Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur

B.Tech. & M.Tech. Dual Degree 6th Sem (AE-601) , 2019

Full Marks: 70 M.Tech 2nd Sem (AM-????), 2019 Assignments

• Name the pdf file to be uploaded as CourseNo ExamRollNo FirstName.pdf, e.g.

AE601 511316002 Sagnik.pdf.
• Submit the assignment by uploading the pdf at https://classroom.google.com. Use the class
code hz0d19d for the purpose.
• Axes in the Figures included in the assignment should be properly labeled and captioned.
• Attach the codes used for plotting in the Appendix section.
• The persons involved in the submission of copied assignments would share the marks. e.g. if the
assignment is graded to be 30/40 and 3 persons seem to have copied from each other, each of
them would get 10 marks each.

A Normal Shock
A.1. (10 marks) Using the Reynlod’s transport theorem (RTT) to mass, momentum and energy,
derive the integral form of the basic flow equations for an inviscid, compressible flow.
∂
Z Z
continuity: ρdV + ρV ~ .dS~=0 (1)
∂t V S
∂
Z Z Z Z
momentum: ~ dV + (ρV
ρV ~ .dS)
~ V~ = ρf~dV − pdS ~ (2)
∂t V S V S
V2 V2 ~ ~
Z   Z  
∂
Z Z Z
energy: ρ e+ dV + ρ e+ V .dS = ~ ~
ρq̇dV − pV dS + ρ(f~.V
~ )dV
∂t V 2 S 2 V S V
(3)
Apply the above integral conservation equations to a rectangular control volume for a steady,
one-dimensional flow without body forces to arrive at the simplified continuity, momentum and
energy equations for the steady one-dimensional flow, i.e.
ρ1 u1 = ρ2 u2 , (4)
p1 + ρ1 u21 = p2 + ρ2 u22 (5)
1 1
and h1 + u21 + q = h2 + u22 . (6)
2 2
A.2. (10 marks) Show that the change in entropy between the two states of a calorically perfect
gas can be determined in terms of the state properties through either of the following equations
T2 p2
s2 − s1 = cp ln − R ln (7)
T1 p1
T2 v2
= cv ln + R ln .
T1 v1

A.3. (10 marks) Write the expressions for the properties behind a normal shock wave, i.e. M2 ,
p02 /p01 , p2 /p1 , T2 /T1 and ρ2 /ρ1 , as a function of upstream Mach number M1 (No Derivation
needed). Show the variation of the same with M1 in a single plot similar to as shown in figure 1.
A.4. (10 marks) The Hugoniot equation is represented as
p1 + p2
e2 − e1 = (v2 − v1 ) , (8)
2
which is the relation in terms of thermodynamic properties across the shock. It has the form of
the first law of thermodynamics applicable to normal shock, i.e. the change in internal energy
is equal to the work done by average pressure for the adiabatic process.

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 Figure 1: Properties behind a normal shock wave as a function of upstream Mach number.

(a) Generate the Hugoniot curve which is the locus of all possible pressure-volume conditions
(in p−v diagram) behind normal shocks of various strengths for one specific set of upstream
conditions.
Consider the upstream condition as the standard atmospheric condition, with p1 = 1 atm,
T1 = 300◦ K and ρ1 = 1/v1 = 1.225 kg/m3 with air (γ = 1.4) as a calorically perfect gas.
(b) Compare the Hugoniot curve with the isentropic curve by plotting it in the same figure
for the given upstream condition as shown in figure 2.
(c) For an upstream Mach number of M1 = 2, draw a straight line of slope −(u1 /v1 )2 which
will intersect the Hugoniot curve to provide the downstream condition, (p2 , v2 ), behind
the normal shock corresponding to M1 . Determine the percentage of excess pressure
rise obtained through normal shock compared to the pressure rise obtained through an
isontropic compression, i.e. (p2 − p2,i )/(p2,i − p1 ), where (p2,i − p1 ) is the pressure rise
for isentropic compression from v1 to v2 . p2,i is the pressure obtained from the isentropic
curve corresponding to v2 .

