Practical 1

1(a):Write a Java program that takes a number as input and prints its multiplication table upto 10
Program
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Input the Number: ");
int n = in .nextInt();
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
System.out.println(n + "*" + i + " = " + (n * i));
}
}
}

Output:-Input the Number: 6

6*1 = 6
6*2 = 12
6*3 = 18
6*4 = 24
6*5 = 30
6*6 = 36
6*7 = 42
6*8 = 48
6*9 = 54
6*10 = 60

1(b) Write a Java program to display the following pattern.

 *****
****
***
**
*
program:

Class Displaypattern
{
Public static void main(String ar[])
{
Int i,j;

For(i=5;i>=1;i--)
{
For(j=1;j<=1;j++)
{
System.out.print(“*”)
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Output:

*****
****
***
**
*
 1(C):. Write a Java program to print the area and perimeter of a circle

Program
public class Areaperimeter
{
private static final double radius = 7.5;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double perimeter = 2 * Math.PI * radius;
double area = Math.PI * radius * radius;

System.out.println("Perimeter is = " + perimeter);

System.out.println("Area is = " + area);
}
}

Output:

Perimeter is = 47.12388980384689
Area is = 176.71458676442586
 Practical no 2
2.Use of Operators
2(a):Write a Java program to add two binary numbers.
Program
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Exercise17 {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
long binary1, binary2;
int i = 0, remainder = 0;
int[] sum = new int[20];
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Input first binary number: ");

binary1 = in.nextLong();
System.out.print("Input second binary number: ");
binary2 = in.nextLong();

while (binary1 != 0 || binary2 != 0)

{
sum[i++] = (int)((binary1 % 10 + binary2 % 10 + remainder) % 2);
remainder = (int)((binary1 % 10 + binary2 % 10 + remainder) / 2);
binary1 = binary1 / 10;
binary2 = binary2 / 10;
}
if (remainder != 0) {
sum[i++] = remainder;
}
--i;
 System.out.print("Sum of two binary numbers: ");
while (i >= 0) {
System.out.print(sum[i--]);
}
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
Output:
Input first binary number: 100010
Input second binary number: 110010
Sum of two binary numbers: 1010100

2(b):Write a Java program to convert a decimal number to binary number

and vice versa.
Program :
public class BinaryDecimal {

public static void main(String[] args) {

long num = 110110111;
int decimal = convertBinaryToDecimal(num);
System.out.printf("%d in binary = %d in decimal", num,
decimal);
}

public static int convertBinaryToDecimal(long num)

{
int decimalNumber = 0, i = 0;
long remainder;
while (num != 0)
{
 remainder = num % 10;
num /= 10;
decimalNumber += remainder * Math.pow(2, i);
++i;
}
return decimalNumber;
}
}

Output:
110110111 in binary = 439 in decimal

2(c)Write a Java program to reverse a string.

Program :
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

// Class of ReverseString
class ReverseString
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String input = "puzzles";

byte [] strAsByteArray = input.getBytes();

byte [] result =
 new byte [strAsByteArray.length];

for (int i = 0; i<strAsByteArray.length; i++)

result[i] =
strAsByteArray[strAsByteArray.length-i-1];

System.out.println(new String(result));
}
}

Output:

Zzupesl

Practical no 3.
3.Java Data Types
3(a).Write a Java program to count the letters, spaces, numbers and other
characters of an input string.
Program
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Exercise38 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String test = "Aa kiu, I swd skieo 236587. GH kiu: sieo?? 25.33";
count(test);

