Chapter 24-Multivariate Statistical Analysis: True/False

Chapter 24—Multivariate Statistical Analysis
TRUE/FALSE
1. Multivariate statistical analysis permit the researcher to consider the effects of three or more variables
at the same time.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 581

NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking
2. The variate is a mathematical way in which a set of variables can be represented with one equation.

3. The basic types of multivariate techniques are metric methods and nonmetric methods.
ANS: F
The two basic types of mulitvariate techniques are dependence methods and interdependence methods.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 582 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking
4. Multidimensional scaling is a type of interdependence method.

5. The type of measurement scales used will determine which multivariate statistical techniques are
appropriate for the data.

6. Nominal and ordinal scales are referred to as metric scales.
ANS: F
These are nonmetric scales.
7. In multiple regression, the dependent variable must be continuous and interval-scaled.

8. Multiple regression analysis includes a single independent variable but several dependent variables.
ANS: F
Multiple regression analysis is an extension of simple regression analysis allowing a metric dependent
variable to be predicted by multiple independent variables.
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whole or in part.
9. Mulitvariate dependence techniques are variants of the general linear model (GLM).

10. Several dummy variables can be included in a regression model.

11. In multiple regression, dummy variables are those that have no effect on the dependent variable.
ANS: F
A dummy variable uses 0 and 1 to code the different levels of a dichotomous variable.
12. In a regression equation, the beta coefficients indicate the effect on the dependent variable of a 1-unit
increase in any of the independent variables.

13. Partial correlations measure the variance inflation among independent variables.
ANS: F
Partial correlation is the correlation between two variables after taking into account the fact that they
are correlated with other variables too.
14. In multiple regression, the coefficient of multiple determination indicates the percentage of the
variation in Y that can be explained by all independent variables.

15. Multicollinearity in regression analysis refers to how strongly interrelated the independent variables in
a model are.

16. MANOVA predicts multiple continuous dependent variables with multiple continuous independent
variables.
ANS: F
The independent variables are categorical.
17. Discriminant analysis predicts a categorical dependent variable based on a linear combination of
independent variables.
whole or in part.
18. To determine whether the discriminant analysis can be used as a good predictor, information provided
in the “confusion matrix” is used.

19. The purpose of factor analysis is to summarize the information contained in a large number of
variables into as large a number of factors as possible.
ANS: F
Factor analysis is a multivariate interdependence technique that statistically identifies a reduced
number of factors from a larger number of measured variables.
20. A factor loading indicates how strongly a measured variable is correlated with a factor.

21. The most common rule for extracting factors in factor analysis is to base the number of factors on the
number of eigenvalues greater than 5.0
ANS: F
The rule is an eigenvalue greater than 1.0.
22. Factor rotation is a mathematical way of simplifying factor results.

23. In factor analysis, "communality" is a measure of the percentage of a variable's variation that can be
explained by the factors.

24. In cluster analysis, each cluster should have low internal homogeneity and high external heterogeneity.
ANS: F
The cluster should have high internal (within-cluster) homogeneity and external (between-cluster)
heterogeneity.
25. Multidimensional scaling provides a means for placing objects in multidimensional space on the basis
of respondents’ judgments of the similarity of objects.
whole or in part.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of analysis involves three or more variables?

a. univariate statistical analysis
b. bivariate statistical analysis
c. multivariate statistical analysis
d. all of the above
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 581
2. Which of the following is a mathematical way in which a set of variables can be represented with one
equation?
a. structuralism
b. variate
c. ANOVA
d. synergy
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 581
3. The two basic groups of multivariate techniques are:

a. dependence methods and interdependence methods
b. primary methods and secondary methods
c. simple methods and complex methods
d. partial methods and complete methods
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 582
4. When a multivariate statistical technique is used to predict a dependent variable from several
independent variables, the researcher is studying:
a. dependence
b. independence
c. interdependence
d. segments
5. Which of the following is a dependence method of analysis?

