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petrochemical reactors
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 1
Content
1. Introduction
2. Application trends
Verfasser/Dokument
9. Creep properties
10. Conclusion
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A542 D4a or 13CrMoV9-10 acc. to
EN 10028 part 2.
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EN 10028-2: 2003 13CrMoV9-10
700
6%Cr, 0,5%Mo
600
Temperature [°C]
3%Cr, 0,5%Mo V
500
2,25%Cr, 1%Mo, V
1%Cr, 0,5%Mo
2,25%Cr, 1%Mo
400
1,25%Cr, 0,5%Mo
1%Cr, 0,5%Mo
300
Verfasser/Dokument
Carbon steel
200
0 50 100 150 200 250
Trends:
• ever bigger and heavier reactors (already more than 1000t per unit)
• higher operating temperatures and pressures resulting in higher
Verfasser/Dokument
wall thicknesses
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 7
Factors contributing to more sophisticated steel plates
• strong safety requirements for core units designed from CrMo(V) steels
• increasing thickness with high demand in thickness over 100mm
• larger dimensions to allow for more freedom in vessel design
• PWHT requirements including 3 or often even 4 cycles
• chemical restrictions exceeding those of the standards
• specifying J- and X-factor for ultra clean steels
• specifying toughness values at low temperatures in combination with PWHT
• additional requirements in regard to grain size
• hardness requirements
• specifying step cooling test
• additional tensile test at elevated temperatures
Verfasser/Dokument
• ...
175
thickness [mm]
150 N + AC + T
( Q + T)
125
up to 37 t N+T
up to 37 t
100
75
depending on grade & thickness up to 37 t
50
up to 28 t
Verfasser/Dokument
25
0
1.500 1.750 2.000 2.250 2.500 2.750 3.000 3.250 3.500 3.750 4.000 4.250 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250
width [mm]
Maximum thickness is often limited by requirements from specifications
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 9
Common additional requirements for different CrMo(V) grades
> 100 mm
100 %
80 %
60 %
40%
J- / X-Factor Ch-V + PWHT
20%
1Cr ½Mo
1¼Cr ½Mo
Verfasser/Dokument
2¼Cr 1Mo
2¼Cr 1Mo ¼V
Verfasser/Dokument
• additional information and calculating program under:
www.dillinger.de/hollomon/hollomon.shtml.en
* If heating and cooling shall also be included the formula is getting more complex
“ Kh “ “ Kc “
heating rate cooling rate
[°C/h] [°C/h]
“t“
Holding time
[h]*
Verfasser/Dokument
Time [h]
T (+ 273) T (+ 273)
[
HP = T (+ 273) log ( + t+ ) + 20 ] * 10 -3
2,3 * Kh ( 20 - log Kh ) 2,3 * Kc ( 20 -log Kc )
Tempering PWHT HP
700°C/300Min. 20.15
700°C/250Min. 670°C/180Min. 20.15
680°C/250Min. 680°C/600Min. 20.15
680°C/60Min. 690°C/300Min.+700°C/90Min. 20.15
680°C/60Min. 675°C/600Min.+680°C/300Min. 20.15
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 13
General influence of heat treatment on mechanical properties
HB before
HB after
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Before After
PWHT PWHT
Hollomon parameter
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 14
Tensile strength in dependence of HP for CrMo and CrMoV steels
1100
2,25CrMoV, t/4
HP 20,8: Tempering
800 +705 °C/10h
R m [MPa]
HP 21,11: Tempering
+705 °C/30h
700
CrMoV: acc.