}
public static void count(String x){
 char[] ch = x.toCharArray();
int letter = 0;
int space = 0;
int num = 0;
int other = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < x.length(); i++){
if(Character.isLetter(ch[i])){
letter ++ ;
}
else if(Character.isDigit(ch[i])){
num ++ ;
}
else if(Character.isSpaceChar(ch[i])){
space ++ ;
}
else{
other ++;
}
}
System.out.println("The string is : Aa kiu, I swd skieo 236587. GH
kiu: sieo?? 25.33");
System.out.println("letter: " + letter);
System.out.println("space: " + space);
System.out.println("number: " + num);
System.out.println("other: " + other);
}}
Output:
The string is : Aa kiu, I swd skieo 236587. GH kiu: sieo?? 25.33
letter: 23
space: 9
number: 10
other: 6
3(b).Implement a Java function that calculates the sum of digits for a given
char array consisting of the digits '0' to '9'. The function should return
the digit sum as a long value.
Program
Class A
{
Public static void main(String ar[])
{
String str=”67281”;
Char array[]=str.toCharArray();

Long s=SumOfDigits.sumOfDigits(array);
System.out.println(“sum of digits is:”+ s);
}
}

Class SumOfDigits
{
Public static long sumOfDigits(char arr[])
{
Long sum=0;
int n;
int i=0;

While(i<=arr.length)
{
n=(int)arr[i];
Sum =sum+n;
i++;
}
return sum;
}
}

Output: Sum of digits is: 24.

3(c).Find the smallest and largest element from the array.

Program:
import java.util.Scanner;
class demo
{
public static void main(String…s)
{
int i,n,large,small;
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in); //used to read from keyboard

System.out.print(“Enter number of elements:”);

n=sc.nextInt();
int a[]=new int[n];

System.out.print(“nEnter elements of Array:”);

for(i=0;i<n;++i)
a[i]=sc.nextInt();

large=small=a[0];
for(i=1;i<n;++i)
{
if(a[i]>large)
large=a[i];
if(a[i]<small)
small=a[i];
}
System.out.print(“nSmallest Element:”+small);
System.out.println(“nLargest Element:”+large);
}
}

Output:
Enter no of elements: 6
Enter elements of array: 2 6 38 28 17 12

Smallest element: 2
Largest elements: 38

Practical no 4.
4.Methods and Constructors
4(a):Designed a class SortData that contains the method asec() and desc().
Program
import java.util.*;
class prac4A
{
Scanner input=new Scanner(System.in);
int num,i;
int arr[];
int temp=0;
public void getdata()
{
System.out.print("Enter the size of array: ");
num=input.nextInt();
arr=new int[num];
System.out.print("Enter the number: ");
for( i=0;i<num;i++)
{
arr[i]=input.nextInt();
}
}
void putdata()
{
System.out.print("Given numbers are: ");
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
void asce()
{
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
{
for(int j=i+1;j<num;j++)
{
if(arr[i]>arr[j])
{
temp=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[j];
arr[j]=temp;
}
}
}
System.out.print("Ascending order of number are: ");
for(int i=0;i<num;i++)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
void desc()
{
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
{
for(int j=i+1;j<num;j++)
{
if(arr[i]<arr[j])
{
temp=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[j];
arr[j]=temp;
}
}
}
System.out.print("Descending order of number are: ");
for(int i=0;i<num;i++)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
prac4A ob=new prac4A();
ob.getdata();
ob.putdata();
ob.asce();
ob.desc();
}
}

Output:
Enter array elements:
35
21
54
61
81
29
60
24
33
48

After sorting in ascending order:

Sorted elements are:
21
24
29
33
35
48
54
60
61
81

After sorting in descending order:

Sorted elements are:
81
61
60
54
48
35
33
29
24
21

4(b)Designed a class that demonstrates the use of constructor and destructor.

