Introduction

1.1 Urban Geography: Definition and Concepts

Towns are viewed not only as hubs and epitomes of socio economic and cultural
systems and sub systems of the present day world, but also as the highest and most
complex marks of humanization and colonization on the surface of the earth occupying
however very small portion of the earth‟s surface, the urban places are far more
significant as centres of population controlling, almost the entire socio-economic and
organizational set of a region. Urban Geography is one of the largely developed branches
of the present discipline. In contradiction, it is quite young in origin; while the birth of
cities is prehistoric, as the urban centres have evolved along with the civilization itself.

Urban Geography tries to provide logical study of urban settlements of a region in

terms of areal variations including interrelationships with other areal units-urban or non-
urban It considers both inductively and also deductively the intra-urban framework and
the inter urban framework in an area or the whole world.

The basic approach of urban geography in studying town is to analyse them more
as human settlements or habitations existent on the earth‟s surface as individual whole
units, as made up of various ingredient parts, as physical and functional entities, as parts
of a larger regional system and as evolving units of changing levels and magnitude. The
principal aim of Urban Geography is to provide – generalizations in patterns and trends
about towns and their interiors and their interrelationships more in totality than in
separation or fraction. Its main interest lies in the general rather than specific or
individual about urban centres and areas. It is also at the same time chief concerned with
the „actual‟ and rather less with the „desired‟ for which separate disciplines of town
planning and regional planning have come into being correspondingly for planning
specific towns and regions. Urban Geography is a social science to a large extent and it is
boldly concerned with both theoretical as well as applied aspects: but its main objective is
the search of generalizations in the form of laws, principles, theories, concepts, regions,
categories, models and predictions1.

1
Singh S B, (1996), “New Perspectives in Urban Geography”, M. D Publications Private Limited, New
Delhi, pp 1- 2

1
 Introduction

Over the last 50 years, the world has faced vivid growth of its population. The
number of 50 called Mega cities increased in the period from 1975 until today from 4 to
22 mostly in less developed regions (Munchner Ruck, 2005). Particularly India mega
cities are among the most dynamic regions on the planet. During the last 50 years the
population of India (today 1.2 billion) has grown two and a half times, but the urban
population has grown nearly five times. The number of India mega cities will double
from the current three (Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata) to the six year 20212.

1.2 Historical Development and Growth of Urban Geography

Urban geography is rapidly mounting sub-discipline of human geography; it

increases fast after Second World War. A logical study of urbanization is a recent fact in
developed countries. In India, urban study has been done by conducting socio-economic
surveys for selected cities. Town planners have conducted precise survey in several cities
focusing on the development and trends of urbanization in India. The first review of
urban geography was made by Aurousseau in 1924. He commented that urban geography
embraces such a huge section of human geography that it is barely a speciality at all.
Thus, studying outcome of the problem involved in identifying urban geography as a
organized study. Many Indian geographers have contributed in the pitch of urban
geography. In the study of municipal geography one primarily studies urban places and
the problem linked with urban areas. These problems are of different types and take place
due to speedy urbanization. Our cities are escalating at unparalleled rate in other chaotic
manner, mainly during latest decades. The second urban phenomena was related with the
„Industrial Revolution‟ in the closing half of the nineteenth century, with new and vital
scope of the progress of urban centres. By the end of nineteenth century, the world
witnessed an unparalleled swelling in percentage of the urban population to the total
population. The economically and industrially advanced western world faced rapid
expansion of urban centres. Today about 80% of their population lives in urban centres
and in some western countries and mainly in the U. S., there is also counter urbanization.
On the other hand, the not as much of developed countries have on an average only 34%

2
H Taubenbock, M Wegman, C Berger, M Breunig, A Roth and H Mehl, (2008), “Spatio Temporal
Analysis of Indian Mega Cities”, p 75.

2
 Introduction

urban population; but they having rapid growth of urban centres, mainly metropolitan
cities, due to economic growth and industrialization. It is assumed that such countries
will have additional 50% of their population residing in cities at the end of 20th century.

Urban geography is a recognized branch of geography that attracts researchers

and students in large numbers, and produces a large and escalating volume of published
work to aid understanding of the city. The progress of urban geography to a central
portion within the discipline has occurred over the part of half century. As Herbert and
Johnsten (1978 p.1) noted: Where as in the early 1950, a separate course on urban
geography at an English Speaking university was quite outstanding, today the absence of
such a course would be equally remarkable; in fact in many institutions students can opt
for a group of courses treating different aspects of the urban setting.