a. structural equations modeling
b. multiple regression analysis
c. multiple discriminant analysis
d. all of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 583
6. All of the following are examples of dependence methods of analysis EXCEPT:

a. multiple regression analysis
b. multiple discriminant analysis
whole or in part.
c. cluster analysis
d. multivariate analysis of variance
7. Which of the following is an example of an interdependence analysis method?

a. multidimensional scaling
b. multiple regression analysis
c. conjoint analysis
d. all of the above
8. All of the following are examples of interdependence methods of analysis EXCEPT:

a. factor analysis
b. cluster analysis
c. multidimensional scaling
d. conjoint analysis
9. Nominal and ordinal scales are examples of _____ scales, while interval and ratio scales are examples
of _____scales.
a. metric; co-metric
b. nonmetric; metric
c. nonmetric; advanced
d. metric; continuous
10. If the analysis contains only one dependent variable and that variable is metric, the appropriate
statistical analysis is:
a. multiple discriminant analysis
b. conjoint analysis
c. multivariate ANOVA
d. multiple regression
11. Which of the following is an appropriate technique when the inputs are metric?
a. cluster analysis
b. metric multidimensional scaling
c. factor analysis
d. all of the above
12. Mulitvariate dependence techniques are variants of the _____, which is a way of modeling some
process based on how different variables cause fluctuations from the average dependent variable.
a. ordinary linear model (OLM)
whole or in part.
b. weighted average model (WAM)
c. general linear model (GLM)
d. metric scaling model (MSM)
13. When a researcher is attempting to predict sales volume by using building permits, amount of
advertising, and the income levels of residents, the researcher is using:
a. univariate analysis
b. a chi-square analysis
c. multiple regression analysis
d. factor analysis
14. Which analysis is portrayed by the equation: Y = bo + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3... + bnXn?
a. simple regression
b. multiple regression
c. chi-square
d. factor analysis
15. A variable that is coded as either zero or one and that has two distinct levels is called a(n):
a. regression variable
b. dummy variable
c. MANOVA variable
d. ANOVA variable
16. The correlation between two variables after taking into account the fact that they are correlated with
other variables too is called:
a. partial correlation
b. standardized correlation
c. raw correlation
d. variant correlation
17. If the regression equation is: Y = 98.3 +.35X1 + 22.3X2, the predicted value for Y when X1 = 3 and X2
= 5 is:
a. 118.45
b. 210.85
c. 67.23
d. 98.3
whole or in part.
18. A value of R2 = 0.40 means that _____ percent of the variance in the dependent variable is explained
by the independent variables.
a. 80
b. 64
c. 40
d. 16
19. In the following formula, k stands for:
a. the number of observations

b. the degrees of freedom of the denominator
c. the number of independent variables
d. the sample size
20. In the formula for the F-test in multiple regression, n - k - 1 stands for:
a. the degrees of freedom of the numerator

b. the number of observations
c. the degrees of freedom of the denominator
d. the number of independent variables
21. Jeff is analyzing data and is concerned over how strongly interrelated the independent variables in his
model are. Jeff is concerned about:
a. multicollinearity
b. MANOVA
c. degrees of freedom
d. convergence
22. Which of the following is computed by most regression programs and provide an indication of how
much multicollinearity exists among a set of independent variables?
a. c2
b. b
c. collinear coefficient
d. variance inflation factor (VIF)
23. Which of the following suggests problems with multicollinearity?
whole or in part.
a. VIF > 5.0
b. b < 3.0
c. Power > 0.8
d. a > 0.8
24. If the analysis predicts several continuous dependent variables with several categorical independent
variables, the appropriate statistical technique is:
a. multiple regression
b. multiple discriminant analysis
c. conjoint analysis
d. MANOVA
25. Which type of analysis attempts to predict a categorical dependent variable?