Program:
class xyz
{
xyz()
{
System.out.println("Constructor method........");
}
protected void finalize()
{
System.out.print("Garbage Collected.....");
}
}
class prac4B
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
xyz ob=new xyz();
ob=null;
System.gc();
}
}
Output:
Main starts
Constructor executes
This is set method
Main ends
Finalizer executes

Program
import java.util.Scanner;
abstract class test
{
abstract void get();
}
class test1 extends test
{
void get()
{
int a,b;
Scanner ob=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter 1st Number: ");
a=ob.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter 2st Number: ");
b=ob.nextInt();
System.out.println("Addition is: "+(a+b));
}
}
class prac4C
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
test1 obj=new test1();
obj.get();
}
}

Output:
This is a normal method of abstract class A
Abstract method is overridden in derived class
This is normal method of derived class B
 Practical no 5.
5.Inheritance
5(a)Write a java program to implement single level.
Program
Class A
{
public void methodA()
{
System.out.println("Base class method");
}
}

Class B extends A
{
public void methodB()
{
System.out.println("Child class method");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj = new B();
obj.methodA(); //calling super class method
obj.methodB(); //calling local method
}}

Output:
Main starts
This set() method of base class
This get() method of base class
This check() method of derived class
This demo() method of derived class
Main ends
5(b)Write a java program to implement method overriding inheritance.
Program:
class Parent
{
void show() { System.out.println("Parent's show()");
}
}

class Child extends Parent

{
void show() { System.out.println("Child's show()"); }
}
class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Parent obj1 = new Parent();
obj1.show();

Parent obj2 = new Child();

obj2.show();
}
}

Output:

Parent's show()
Child's show()
5(c)Write a java program to implement multiple inheritance
Program
// First Parent class
class Parent1
{
void fun()
{
System.out.println("Parent1");
}
}
class Parent2
{
void fun()
{
System.out.println("Parent2");
}
}
class Test extends Parent1, Parent2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Test t = new Test();
t.fun();
}
}

Output:
Compiler Error
 7.VECTORS AND MULTITHREADING
Program 7(a): Write a Java program to implement the vectors.

import java.util.*;

class Vector_demo {

public static void main(String[] arg)

ArrayList arr = new ArrayList();

arr.add(3);

arr.add("geeks");

arr.add("forgeeks");

arr.add(4);

Vector v = new Vector();

v.addAll(arr);

System.out.println("vector v:" + v);

OUTPUT:-
Program 7(b): Write a program to implement thread life cycle.

class RunnableDemo implements Runnable {

private Thread t;

private String threadName;

RunnableDemo( String name) {

threadName = name;

System.out.println("Creating " + threadName );

public void run() {

System.out.println("Running " + threadName );

try {

for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--) {

System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);

Thread.sleep(50);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

System.out.println("Thread " + threadName+" interrupted.");

System.out.println("Thread " + threadName+"exiting.");

public void start () {

System.out.println("Starting " + threadName );

if (t == null) {

t=new Thread (this, threadName);

t.start ();

public class TestThread {

public static void main(String args[]) {

RunnableDemo R1 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-1");

R1.start();

RunnableDemo R2 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-2");

R2.start();

Output:

:-
Program 7(c): Write a java program to implement multithreading.

class MultithreadingDemo extends Thread

public void run()

try

System.out.println ("Thread " +

Thread.currentThread().getId() +

"is running");

}catch(Exception e)

System.out.println ("Exception is caught");

public class Multithread

public static void main(String[] args)

int n = 8;

for(int i=0; i<8; i++)

MultithreadingDemo object = new MultithreadingDemo();

object.start();
Output:

8 . File Handling
Program 8(a): Write a program to open a file and display the contents in the console window.

import java.util.Scanner;

import java.io.*;

public class WritingTextFiles

public static void main (String [] args) throws IOException{

FileWriter fw= new FileWriter("testing.txt");

Scanner in= new Scanner (System.in);

String testwords=in.nextLine();

fw.write(testwords);

BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader( new FileReader( "testing.txt" ) );

System.out.print(r);

fw.close();

}
Program 8(b): Write a java program to copy the contents from one file to other file.

import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.FileReader;

import java.io.FileWriter;

import java.io.IOException;

public class FileCopyExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

FileReader fr = new FileReader("input.txt");

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);

FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("output.txt", true);

String s;

while ((s = br.readLine()) != null) {

fw.write(s);

fw.flush();

br.close();

fw.close();