SA 542-D-4a
600
12CrMo 910 acc. EN 10028-2:2003
Verfasser/Dokument
500
thickness: 200 mm
condition: N+AC+T
400
19,00 19,20 19,40 19,60 19,80 20,00 20,20 20,40 20,60 20,80 21,00 21,20 21,40
HP
HP 21,11: Tempering
600 +705 °C/30h
500
Verfasser/Dokument
400
12CrMo 910 acc. EN10028-2:2003
300
19 19,2 19,4 19,6 19,8 20 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,8 21 21,2 21,4
HP
400
2¼CrMoV, t/4 thickness: 200 mm test temperature: -60°C
3CrMoV, t/4 condition: N+AC+T test location: t/4
350
12CrMo 910 (2¼CrMo)
Charpy-V-transverse, Av mean [J]
300
250
200
150
100
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50
0
19,00 19,20 19,40 19,60 19,80 20,00 20,20 20,40 20,60 20,80 21,00 21,20 21,40
HP
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 18
SA 387-11-2: Feasibility in dependence of HP, Rm, Re, Ch-V,
hardness and plate thickness of 1¼Cr steel
195 HB
N+AC+T N+AC+T
200 HB
Hollomon parameter
Hollomon parameter
(Q + T) (Q + T) 205 HB
±0 °C
210 HB
215 HB
-29 °C
-18 °C
220 HB
N+T -18 °C
±0 °C N+T 225 HB
-29 °C
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220 HB
205 HB
200 HB
195 HB
210 HB
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
195 HB
N+AC+T (Q + T)
200 HB 190 HB
200 HB
N+AC+T
Hollomon parameter
Hollomon parameter
195 HB
(Q + T) 205 HB
N+T - 40 °C
- 29 °C
N+T 205 HB
- 18 °C - 18 °C & -29 °C
210 HB 210 HB
- 10 °C
215 HB
Verfasser/Dokument
215 HB
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
plate thickness [mm] plate thickness [mm]
250
240
Q+T
230
Q+T
hardness [HB]
220
10h @ 705 °C
Q+T
210 N + AC + T 30h @ 705 °C
(Q + T)
200
Q+T
190
5h @ 700 °C
Verfasser/Dokument
180
2¼CrMo 2¼CrMoV
Hollomon Parameter
• generally the 1¼Cr steels show a -40 °C
different toughness behaviour -29 °C
• interchangeability is limited for
different PWHT conditions and -29 °C
high thickness
• not only mech-tech properties but
also other restrictions by the codes
like e.g. listing in the Nelson curves -29 °C 2¼Cr N+T
Verfasser/Dokument
2¼Cr Q+T
are of importance 1¼Cr N+T
1¼Cr Q+T
700 12CrMo9-10
600
Rm
12CrMo9-10
500
Rp0.2
400
Verfasser/Dokument
12CrMo9-10
300
19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,8 21,0 21,2
HP-Factor
800
+ 0,25% V
700
Rm “V-m
odified“
600
Rm “enhanced“
500
Rp0.2 “enhanced“
400
Verfasser/Dokument
300
19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,8 21,0 21,2
HP-Factor
800
700
Rm “V-m
odified“
+ 0,25% V
600
Verfasser/Dokument
300
19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,8 21,0 21,2
HP-Factor
800
A542-D-4a
700
Rm “V-m
odified“
600 A542-D-4a
400 A542-D-4a
Verfasser/Dokument
300
19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,8 21,0 21,2
HP-Factor
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 27
Hot tensile properties (transverse, 1/4 thickness)
600 700
- plate thickness: 200 mm 2,25CrMoV, Rp02 - plate thickness: 200 mm 2,25CrMoV, Rm
- heat treatment: N+AC+T 3CrMoV, Rp02 - heat treatment: N+AC+T
3CrMoV, Rm
12CrMo 910, Rp02, HP=21,0 12CrMo 910, Rm, HP=21,0
500 600
Rp0,2 [MPa]
400 500
Rm [MPa]
2¼CrMoV acc. EN 10028 part 2
300 400
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200 300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Testing temperature [°C] Testing temperature [°C]
600
2¼CrMoV, Rm
3CrMoV, Rm
2¼CrMo, Rm ,HP=21.0
550 2¼CrMoV, Rp0.2
3CrMoV, Rp0.2
2¼CrMo, Rp0.2 ,HP=21.0
500
Rm, Rp0.2 [MPa]
450
400
350
plate thickness: 200mm