Urban geography is a vibrant sub discipline that comprising an intermingle part of

ideas and approaches, current concept and issue that are still being work out. It may be
linked to a city with districts of different ages and vitalities. There are some long well-
known districts dating back to a century ago and occasionally in need of repair; and there
are areas which were formerly smart but are so no longer, while other is being rehabilitee.
Other districts have expanded recently and rapidly; some are well built and others remain
on the way to develop. Since the soon after 1970, the scope of urban geography has
stretched rapidly for some commentators the increased multiplicity is a source of
potential flaw that may lead eventually to its disintegration for others, together with the
present writer the breadth of point of view strengthens urban geography section as an
integrative focus for research on the city3.

The pre-classical and classical period saw a number of cities laid out according to
fixed plans, through many tended to widen organically. Indication of planning has been
unearthed in the ruins of cities in China, India, Egypt, Asia minor, the Mediterranean
world, south and central America. Early example of efforts toward planned urban growth
includes orderly street systems that are rectilinear and occasionally radical; division of
city into specialized functional quarters; development of goods central sites for places,

3
Michael Pacione. (2009), “Urban Geography: A Global Perspective”, Taylor and Francis e-library, pp.
24.

3
 Introduction

temples and civic buildings: and highly developed system of fortification, water supply
and drainage. Often the central cities of ancient states grew to significant size before they
achieved governments capable of impairing controls. Designed cities were character of
the Mesopotamian, Harrapan and Egyptian civilizations of the third millennium BC.
Distinct features of urban planning from remain of the cities of Harappa, Lethal and
Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley civilization (in modern day north western India and
Pakistan) lead archaeologists to wrap up that they are the initial examples of intentionally
planned and managed cities. The street of many of these early cities was smooth and laid
out at right angles in a grid pattern. With the hierarchy of streets from major boulevards
the inhabited alleys. Archaeological evidences advocate that many Harrapan houses were
laid out to guard from noise and develop residential solitude; many also had their own
water wells possibly for both sanitary and ritual purposes. The ancient cities were
distinctive in that they often had drainage systems, apparently tied to a well-development
ideal of urban sanitation (Darreu, 1978). For several centuries during the middle ages,
there was little building of cities in Europe. Eventually towns grew up as centres of
church of feudal power of marketing. As the urban population grew, the construction
caused by walls and fortifications led to congestion the blocking out of air and light and
very poor cleanliness. Certain quarters of the cities, either by custom or fiat, were
constrained to different nationalities, classes or trades, as still occurs in many present-day
cities of the advance world4.

Urban geography has to its glory a large body of literature, to make a review of
which is not an easy job. Many approaches can be adopted for the intention of tracing the
development of the discipline. In the most of the universities department and colleges and
schools of higher education, urban geography is being studied today in some form or
other. In developing countries including India, the development of the discipline is
somewhat much more recent. Town and cities have been variously described since vary
beginning of their rules. Early urban studies have laid emphasises mainly on
environments of individual towns. Systematic urban studies can safely be started to have
divided their seeds of origin in the principle, concepts and studies of towns put forward
4
Darreu, R. (1978), “Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley”, The world Lost
Mysteries, Second Edition, Sydney, pp. 121-129.

4
 Introduction

by a number of scholars in the first half of the localization and role of a town, but more
significant and outstanding contribution were those of Khal (1841) in Germany, Tappan
and Dickinson (1959) in USA.

The most important reviews of the conception of urban geography were made by
French geographer Blanchard and two years later by Aurousseau followed by Dickinson,
Mayer and Whittlesy. Nearly all the main conception of the discipline were developed
fully by the beginning of 1960‟s.The field of urban geography is relatively vast and
broadly it in-corporate the spatial elements of towns setting, site, situations, size in all
dimension, shape and spacing etc. Evolution, morphological and functional aspects of
urban places and areal units and generalization and verdict of theoretical and applied
nature and value in each part which again involve many concepts and sub-concepts
independent and in relation to one another5. Rapid Urbanization in the world is quite
frightening in the developed countries, as compare to developing countries e.g. Asian
countries. Urbanization is the process through which the forests, fertile agricultural lands,
surface water bodies are being irreversibly lost, (Pathan, 1991). In India the proportion of
people living in cities and urban area almost doubled to 27.78% in year 2001, which was
low when compared to developed countries. However, the 28.53 crore urban population
living in 27 metros, 396 cities and 4738 towns is more than the total population of
developing and developed countries. This kind of uncontrolled, chaotic,
low density settlements leads to Urban sprawl6.