System.out.println("file copied");

catch (IOException e)

e.printStackTrace();

}
}

Program 8(c):- Write a java program to read the student data from the user and store it in the
file.

import java.io.*;

public class Filewrite

public static void main(String args[])throws IOException

int roll;

String name,city;

DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(System.in);

File file=new File("E:");

file.createNewFile();

FileWriter writer=new FileWriter(file);

System.out.println("Enter students roll no");

roll=Integer.parseInt(dis.readLine());

System.out.println("Enter student name");

name=dis.readLine();

System.out.println("Enter city name");

city=dis.readLine();

writer.write("Roll number"+roll);

writer.write("Name is "+name);

writer.write("City is"+city);

writer.flush();

writer.close();
System.out.println("Student Data saved into the file");

9.GUI AND EXCEPTION HANDLING

Program 9(a): Design an AWT program to print the factorial for an input value.

import java.awt.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

public class FactEvent extends java.applet.Applet implements ActionListener

TextField t1,t2;

int fact=1,m;

Button b1,b2,b3;

String msg;

Label l1,l2;

FactEvent e;

public void init()

{e=this;

t1=new TextField(3);

t2=new TextField(10);

b1=new Button("FIND FACTORIAL");

l1=new Label("ENTER THE NUMBER");

l2=new Label("RESULT");

add(l1);

add(t1);
add(l2);

add(t2);

add(b1);

b1.addActionListener(this);

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)

String str=t1.getText();

if(str!="")

int num=Integer.parseInt(str);

for(int i=num;i>0;i--)

fact=fact*i;

msg="" +fact;

t2.setText(msg);

fact=1;

OUTPUT:-
Program 9(b): Design an AWT program to perform various string operations like reverse string, string
concatenation etc.

/* <applet code="concat2Str" height=150 width=350> </applet> */

import java.awt.*;

import java.applet.*;

public class concat2Str extends Applet

TextField Ts1,Ts2;

public void init(){

Ts1 = new TextField(10);

Ts2 = new TextField(10);

add(Ts1);

add(Ts2);

Ts1.setText("");

Ts2.setText("");
}

public void paint(Graphics g){

String str1,str2;

g.drawString("Enter Two String to Concat Them ",10,50);

str1=Ts1.getText();

str2=Ts2.getText();

g.setColor(Color.red);

g.drawString(str1+" "+str2,10,70);

showStatus("Concatination of 2 String");

public boolean action(Event e, Object o){

repaint();

return true;

OUTPUT:-
Program 9(c): Write a java program to implement exception handling

class StringIndexOutOfBound_Demo

public static void main(String args[])

try {

String a = "This is like chipping "; // length is 22

char c = a.charAt(24); // accessing 25th element

System.out.println(c);

catch(StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {

System.out.println("StringIndexOutOfBoundsException");

OUTPUT:-
 10. GUI PROGRAMMING
Program 10(a): Design an AWT application that contains the interface to add student information
and display the same.

import java.awt.*;

import java.applet.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

/* <applet code="Stupanel" width=400 height=400>

</applet> */

public class Stupanel extends Applet implements ActionListener,ItemListener

String s1,s2,s3;

TextField t3,t4,t5,t6,t7;

Button tot,avg;

Checkbox c1,c2,c3,c4,m,f;

CheckboxGroup cbg;

Panel p1,p2,p3,p4;

public void init()

s3=" ";

tot=new Button("Total");

avg=new Button("Average");

c1=new Checkbox("MCA",true);

c2=new Checkbox("Msc Comp");

c3=new Checkbox("MSIT");

c4=new Checkbox("MSIS");

cbg=new CheckboxGroup();

m=new Checkbox("Male",cbg,false);

f=new Checkbox("Female",cbg,true);

p1=new Panel();

p1.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,2));

p1.add(new Label("Student Number "));

p1.add(new TextField(5));

p1.add(new Label("Student Name "));

p1.add(new TextField(15));

add(p1);