heat treatment: N+AC+T
300
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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
testing temperature [°C]
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• ASME doesn‘t require any hot tensile testing for production material
• If tests are performed, obtained values shall not be compared to tabulated values of table
U for acceptance / rejection purposes
500
Tensile strength [MPA]
450
400 HP 20,63
HP 20,81
SA 387-11-2 Rm,T tabulated
SA 387-22-2 Rm,T tabulated
350 SA 387-22-2, measured
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SA 387-22-2, measured
Rm min20 °C
300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
T emperature [°C]
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
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150
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
650
600
Tensile strength [MPa]
550
500
450 SA 387-22-2
SA 542 D4a
400 SA 542 C4a
test data
350
test data
test data
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300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature [°C]
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 35
Low contents of As, Sb, Sn and P for improved temper
embrittlement behaviour
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• for 2¼CrMo(V) steels usually
the step cooling test is used to
investigate the proneness to
temper embrittlement Intergranular crack
“high safety“
Ôperation of installation
Operation
(~30 years) 400 °C without danger of
grain-boundary
embrittlement!
Crack
Conclusion: “Temper Embrittlement“
• aim for low content of „embrittling“ tramp elements
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• specify J- value, X- value
• LD- Route + special steel refining adventageous,
due to less tramp elements compared to EA process
• specify Step-cooling
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** 80 for 2¼CrMoV
200
150
A
100 B
C
50
Verfasser/Dokument
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Cr-content [%]
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 39
Comparison of the tramp elements between EAF and LD-steelmaking
80
EAF with 70 % alloyed-rejects srap + ferrous alloys
EAF with sheet-metal scrap + ferrous alloys
70 LD-steel BOF process
Mass content in ppm
60
50
40
30
20
Verfasser/Dokument
10
0
Arsenic (As) Tin (Sn) Antimony (Sb)
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 40
Ductility vs. Charpy notch toughness for 2¼CrMo
• Ductility and Charpy-values taken from randomly picked Dillinger orders in SA 387-22-2 at different temperatures. Plate thickness 134 &
208 (G&B) mm
400
0 °C Test location: t/2
350 -20 °C
300 -30 °C
-40 °C
250 -60 °C
Av [J]
-80 °C
200
-100 °C
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Verfasser/Dokument
Ductility [%]
• Ogygen is supposed to have a moderate negative impact on toughness, formability and machineability
• the higher oxygen content DH offers results from the requirement of low phosphorus to avoid embrittlement, which seems to be the
main issue for these steels (keep J-factor low)
• low phosphorus steels produced by the BOF route have to undergo a special additional treatment, which leads to a higher oxygen
level of the heat, when entering the vacuum degasser
• during vacuum treatment it cannot be guaranteed in all cases that oxygen can be removed to the level obtained for „normal“
production.