Figure 2: Hugoniot curve compared with the isentropic compression for a given upstream condition.

Avinash Nayak, anayak@aero.iiests.ac.in Page 2 of 5

B Oblique Shock

B.5. (10 marks) For a flow past an oblique shock wave, the θ-β-M relation, which specifies the
deflection angle (θ) as a unique function of upstream Mach number (M1 ) and shock wave angle
(β), is given by
M12 sin2 β − 1
 
tan θ = 2 cot β . (9)
M12 (γ + cos 2β) + 2
This relation is plotted in figure 3.

Figure 3: Oblique shock chart; for γ = 1.4.

(a) Write a matlab code to regenerate the θ-β-M curve for M = {2, 3, 5, ∞}.
(b) Draw the line separating strong and weak shock which corresponds to maximum deflection
for each Mach number.
(c) Draw the line representing sonic conditions downstream of the shock. Below this line the
flow after shock will be supersonic and above this the after shock flow is subsonic.
(d) Write a short note based on observations made from this θ-β-M curve. Limit the discussion
to approximately 8-10 statements.

B.6. (20 marks) Consider the intersection of two shocks of opposite families, as sketched in figure 4.
For M1 = 3, pl = 1 atm, θ2 = 20◦ , and θ3 = 15◦ , calculate the pressure in regions 4 and 4’,
and the flow direction Φ, behind the refracted shocks.
The flow properties in the regions 2 and 3 will be dictated by the incident oblique shock waves
A and B respectively. These incident shock waves are well defined with the knowledge of
upstream Mach number, M1 , and the deflection angles, θ2 and θ3 . It is known that a slip line
EF might exist downstream of the refracted shocks C and D due to entropy difference between a
streamline passing through shock system A and C compared with a streamline passing through
B and D. But, the strengths of these refracted shock is established in such a manner that
physical consistency is maintained across this slip line EF, among the regions 4 and 4’. These

Avinash Nayak, anayak@aero.iiests.ac.in Page 3 of 5

 Figure 4: Interaction of shocks of opposite family.

consistencies are based on pressure and velocity directions; i.e. p4 = p4′ and velocity directions
in 4 and 4’ are same.
The following two algorithms are to be used to determined the pressure and flow direction after
the shock interaction. Results obtained from both the approaches are to be compared and discuss
about the advantages of one approach over the other.
(a) Iterative approach.
A flow direction, which is the inclination of slip line with horizontal, Φ is assumed. Typi-
cally, this angle Φ is small depending upon the values of θ2 and θ3 .
Then, the turning angles across the refracted shocks C and D are given by

θ4 = θ3 + Φ and θ4′ = θ2 − Φ .

For this chosen flow direction, the pressures in the two regions, i.e., p4 and p4′ , can then
be calculated. These two pressures will not in general be the same because the value of
Φ has been guessed. Thus, the guessed value of Φ needs to be corrected in an iterative
manner such that the condition p4 = p4′ can be attained.
The correction in Φ is determined based on the comparative observation of the values of
p4 and p4′ , in turn deciding of which refracted shock needs an increase in strength. For
example, if p4 < p4′ , then the shock strength of refracted wave D needs to be increased.
It can be seen that with increase in Φ the deflection angle across shock D increases and
that of shock C decreases, thereby, increasing the strength of shock D and reducing the
strength of shock C. This correction needs to be implemented in an iterative manner till
a convergence to the condition of p4 = p4 is achieved with in a specified tolerance.
(b) Pressure-Deflection diagram.
Pressure-deflection diagrams are particularly useful in visualizing the solution of this shock
interaction process. It is a simpler but graphical method for obtaining the pressure and
flow direction in the regions after shock interaction. Write a MATLAB code to generate
the diagram as shown in figure 5 for the given problem and obtain the solution.

Avinash Nayak, anayak@aero.iiests.ac.in Page 4 of 5

 Figure 5: Pressure-deflection diagrams for the shock intersection shown in figure 4.

Avinash Nayak, anayak@aero.iiests.ac.in Page 5 of 5