p2=new Panel(); p2.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,3));

p2.add(new Label("Gender"));

p2.add(m);

p2.add(f);

add(p2);

p3=new Panel(); p3.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,5));

p3.add(new Label("Degree"));

p3.add(c1); p3.add(c2); p3.add(c3); p3.add(c4);

add(p3);

p4=new Panel(); p4.setLayout(new GridLayout(6,2));

p4.add(new Label("Marks in JAVA"));

t3=new TextField(3); p4.add(t3);

p4.add(new Label("Marks in VB .Net"));

t4=new TextField(3); p4.add(t4);

p4.add(new Label("Marks In C"));

t5=new TextField(3); p4.add(t5);

p4.add(new Label("Total "));

t6=new TextField(3); p4.add(t6);

p4.add(new Label(" Average"));

t7=new TextField(3); p4.add(t7);

p4.add(tot); p4.add(avg);

tot.addActionListener(this);

avg.addActionListener(this);

c1.addItemListener(this);

c2.addItemListener(this);

c3.addItemListener(this);

c4.addItemListener(this);

m.addItemListener(this);

f.addItemListener(this);

add(p4);

public void paint(Graphics g)

int no,m1,m2,m3,tot;

float avg=0.0f;

no=m1=m2=m3=tot=0;
try

m1=Integer.parseInt(t3.getText());

m2=Integer.parseInt(t4.getText());

m3=Integer.parseInt(t5.getText());

catch(Exception e)

tot=m1+m2+m3;

avg= tot/3;

s1=String.valueOf(tot);

s2=String.valueOf(avg);

public boolean action(Event e,Object o)

repaint();

return true;

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

s3=e.getActionCommand();

if(s3.equals("Total"))

t6.setText(s1);
if(s3.equals("Average"))

t7.setText(s2);

repaint();

public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)

repaint();

Output:-
 Program 10(b) : Design a calculator based on AWT application.

import java.awt.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

import java.applet.*;

//<applet code = "CALCULATOR.class" width = 260 height = 310></applet>

public class CALCULATOR extends Applet implements ActionListener

TextField t1;

Button b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8,b9,b0;

Button add,sub,mul,div, eql, dot;

String msg="",tmp;

int a, b;

public void init()

setLayout(null);

t1=new TextField(20);

b1=new Button("1");

b2=new Button("2");

b3=new Button("3");

b4=new Button("4");

b5=new Button("5");

b6=new Button("6");

b7=new Button("7");
b8=new Button("8");

b9=new Button("9");

b0=new Button("0");

add=new Button("+");

sub=new Button("-");

div=new Button("/");

mul=new Button("*");

dot=new Button(".");

eql=new Button("=");

add(t1);

add(b7);

add(b8);

add(b9);

add(div);

add(b4);

add(b5);

add(b6);

add(mul);

add(b1);

add(b2);

add(b3);

add(sub);

add(dot);

add(b0);
add(eql);

add(add);

t1.setBounds(30,30,200,40);

b7.setBounds(30,80,44,44);

b8.setBounds(82,80,44,44);

b9.setBounds(134,80,44,44);

b4.setBounds(30,132,44,44);

b5.setBounds(82,132,44,44);

b6.setBounds(134,132,44,44);

b1.setBounds(30,184,44,44);

b2.setBounds(82,184,44,44);

b3.setBounds(134,184,44,44);

dot.setBounds(30,236,44,44);

b0.setBounds(82,236,44,44);

eql.setBounds(134,236,44,44);

add.setBounds(186,236,44,44);

sub.setBounds(186,184,44,44);

mul.setBounds(186,132,44,44);

div.setBounds(186,80,44,44);

b0.addActionListener(this);

b1.addActionListener(this);

b2.addActionListener(this);

b3.addActionListener(this);

b4.addActionListener(this);
b5.addActionListener(this);

b6.addActionListener(this);

b7.addActionListener(this);

b8.addActionListener(this);

b9.addActionListener(this);