• The large majority of the steels will have max. 15 ppm after vacuum degassing, but some heats won‘t show this amount
• due to production risk restrictions given by the management DH only offers max. 30ppm of oxygen
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 42
Cumulative Oxigen content (example)
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Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 43
Development of [O]tot during production for continous casting and without special converter treatment
Otot in ppm
50
30
20
40
[O]tot in ppm
10
30 0
0 5 10 15
time in min
20
10
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0
after after after
after CaSi-
inclusion tundish mould plate
vacuum cleanness shape addition
control
treatment stirring
Steps after vacuum treatment are still very important to bring total
oxygen further down
after service
ΔTtot
54 J
ΔTSC
Verfasser/Dokument
ΔTtot = 2.5 x ΔTSC
test temperature
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 45
Step cooling - heat treatment
s te p-cooling-tre atm e nt in
accordance to EN 10028-2
600 5 9 3 °C
5,6 °C/ h test duration approx. 12 days +
mechanical testing (including specimen preparation)
550
55,6°C/ h
5 3 8 °C
5 2 4 °C
500 4 9 6 °C
2 ,8 °C/ h
temperature [°C]
4 6 8 °C
450 2 ,8 °C/ h
400
350
15 h 60 h
24 h
3 15 °C 100 h 3 15 °C
300 1h
cooling in
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still air
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
tim e [d]
40
not fulfilled
30
20
fulfilled
10
-10
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-20
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
40
not fulfilled
30
20
fulfilled
10
-10
Verfasser/Dokument
-20
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 49
Benefits for CrMoV steels when applied, calculating exemple
● outer Diameter: 3.400mm
• overall height: 36.000mm
• design pressure: 170 bar
Verfasser/Dokument
2007 Edition
2¼CrMo Div. II 151 185 533 117 234 674
• 12CrMo9-10:
The tensile and toughness properties are satisfactory in a HP-range between 19.6 and 20.8
• CrMoV-steels:
In spite the higher tensile requirements HP-values up to 21.1 are acceptable
• CrMo(V)-steels:
Impact toughness increase by tempering effect until an optimum HP value is
reached.
Verfasser/Dokument
• Good toughness reserves even for high HP-values
• Know-How about mechanical properties in dependence of HP and delivery
condition is the basis of the optimum steel design and safe production
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 52
Cold forming - Dillinger Hütte’s roll bending machine
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 53
Weld edge preparation
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 54
Milling machine for edge preparation
Possibilities:
• thickness up to 120 mm
• length up to 25000 mm
• width up to 5000 mm
• weight up to 40 t
• shape profiling
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 55
Edge preparation possibilities
J-edge
X-edge
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 56
Cold forming
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 57
Forming
Cold Forming:
General trend of the influence of cold deformation on mechanical properties
Rm
Av, Rm, Rp0,2
Rp0,
2
Verfasser/Dokument
Av
(T=const.)
cold deformation
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 59
Mechanical properties of 2.25Cr1MoV-steel in dependence of heat
treatments
800
750
Rp0,2 resp. Rm [MPa]
700
650
600
550
Rp0.2 Rm
500
400
Av [J], Charpy-V-transv. Top
350
300
Verfasser/Dokument
Prüftemperatur -60-60°C
Test Temperature °C
250 Prüftemperatur -80-80°C
Test Temperature °C
200
Q 980 °C/2h/W+ Q 950 °C/10'/W+ HG 1100 °C HG 1140 °C HG 1170 °C HG 1100 °C HG 1140 °C HG 1170 °C HG 1100 °C HG 1170 °C
A 730 °C/90'/L A 730 °C/90'/L /2,5h/L+ /2,5h/L+ /2,5h/L+ /5,0h/L+ /5,0h/L+ /5,0h/L+ /2,5h/L+ /5,0h/L+
Q 950 °C/10'/W+ Q 950 °C/10'/W+ Q 950 °C/10'/W+ Q 950 °C/10'/W+ Q 950 °C/10'/W+ Q 950 °C/10'/W+ Q 980 °C Q 980 °C
A 730 °C/90'/L A 730 °C/90'/L A 730 °C/90'/L A 730 °C/90'/L A 730 °C/90'/L A 730 °C/90'/L /120'/W+ /120'/W+
A 730 °C/90'/L A 730 °C/90'/L
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 61
Plate for torispherical heads ID 3500; smin 180mm, 12CrMo9-10
350
300
250
200
A v [J]
50
Verfasser/Dokument
0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Test Temperature °C]
250
200
After step cooling
Av [J]
150
100
50
Verfasser/Dokument
0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Verfasser/Dokument
• Toughness in the weld / step cooling
Shell outside
120mm
Verfasser/Dokument
Shell inside
• Personnel education.