1.3 Urban Sprawl: Meaning and Concept

A term often used critically, to describe the spontaneous extension of relatively

low density urban land use into rural areas, usually along with main road. In almost all
countries of the world, especially in the developing countries like India, cities are
mounting at the expense of adjoining agricultural land and the fringe area are always
being shifted outward in both the developed and the developing countries. The richer

5
Singh, S.B. (1996), “New Perspectives in Urban Geography”, MD publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, pp
6.
6
Pathan S K, Jothimani P, Gopal K Choudhary, Som N N and Kalyan Mukharjee, (1992), “Urban Land
use Suitability Analysis – A Case Study of Calcutta Metropolitan Area”, Journal of Indian society of
Remote Sensing, Vol.20. pp. 73- 84.

5
 Introduction

class of town dwellers are constantly moving from the crowded centres of the cities to the
more pleasing suburbs where they can build larger houses. This has reference to urban
land economics both for economic and urban growth.

Urban sprawl, along the main roads, emerged from a built- up area, may to create
conurbation locations on such routes usually after comparatively cheap but reachable
sites for business, trade from passers – by within built-up areas, the term is often used to
illustrate strings of commercial land use along the main roads leading to major centres,
with the same advantages7.

A spatial and demographic process that concentrates human population within a

particular economy and society is in general regarded as urban growth. People travel
from villages to towns and cities in expectations of better life and economic
opportunities. This movement is the primary course of urban growth. A direct outcome of
urban growth can be observed as increase in built areas.

Urban sprawl is an unattractive pattern as well as process of urban growth. This

type of growth generally extends the core urban area to the outside rapidly in a
disseminated manner. It occurs during the suburbanization process of residence, industry,
and commerce sprawl impinge large amount of farmland, open space, and forest. May
bring negative impacts on environment and may cause more traffic inconvenience8.

According to the chronology in urban sprawl (Willians, 2000) Willian H. Whyte

first used the term “Urban Sprawl” in an essay in 1958. In 1967, Jean Gottmann, author
of megalopolis (1964), entitled a volume with Robert Harper entitled metropolis on the
move: Geographers look at urban sprawl. It presented a summary of conference held in
1964. Defining sprawl is never an simple task. Sprawl is an intangible and often
uncomplimentary name for broad, but low density, development in metropolitans regions
outside the central city.

7
Hussain Majjid, (2009), “Models in Geograpy”, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, p. 175.
8
Bhatta Basudeb, (2012), “Urban Growth Analysis and Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Kolkata,
India 1980- 2010”, Springer Publishing Press, pp. 1.

6
 Introduction

Sprawl is low density, auto – development land taking place on the boundaries of
urban centres, often “leapfrogging” away from existing denser development nodes, to
alter open, undeveloped land into single-family inhabited subdivisions and campus-style
commercial office parks and diffuse retail uses9.

Why study urban sprawl? Sprawl affects every facet of our lives and daily routine.
Sprawl affects the quality of life where people live, work, play, shop, and go to school.
Second, sprawl affects our health – both physical and mental. Third sprawl intensifies
economic and racial polarization. Government policies, including housing, education, and
transportation policies, have aided and in some cases subsidized separate and unequal
economic development and segregate neighbourhoods and spatial design of the nation‟s
central cities and suburbs, sprawl-fuelled development is pushing people further and
further apart geographically, politically, economically and socially.

Roads, highways, freeways, mass transit systems, malls and strip centres do not
become visible out of thin air. They are planned and someone makes a cognisant decision
as to invest in or site a development in a particular location. In addition, zoning and other
exclusionary practices systematically limit the mobility of poor people and people of
colour who are concentrated in central cities, where pollution from automobiles is
causative to the asthma epidemic that is stirring in most urban areas10.

India is the country of villages where about 70% of total population lives in
villages. The continuing and steady transformation from the predominantly rural society
to urban society in India and the economic development leads to the growth of urban
areas and cities. Due to continuous migration of rural population to urban areas, pressure
is increased on land resources and infrastructural facilities. The chaotic urban growth
decreases productive agricultural land and open space. Like other human-induced land
cover changes, urbanization represents a response to socio-economic, political,
demographic or environmental conditions, characterized by an unparalleled concentration

9
Soule C David, (2006), “Urban Sprawl: A Comprehensive Reference Guide”, Greenwood Press,
Unites States of America, p. 3.
10
Bullard D Robert, Johnson S Glenn and Toress O Angle, (2000), “Sprawling City Race, Politics and
Planning in Atlanta”, Island Press, p. 9.