a. factor analysis
b. discriminant analysis
c. regression analysis
d. linear analysis
26. If a bank wants to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful credit risks for home mortgage
loans, it should use:
a. factor analysis
b. multidimensional scaling
c. MANOVA
d. discriminant analysis
27. In discriminant analysis, a linear combination of independent variables that explains group
memberships is known as a(n):
a. regression equation
b. discriminant function
c. discriminant factor
d. n-way ANOVA
28. Which multivariate analysis statistically identifies a reduced number of factors from a larger number of
measured variables?
a. factor analysis
b. regression
c. discriminant analysis
d. logit analysis
whole or in part.
29. Which of the following indicates how strongly a measured variable is correlated with a factor?
a. factor b
b. discriminator
c. factor link
d. factor loading
30. A researcher has 57 variables in a large dataset and wishes to summarize the information from them
into a reduced set of variables. Which multivariate technique should be used?
a. factor analysis
b. multidimensional scaling
c. logit analysis
d. regression analysis
31. A mathematical way of simplifying factor analysis results is:

a. factor loading
b. factor reduction
c. factor rotation
d. factor analysis
32. In cluster analysis, the researcher wants clusters to have high ______ within-clusters and high
between-cluster ______.
a. independence; dependence
b. significance; insignificance
c. heterogeneity; homogeneity
d. homogeneity; heterogeneity
33. General Mills would like to “see” a picture of how its brands are perceived by consumers compared to
competitive brands. Which statistical technique can measure brands in multidimensional space on the
basis of respondents’ judgements of the similarity of the brands?
a. structural equations modeling
b. factor analysis
c. multidimensional scaling
d. partial positioning
COMPLETION
1. Statistical methods that permit the study of three or more variables at the same time are called
____________________ statistical analysis.
whole or in part.
ANS: multivariate
2. The two types of multivariate techniques are ____________________ methods and

____________________ methods.
ANS:
dependence, interdependence
interdependance, dependance
3. Multivariate techniques that try to group things together are known as ____________________
methods.
ANS: interdependence
4. When an analysis studies the effect of several independent variables on a single dependent variable
that is interval-scaled, this is called ____________________ analysis.
ANS: multiple regression
5. Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the ____________________.
ANS:
general linear model
GLM
6. A ____________________ variable has two distinct levels that are coded as 0 and 1.
ANS: dummy
7. The test used to test statistical significance by comparing variation explained by the regression
equation to the residual error variation is the ____________________.
ANS: F-test
8. ____________________ in regression analysis refers to how strongly interrelated the independent

variables in a model are.
ANS: Multicollinearity

whole or in part.
9. ____________________ predicts several dependent variables by using several independent variables.
ANS:
Multivariate analysis of variance
MANOVA
10. If the researcher wants to classify objects into two mutually exclusive categories, the researcher should
use ____________________ analysis.
ANS: discriminant
11. The purpose of ____________________ analysis is to summarize information in a large number of

variables into a smaller number of factors.
ANS: factor
12. An indication of how strongly a measured variable is correlated with a factor is given by the
____________________.
ANS: factor loading
13. A mathematical way of simplifying factor results is ____________________.
ANS: factor rotation
14. A statistical technique that measures objects in multidimensional space on the basis of respondents’
judgments of the similarity of objects is ____________________.
ANS: multidimensional scaling
15. A multivariate interdependence technique that classifies individuals or objects into a small number of
mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups is ____________________.
ANS: cluster analysis
ESSAY
whole or in part.
1. Compare and contrast dependence and interdependence techniques. List the statistical techniques for
both.
ANS:
When hypotheses involve distinction between independent and dependent variables, dependence
techniques are needed. Multiple regression analysis, multiple discriminant analysis, multivariate
analysis of variance, conjoint analysis, and structural equations modeling are all dependence
techniques. When researchers examine questions that do not distinguish between independent and
dependent variables, interdependence techniques are used. No one variable or variable subset is to
be predicted from or explained by the others. The most common interdependence methods are factor
analysis, cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 582-583

NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking| AACSB: Communication
2. List the steps in interpreting a multiple regression model.
ANS:
Multiple regression models can be interpreted using these steps:
(1) Examine the model F-test for significance.
(2) Examine the individual statistical tests for each parameter estimate.
(3) Examine the model R2.
(4) Examine collinearity diagnostics, such as variance inflation factors (VIF) for each variable to
detect multicollinearity.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 588