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 66
Hydrogen induced cold cracking
Weld metal and HAZ in the as welded condition are susceptible to hydrogen induced cold cracking
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 67
Influence of PWHT on thoughness charpy-V -20°C for 2.25CrMoV
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 68
CHARPY-V (J)
H
A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Z
H to
A p
Z
H t/4
A
H Zt
A /2
Z
-20°C
3/
4
H
A
Z
Indiv 1
H to
A p
Z
H t/
A 4
H Z t/
A 2 -40°C
w Z
3/
el 4
Indiv 2
d
w m
el e
w d m tal
e t
w ld eta op
el m l
d et t/4
Indiv 3
m al
e t t/
-20°C
w al 2
el 3/
d 4t
w m
el e
w d m tal
e t
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors
w ld eta op
Average
el m l
d et t/4
m al
e t t/
-40°C
al 2
3/
4t
69
Verfasser/Dokument
Influence of PWHT on toughness; PWHT 710°C, 30h for 2.25CrMoV
Influence of PWHT on weld metal and HAZ thoughness @ -20°C
400
2¼CrMoV
test temperature: -20°C
350
300
250
Charpy-V [J]
200
150
100
PWHT 30hrs @ 710 °C
50 PWHT 10hrs @ 680 °C
Verfasser/Dokument
PWHT 5hrs @ 680 °C
0
0,5 top 1,5 t/4 2,5 t/2 3,5 3/4t 4,5 top 5,5 t/4 6,5 t/2 7,5 3/4t 8,5
2 ¼Cr-1Mo
2 ¼Cr-1Mo
54 J TT 38°C
350°C 4h
2 ¼Cr-1Mo
54 J TT -23°C
620°C 4h
2 ¼Cr-1Mo-¼V
2 ¼Cr-1Mo-¼V
54 J TT 85°C
350°C 4h
2 ¼Cr-1Mo-¼V
54 J TT 120°C
620°C 4h
2 ¼Cr-1Mo-¼V
54 J TT 72°C
650°C 4h
2 ¼Cr-1Mo-¼V
Verfasser/Dokument
54 J TT 15°C
650°C 8h
2 ¼Cr-1Mo-¼V
54 J TT -4°C
680°C 4h
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 72
Weld metal: Transition curves for different PWHT conditions
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 73
PWHT-limits to be destinated according to ASME VIII, App. 26
680°C, 10 hours
710°C, 30 hours
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 74
All Weld Metal Tensile Test
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 75
Impact Test Charpy-V, PWHT 705°C, 30hrs
Verfasser/Dokument
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 76
Influence of step-cooling test, PWHT: 705 °C/8 hrs; Location : HAZ center
450
0 = with Step-Cooling-Test
400 0 = without Step-Cooling Test
Order-No 674739
Ref.-No 21250
350 Heat-No 55470
Material SA 542-D-4a
Thickness 120 [mm]
300 HP:
Weld seam X
Current AC
250
A v [J]
200
Test Criteria:
TTr + Faktor * Δ TTr ≤ max. shift
150
Faktor: 2,5
100
max. Shift 10 °C
Min Av 54 J
Verfasser/Dokument
50 TTr without Step-Cooling: -99,15 °C
TTrsc with Step-Cooling: -80,40 °C
0 DTTr = TTr SC - TTr 18,75 °C
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 test criteria fullfilled Yes
Temperature [ °C]
0 = with Step-Cooling-Test
0 = without Step-Cooling Test
300 Order-No 674739
Ref.-No 21250
Heat-No 55470
Material SA 542-D-4a
250 Thickness 120 [mm]
HP:
Weld seam X
Current AC
200 Position WM center
A v [J]
Test Criteria:
150 TTr + Faktor * Δ TTr ≤ max. shift
Verfasser/Dokument
50
TT rsc with Step-Cooling: -64,84 °C
SC
DTT r = TT r - TT r -3,65 °C
test criteria fullfilled Ye s
0
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature [ °C]
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 78
Influence of Step-cooling on the transition temperature
25
not fulfilled!
