.ds,
JS
 kO
1,,)Q CHAPTER 3

(b) 10/ V·Dd'll.

Solution:
(a)

Therefore, fJD' ds =
15011:.
(b) From the back cover. V·D = (lJr)(dJdr)(rr3) = 4,.2. Therefore.

Problem 3.42 For the vector field D = R3R2, evaluate both sides of the divergence
theorem for the region enclosed between the spherical shells defined by R = 1 and
R=2.
Solution: The divergence theorem is given by Eq. (3.98). Evaluating the left hand
side:
,. ,.27t r1t r2 / t ::I \

j 'll V·Dd'V'= J.p=oJe=o1R=l

I I I R QR (R2(3R2») R2sinedRded«jJ
l--1-Ju

= 21t( -cos8)1~=o (3/t) 1~=1= 18011:.

 CHAPTER 3 129

The right hand side evaluates to

= Xxy - y(r + 2r). calculate

i
CProblem 3.~ For the vector field E

(a) E e dI around the triangular contour shown in Fig. P3.43(a), and

(b) 1 (V x E) .ds over the area of the triangle.

Solution: In addition to the independent condition that z = 0, the three lines of the
triangle are represented by the equations y = O. x =
I, and y = x, respectively.

x
I 2
(b)

FigureP3.43: Contours for (a) Problem 3.43 and (b) Problem 3.44.

(a)

fEedl =LI +L2 +L3,

LI = ({Xxy-y(x'l+2j2».(idx+Ydy+zdZ)
J

= Lo (xy)ly=o,z=odX-!o (.?+2~n:=ody+ l~o (O)j>=odz=O,

 130 CHAPTER 3

£2 = I (ixy-j(2- +21-))· (idx+ydy+zdz)

= 11
x=: 1 (xy}lz=odx- [1 (2-+2l)/.r==I,z=Ody+
ly=o [0 (O)lx=:IdZ
Jz=O

=0- (y+ 2r)r

3 y=o +0= -5,
3

L3 =/ (ixy-y(.x2 +21-»· (idx+ydy+zdz)

= ix=1
fO (xy)l}~ ' z=Odx- iy=1
fO (2-+ 2l) !=y, z-=ody+ lz=o
fO (O)ly=xdZ

= (~)J:I
- (1)/:1 +O=~.
Therefore,

'j1E.dI=O-~+~=-I.
3 3
(b)FromEq. (3.105), VxE=-z3x, so that

1
i f[ VxE.ds= [1 r
lx=:oiy=o «-z3x). (zdydx»lz=o

x=0 ix
= - 11 y=O
3xdydx= - 113x(x-0)dx=
x=:0
- (~)IoJ =-1.

Problem 3.44 Repeat Problem 3.43 for the contour shown in Fig. P3.43(b).
Solution: In addition to the independent condition that z = 0, the three lines of the
triangle are represented by the equations y = 0, y = 2 - x, and y = x, respectively.
(a)

fE ·dl = £1 + L2 +L3,
r
LI =J (ixy-Y(~+2l»·(idx+Ydy+zdz)

= [2
lx=:o (XY)/y=o,z=odx- ly=o
fO (2-+21-)lz=Ody+ [0 (0) 1)=0 dz
lz=o = 0,

£z =J (ixy- Y(2- + 21-)}. (idx+ydy+zdz)

= 1x=2
[I (XY)/z=O,Y=2-xdx- t
~=o (.x2+2l)lx=z_"z=ody+
J' 10
=0 (O)/y=z_xdz

= (\".,:-
_ x3)/l
3 ) IX=2
_ (<111-
\ 'J
1,,2 4-113) II -1-0
-J • J ly:i:O' ~
= -11
3'
 CHAPTER 3 131

Therefore,

f E·dI=O- 3+3
11 2 = -3.
(b) From Eq. (3.105), V xE = -Z3x, so that

11 {I r «-i3x).
{{ VxE.ds= 1:=0/;=0 (zdydx»lz=o

{2 r2-x
+ lX=11y=0 ((~Z3x).(zdYdx»lz=O

= - 11
x=OleX
y=O
3xdydx- 12
.;=1 l2-x
y=0
3xdydx

=_rl~~_~dx_f.~~_~_~~
1.;=0 1:=1

=- (X3) I~- (3r -~) I~l= -3.

CProblem 3.40Verify Stokes's theorem for the vector field B = (rrcosej> ++sinej»
i
by evaluating:

(a) B· dI over the semicircular contour shown in Fig. P3.46(a), and

(b) Is (V x B) . ds over the surface of the semicircle ..

Solution:
(a)

fB.dl= iLl{ B·dl+ 1L2

r B·dJ+ 1B·dl,
L3
B ·dl = (rrcosej>++sinej». (rdr+if.rdej>+ zdz) = rcosej>dr+ rsin<j>dcj>,

1B·dl=
L) (12rcos<Pdr)/ ~=o,
r=0
')
z=O + (fO
J~=orSin<Pd$)I z=o
= (t?)I~o+O=2,
 132 CHAPTER 3

Figure P3.46: Contour paths for (a) Problem 3.45 and (b) Problem 3.46.