//b0.addActionListener(this);

//b0.addActionListener(this);

div.addActionListener(this);

mul.addActionListener(this);

add.addActionListener(this);

sub.addActionListener(this);

eql.addActionListener(this);

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)

String str = ae.getActionCommand();

if (str.equals("+")||str.equals("-")||str.equals("*")||str.equals("/"))

String str1 = t1.getText();

tmp=str;

a = Integer.parseInt(str1);

msg="";

else if(str.equals("="))
{

String str2 = t1.getText();

b = Integer.parseInt(str2);

int sum=0;

if(tmp=="+")

sum=a+b;

else if(tmp=="-")

sum=a-b;

else if(tmp=="*")

sum=a*b;

else if(tmp=="/")

sum=a/b;

String str1=String.valueOf(sum);

t1.setText(""+str1);

msg="";

else

//String ae.getActionCommand();

//str += ae.getActionCommand();

msg+=str;

t1.setText(""+msg);

}
public void paint(Graphics g)

g.setColor(Color.cyan);

g.fillRect(20,20,220,270);

OUTPUT :-

Program 10(c) :Design an AWT application to generate result marks sheet.

import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

/* <applet code="Stupanel" width=400 height=400>

</applet> */

public class Marksheet extends Applet implements ActionListener,ItemListener

String s1,s2,s3;

TextField t3,t4,t5,t6,t7;

Button tot,avg;

Checkbox c1,c2,c3,c4,m,f;

CheckboxGroup cbg;

Panel p1,p2,p3,p4;

public void init()

s3=" ";

tot=new Button("Total");

avg=new Button("Average");

c1=new Checkbox("MCA",true);

c2=new Checkbox("Msc Comp");

c3=new Checkbox("MSIT");

c4=new Checkbox("MSIS");

cbg=new CheckboxGroup();

m=new Checkbox("Male",cbg,false);

f=new Checkbox("Female",cbg,true);
p1=new Panel();

p1.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,2));

p1.add(new Label("Student Number "));

p1.add(new TextField(5));

p1.add(new Label("Student Name "));

p1.add(new TextField(15));

add(p1);

p2=new Panel(); p2.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,3));

p2.add(new Label("Gender"));

p2.add(m);

p2.add(f);

add(p2);

p3=new Panel(); p3.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,5));

p3.add(new Label("Degree"));

p3.add(c1); p3.add(c2); p3.add(c3); p3.add(c4);

add(p3);

p4=new Panel(); p4.setLayout(new GridLayout(6,2));

p4.add(new Label("Marks in JAVA"));

t3=new TextField(3); p4.add(t3);

p4.add(new Label("Marks in VB .Net"));

t4=new TextField(3); p4.add(t4);

p4.add(new Label("Marks In C"));

t5=new TextField(3); p4.add(t5);

p4.add(new Label("Total "));

t6=new TextField(3); p4.add(t6);

p4.add(new Label(" Average"));

t7=new TextField(3); p4.add(t7);

p4.add(tot); p4.add(avg);

tot.addActionListener(this);

avg.addActionListener(this);

c1.addItemListener(this);

c2.addItemListener(this);

c3.addItemListener(this);

c4.addItemListener(this);

m.addItemListener(this);

f.addItemListener(this);

add(p4);

public void paint(Graphics g)

int no,m1,m2,m3,tot;

float avg=0.0f;

no=m1=m2=m3=tot=0;

try

m1=Integer.parseInt(t3.getText());

m2=Integer.parseInt(t4.getText());

m3=Integer.parseInt(t5.getText());
}

catch(Exception e)

tot=m1+m2+m3;

avg= tot/3;

s1=String.valueOf(tot);

s2=String.valueOf(avg);

public boolean action(Event e,Object o)

repaint();

return true;

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

s3=e.getActionCommand();

if(s3.equals("Total"))

t6.setText(s1);

if(s3.equals("Average"))

t7.setText(s2);

repaint();

Output