0
TT54J after Step Cooling [°C]
10 °C x
-25 x Δ T <=
+ 2,5
J
T T5 4
-50
x x
fulfilled
x base material 2.25CrMoV
-75
x weld metal 2.25CrMoV
HAZ 2.25CrMoV
base material 3CrMoV
-100
weld metal 3CrMoV
HAZ 3CrMoV
Verfasser/Dokument
-125
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
TT54J before Step Cooling [°C]
400
hardness [HV10]
650°C-10h
2¼CrMo¼V
as welded
675°C-10h
2¼CrMo
as welded
Verfasser/Dokument
700°C-10h
3CrMoV 705 °C / 10 h
3CrMoV 705 °C / 30 h
12CrMo9-10 as welded
12CrMo9-10 690 °C / 10 h
300
12CrMo9-10 690 °C / 30 h
250
Verfasser/Dokument
200
1 10 20 30 40
cooling time t8/5 [s]
250 2¼CrMoV
Hardness HV10
230
210
190
170
150
al
e al
e al
al
e al
e al
Z
Z
as AZ
l
l
al
el eta
el eta
A
et
t
t
et
t
et
B Me
B Me
B Me
B Me
H
M
M
M
e
e
d
as
as
as
as
as
el
W
W
B
Verfasser/Dokument
PWHT 705°C, 30hrs top 1mm centre bottom 1mm
PWHT 705°C, 8hrs top 1mm centre bottom 1mm
220
Brinell Hardness HB
210
(10mm Ball)
200
190
180
170
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
se AZ
se t al
se t al
al
d al
d al
al
se t al
se t al
al
et
t
et
et
H
Ba H
Ba Me
Ba Me
W Me
W Me
Ba Me
Ba Me
M
M
se
d
el
el
el
Ba
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PWHT 705°C, 8hrs PWHT 705°C, 30hrs
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As welded 620°C - 15’ 730°C - 8h
no carbides M3C few M23C6 M7C3, M23C6,
TEM micrographs on carbon extraction replica 21/4CrMoV fine V4C3, M2C
Ref.: Lundin,C.D. and K.K.Khan, WRC Bulletin 409
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 84
Disadvantages of Vanadium modified steels
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Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 85
Creep properties
• In case of reactor design in creep regime: if creep strength values on welded joints
are verified to be within a 20%-scatter band of the base material
⇒ welding consumable and base metal from the material manufacturer duly
approved by tests within the creep regime can be used for fully stressed welds
using a joint efficiency factor of 1 instead of 0.8 (design according to German
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AD-Merkblatt, in future also according to EN 13445)
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Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 87
Benefits of Vanadium addition in regard to creep behaviour
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Source JSW
300
Tensile stress [MPa]
200
100
90 12CrMo9-10
2.25CrMoV creep test interrupted
80 3CrMoV
70 VdTÜV 404/1
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VdTÜV 525
60 VdTÜV 491
50
100 1000 10000 100000
Time [h]
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 89
Conclusion
• CrMo steels with ¼ % V offer improved performance for petrochemical reactors
compared to enhanced 2¼Cr1Mo steels. Plates are commercially available up to
about 250 mm thickness.
• optimized welding consumables have to be used with respect to low hydrogen input
and very low impurity level to limit in service embrittlement.
• screening tests of the weld metal before production starts, e.g. as per API RP 934,
are recommended.
• the steels tolerate very high temperatures 690 - 710 °C for post weld heat
treatment, which is beneficial for the toughness of the weld metal.
• DH-GTS is a long term supplier with plenty of know how for high sophisticated steels
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• a wide range of dimensions can be supplied.
• more and more vessels will be designed from CrMoV steels to take advantage of
improved process possibilities and improved properties.
Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 90
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Low alloy CrMo(V) steel plates for petrochemical reactors 91