3. Explain how MANOVA models differ from ANOVA models.
ANS:
An ANOVA or MANOVA model represent a form of the general linear model (GLM). ANOVA can be
extended beyond one-way ANOVA to predict a dependent variable with multiple categorical
independent variables. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a multivariate technique that
predicts multiple continuous dependent variables with multiple independent variables. The
independent variables are categorical, although a continuous control variable can be included in the
form of a covariate.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 589

4. Explain why and how a business researcher uses factor analysis.
ANS:
whole or in part.
Factor analysis is a prototypical multivariate, interdependence technique. It is a technique of
statistically identifying a reduced number of factors from a larger number of measured variables. The
factors themselves are not measured, but instead, they are identified by forming a variate using the
measured variables. Factors are usually latent constructs like attitude or satisfaction or an index like
social class. A researcher need not distinguish between independent and dependent variables to
conduct factor analysis. Factor analysis can be divided into two types: exploratory factor analysis
(EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Exploratory factor analysis reveals how many
factors exist among a set of variables and what variables match up or “load on” which factors. A
factor loading indicates how strongly correlated a factor is with a measured variable. Factor analysis is
considered a data reduction technique that allows a researcher to summarize information from many
variables into a reduced set of variates or composite variables.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 593

5. Explain how cluster analysis can identify market segments.
ANS:
Cluster analysis is a multivariate approach for identifying objects or individuals that are similar to one
another in some respect. It classifies individuals or objects into a small number of mutually exclusive
and exhaustive groups. Objects or individuals are assigned to groups so that there is great similarity
within groups and much less similarity between groups. The cluster should have high internal (within-
cluster) homogeneity and external (between-cluster) heterogeneity. Cluster analysis facilitates market
segmentation by identifying subjects or individuals who have similar needs, lifestyles, or responses to
marketing mixes.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 597

whole or in part.

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Chapter 24-Multivariate Statistical Analysis: True/False

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Chapter 24—Multivariate Statistical Analysis

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 581

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 581

PTS: 1 REF: p. 582 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

4. Multidimensional scaling is a type of interdependence method.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 583

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 583

6. Nominal and ordinal scales are referred to as metric scales.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 583 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

7. In multiple regression, the dependent variable must be continuous and interval-scaled.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 584

PTS: 1 REF: p. 584 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 584

10. Several dummy variables can be included in a regression model.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 585

PTS: 1 REF: p. 585 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 585

PTS: 1 REF: p. 586 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 586

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 589

PTS: 1 REF: p. 589 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 592

PTS: 1 REF: p. 593 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 594

PTS: 1 REF: p. 594 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

22. Factor rotation is a mathematical way of simplifying factor results.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 594

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 596

PTS: 1 REF: p. 597 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

1. Which type of analysis involves three or more variables?

3. The two basic groups of multivariate techniques are:

5. Which of the following is a dependence method of analysis?

6. All of the following are examples of dependence methods of analysis EXCEPT:

7. Which of the following is an example of an interdependence analysis method?

8. All of the following are examples of interdependence methods of analysis EXCEPT:

19. In the following formula, k stands for:

a. the number of observations

a. the degrees of freedom of the numerator

23. Which of the following suggests problems with multicollinearity?

25. Which type of analysis attempts to predict a categorical dependent variable?

31. A mathematical way of simplifying factor analysis results is:

PTS: 1 REF: p. 581 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

2. The two types of multivariate techniques are ____________________ methods and

PTS: 1 REF: p. 582 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

PTS: 1 REF: p. 583 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

ANS: multiple regression

PTS: 1 REF: p. 584 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

5. Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the ____________________.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 584 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

PTS: 1 REF: p. 585 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

PTS: 1 REF: p. 586 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

8. ____________________ in regression analysis refers to how strongly interrelated the independent

PTS: 1 REF: p. 588 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

PTS: 1 REF: p. 589 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

PTS: 1 REF: p. 590 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

11. The purpose of ____________________ analysis is to summarize information in a large number of

PTS: 1 REF: p. 593 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

ANS: factor loading

PTS: 1 REF: p. 594 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

13. A mathematical way of simplifying factor results is ____________________.

ANS: factor rotation

PTS: 1 REF: p. 594 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

ANS: multidimensional scaling