JrL2 B.dl= (12

J r=2 rCOS$dr)1 z=o + (L:
$-0 rSin$d$)/ r=2, z=o
=0+ (-2cos<j»/;=o=4,

JrL3 B·dJ = ( JrO

r=2 rcos<j>dr) I
$=rc,z=O + ( Jr:
~_1C rSin$dtp) I;:;::0

= (-~,-2)1~2+0= 2,

!B.dJ=2+4+2=8.
(b)

VxB = Vx{rrcos$+$sin$)
= r(.!.~o-
r a$ ~(Sin<j»)
dZ +~ (~(rcos<j»
dZ ~o)
- ar

+z~ (;.cr{Sin<j») - ad$(rCOS$»)

= i'O+~O+z~(sin<l>+ (rsin<l>)) = zsin<l> (I + ~) ,

II VxB ·ds = l;oLo (zsin<l>(1 + ~) ) . (zrdrd<p)

= i:o/~o
sin <j>(r+l}drd<j> = ((-cos<j>(!,.z+r))I~=o) 1:=0 = 8.

Problem 3.46 Repeat Problem 3.45 for the contour shown in Fig. P3.46(b).
Solution:
 134 CHAPTER 3

Problem 3.47 Verify Stokes's Theorem for the vector field A = RcosS+.sin8 by
evaluating it on the hemisphere of unit radius.
Solution:
A = R cos e +,sin e = RAR + 9Ae + ~A~.
Hence, AR = cose. As = 0, A~ = sine.

VxA=R--
~ RsinS
1
-(A~sme)) -6--(RA$)-cp--
(a.ae A R
1 aR
a ae
~R1 aAR
a . 2 ~l a . a
=R---(sm
I
A

Rsine ae R aR
Al
e)-e--(Rsme)-q.--(cos9)
R as

=R-R--
2cose
A e T+"R'
sin e sine .i.

For the hemispherical surface, ds = ftR2 sin e de d<j>.

The contour C is the circle in the x-y plane bounding the hemispherical surface.

1. A .dl
JC = 1~=o
{2ft (Rcose+4tsine) '~Rd<j>le=7t/2
R=I = Rsine 10
(2ft d<j>/e=7t/2
R=l = 21t.

c::¥roblem 3.45:> Determine if each of the following vector fields is solenoidal,

conservative, or both:
(a) A = x2.ty- Yr,
(b) B = x.xz - " + z2z.
(c) C = f(sin<j»/? +~(cos<j»/?,
(d) D=R/R,
(e) E=r(3-1~J+Zz,
(()F= (iy-yx)/(x2+r),
(g) G =x(x2 +z2) +y(r+x2)+zC1+z2).
(h) H = R(Re-R).
 CHAPTER 3 135

Solution:
(a)

V·A = v·(lliy-Yl) = ~2xy-

ax
~1
dy
= 2y-2y = 0,
VxA = Vx(i2xy-yy2)
=i. (~O-~(-?»)
Oy dZ ~(2xy)- ~O)
+Y( az ax +z( ~(-r)-~(2xy»)
ax dy
= iO+YO-z(2x).
The field A is solenoidal but not conservative.
(b)

V·B= V.(~-Yl+z2z) = ~r-~I+~2z=2x-2Y+2,

ax dy dz
VxB = Vx (xr-yy2+ Z2z)

= i ( dy
~(2z) - ~(-.r»)
dz az
+Y (i-(.xZ) - ~(2z»)
ax ~(-.r) -
+z ( ax ~(xZ»)
cry
=xo+yo+zo.
The field B is conservative but not solenoidal.
(c)

The field C is neither solenoidal nor conservative.

136 CHAPTER 3

(d)

\7·D=\7. -
R
= --
R2(jR
R~ - +---(Osme)-+-
Rsineae
---0=-
. Rsinea<jJ
(' R ') 1 d ( ., (] R )) 1 a. 1 d R2'
1

VXD~VX(~)
= R-- 1 e
~ R sin
-COsine) -
(aae· a)
a<l>
-0 +8- -- a (1)-R - -(R(O))
R sin1e a<jJ
A1( a
dR )

+<I>R
Al(d aR (R(O)) - ae
d(l))R = fO+80+$O.
A A

The field D is conservative but not solenoidal.

(e)

Hence, E is conservative, but not solenoidal.

(f)
 137
CHAPTER 3

dx x•.+ y-
VXF=:X(O-O)+Y(O-O)+Z[~(~)-~("Y dy x~+ y~.,)]

=z
~ 1
( x2 + y
.,- (x2
2.\-
+ "y2)~
.,---.,+.,
1
xl + +
y-
(x~2"
'))
y- y2)~
~ 2CT -~)
=z X +y-
(2 ")2:f O.

Hence, F is neither solenoidal nor conservative.

(g)

G = :X(~ +z2) +y(i +~) +z(1 +Z2),

<1.,., <1.,., d2 2
V· G= ~(x-
oX + Z-) + ~(y
oy. +x-) + ~(y
oZ +Z )

= 2x+2y+2z:f 0,

V X G = x~(aoy (y~.,+ z-)

., - dZ<1.2(y + x-).,) d (y"2))
+ y~ (ddZ (x-" + r)., - ax +r .

+z (;x (1+~) - ;y (~+C))

= x2y+y2z+z2x# O.

Hence, G is neither solenoidal nor conservative.

(h)

H = R(Re-R),
V· H = ~2 a~ (R3e-R) = ~2 (3R2e-R - R3e-R) = e-R(3 - R) # 0,
V x H = O.
Hence, H is conservative, but not solenoidal.

Problem 3.49 Find'he Laplacian of the folJowing scalar functions:

(a) \l = xTz3,
(b) V =.xy+yz+zx,
(c) V = 11(~ +1),
(d) V=5e-rcos<!>,
(e) V = lOe-R sin e.

(a) From Eq. (3.110), V2(xlz3) = 2xz3 + 6.xrz.