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2.1 INTRODUCTION
  
 
 
   
  
 
 

  

     
    

 

R N
G P Direction of
 f impending motion
W
Force of
f friction
W N

Fig. 2.1 

 
  


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2.1.1 Engineering Applications of Friction


  

 
       

    
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f Impending motion
Static
fricton
fm
Dynamic friction

 

  


 
It is the angle made by the resultant () of the normal reaction () and
limiting force of friction (  ) and made with the direction of normal reac-
tion.
 is the resultant of normal reaction  and force of friction .

= 2   2
 is the angle of friction

tan  =


or  = tan –1

N
R

P

 

 
It is ratio of limiting frictional force and the normal reaction.
The coefficient of friction,

= = tan 

  = 
 

     
  
 
 
  
   

               


        
        
    
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N f = N Y

X
 W cos 
Motion
W sin 
W


 

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 
 
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20 N
N
P sin 25°
25°

  
 
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Œ
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N P

P sin 

P cos 
f
W

 
   
 
  
 


 



 


  

 

 
  

     
  
     



 

 

 

 
   
 
   
  
 

  
  

   
    
  
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  

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N si
f

n
N
N cos  Y

X

W


 

 
 
 
 


 

   

    


P Y
N

X
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f
W sin 
W


    

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s
N co Y
P P sin 

P X

W cos 
f

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P
P sin 
Y
N 
P cos 
X

W cos 
f

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W
 

 
 
 
 


  

 
     
  
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P f Y
N

X
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W sin 
W


 

 
 
   
  
  

  
 
 

   
       
   

 
  

 
  
    
  
 


   

   
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P Y
N

X
 W cos 

f
W sin 
W


 


   

     
         
     

     


 
     
  
 


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   €‚
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P Y
N

X
 W cos 

f
W sin 
W


 
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 €
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 in
co
s Ps Y
N P

P X
 W cos 

f
W sin 
W


 
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5m
0.2
Y

 RF X
fF
mg cos 
mg sin 
RR W = mg
fR m
0.5
 m
0.5

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 ƒ 
ƒ„…†
†„‡
 

 
 


   

  
    
  
  
    


  
  
  
  

 


  
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 
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 €  
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 
  

 ­
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 €  ‚  
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fB

B RB
B

L
L/2

W
fA

O
A
RA

  
 

   


  
     
  
 
         
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B RB

300 N
fA
A 60°

RA

    



  
 

 
   
  
  
   
 
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B RB

10 m
6m

5m
20 N
fA

A O
RA 8m

  




   

  

 
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fB

B RB

x
1.5W
l/2
W
fA
45°
O
A
RA

 
  

  
 
 
 
   
  

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
  


 
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B RB

7m
m
3.5

800 N
3m

600 N
fA
60°
O
A

RA

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  ­
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R1


f1
N1 W
X

R2

N2

R2 cos ( + ) R2 sin ( + )
f2

 
 

f2 R2 sin ( + )

R2 cos ( + ) Y


R2

N2
P

X
R3 N3 Motion

f3

 

  
   
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
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€
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€
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€  

ƒ„
 
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€
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€
     
 

 
 
   
  
 
    


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ƒ
 
 
 
 
 

  „
   

„
 

 
…ƒƒƒ†ƒƒƒ†ƒƒƒ† ƒ
ƒ†€  ††ƒ ‡†ˆ€  €  ƒ† ƒ
 ˆƒ†ƒƒ†ƒ† ‡†ƒƒ†ƒƒ† ‰

Š  ‡ ƒƒ†ƒ‹ŒŽ
 ‡ ƒ ‰‹ŒŽ
 ‘ ƒƒ† ƒ‹Œ’Ž
  €ƒ†€  ‹ŒŽ

Driver
Slack side Follower

T2

r2
r1

Tight side
T1

 
 

  

  

   
  ­
€‚
  ‚
 ‚
 ƒ ­‚
  ­­‚ ‚„‚­…
€­‚

 d

r

T2 T1

 

 †
 ƒ­ 
 ‡€­ 
 ‡ €­‚
ˆ  ‚
 ­ ‚ ‚ ‰‚
  
Š  
 
­‚
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 ˆ  ­‚
 


 


 
    
 
  
 0.9155 N-m Ans.
Example 2.14: 
   
  ­€
 
€‚  ƒ„
  
Solution: €
 …‚  





     


     
†
 …        ‡ˆ
    
 ‰„…   ‚  ‡
25 kW Ans.
Example 2.15: 
  „‡  „

  ˆ    Š‹
 €

 Œˆ

   ˆƒ„ 

 
Solution: Ž
   
 ‡  ‡

  ˆ ‘ˆ


 Š ‡‡

  
   ˆ
 

 
 
 

    1.054 kN.m Ans.
 
Example 2.17:   
 
 




 
 
  ­ 
€
 
‚‚ ­


 



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



€ƒ



 „…
 
‚„

 



†‡ˆ…‡­‰
ƒ‚‚‚Š

m
0.5

T2 T1

Solution:  ‹„

 
 ‚

‚



 
…
 
‚‚  ‚
 
 Œ
Ž


 „‘‘‘Œ‘‚Œ
1562.2 N Ans.
Example 2.18:  ‚‚  €
„   
 
„
  „ €€  ­ 
’


“€
„€…


 

 ’



’ 
“ƒ


 
‚”




 €
„’


€€ ‚‚“
†‡ˆ…‡­‰
ƒ‚‚‚Š
 

  
 

 
 
   
  
   

 

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 
  
­€  
€‚ ƒ„   …
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
  ƒ„  
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†‡ ­  ‡
 
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‚  

R
W

P
p

dm

 
 

       
  
           
 

     
   
 
  
      
   
  
   
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     
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  ­€ 

     
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    ­  ­   


  
  
    
   


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

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‡

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‘”
 

   
•Œ–ŽŽ–

 

 
–Ž”

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