7
 Introduction

of humans into cities (Marek et al., 2000). Konadu-Agyemang (1998) mention that the
hasty growth of urban population has created the condition in which a wide gap exists
between the needs for the prerequisite of housing and related infrastructure11.

One of the most significant facts about cities from the beginning of recorded
history until the reasonably recent part was the sharp division between urban and rural
way of life. Within the city wall of most early cities, a visitor would see a dense throng of
buildings, congested streets, and a rich and highly dynamic urban life offering many
choices, at least for those able to afford them. A few miles outside the walls however the
same visitor might see nothing but croplands and rural villages. The speed of daily
activities would be slower, the environment less sudden to change, and social and
political life completely different.

In almost every period in urban history however, there was a intermediary zone
between the two, a region just outside the city that housed activities and individuals that
were still thoroughly connected with social and economic life of the city but that could
not be accommodate easily within the walls. This zone provided space for burial grounds
pottery works, or other industries that were either too space consuming or too venomous
to be tolerated within the city itself. It also housed marginal social or political groups and
families too poor to afford – dwellings inside the walls. In a great many cities, however
this zone also supported activities of a very different sort. Here were the houses of
wealthy or powerful families who had the earnings to build and maintain working farms
or villas or second houses where they could get away the congestion, noise,
contamination and social strife that have characterized the centre of large cities from the
beginning of time until our own day. Sometimes there settlements were permanent,
sometimes for seasonal or occasional use. Sometimes they were moderately compact,
composed, for example, of small villas surrounded by gardens in a outline we would
today call suburban. In other cases they were very scattered with daunting houses set on a

11
Kashyap Shikha and Singh P R, “Impact Analysis of Urbanization Activities on Land Use: A Study of
Ranchi Municipal Corporation”.

8
 Introduction

large acreage, often with a cognisant attempt to maintain a rural appearance. There we
would call today exurban12.

Urban geography is the study of urban places with reference to their geographical
environment. Generally speaking, the subject matter includes origin of towns, their
growth and development, their functions in and around their ambience. The subject of
urban geography has gradually taken a extraordinary place among the various branches of
geography in the period after the Second World War in different foreign and Indian
universities and colleges. With the increase of population worldwide, towns and cities
have become magnets of economic, social and political processes. The changes brought
about by these processes have become enlightening as well as interesting too in case of
the single phenomenon, i.e., city in a spatial context. Under these circumstances, the
studies of towns and cities have formed an crucial part of the branch of Human
Geography.

Meaning of an Urban Place

It is one of the most crucial and instantaneous problems to decide „what is urban?‟
How does it differ from its counterpart, i.e., rural? In everyday life we are aware that
distinction between rural and urban depends upon their nature of work – the former being
engaged in agricultural operations and the latter in non-agricultural activities. But it is a
difficult task to transform the above stated meaning between the two different natures of
settlements into accurate and scholarly terms. This is because of the fact that „an urban
place‟ has been defined differently by different scholars and agencies. Even the United
Nations Demographic Year Book (UN, 1990) has given a wide scope of examples
covering the different countries defining demographically. UNO defines a permanent
settlement with a minimum population of 20,000 as an urban place. But several countries
have their own minimum such as Botswana (5,000), Ethiopia (2,000), Argentina (2,000),
Israel (2,000), Czechoslovakia (5,000), Iceland (200), Norway (200), Portugal (10,000),
Japan (50,000), Australia (1,000), India (5,000), etc. But, the UN Demographic Year
Book concludes: “There is no point in the gamut from large agglomerations to small

12
Bruegmann Robert, (2005), “Sprawl: A Compact History”, The University Press, Chicago, pp 21 and
22.

9
 Introduction

clusters or scattered dwellings where urbanity disappears and rurality begins the division
between urban and rural populations is essentially illogical.” A review of the problems of
rural and urban centres as shown by the Census Reports of various countries identifies a
few bases for estimate a place as urban.

These are:

1. A place selected by administrative status;

2. A minimum population;

3. A minimum population density; A concept of contiguity to include or exclude

under suburban area or loosely spread settlement;

4. A percentage engaged in non-agricultural occupations; and

5. A practical character.

In case of our country (India), the census of 1981 has identified the following places as
urban:

1. Centres having Municipality, City Board, Cantonment Board/Notified Town

Area;

2. A minimum population of 5,000;

3. 75 per cent males engaged in non-agricultural activities;

4. A minimum population density of 400 persons per square km or 1,000 persons per
square mile; and

5. Centres defined by urban amenities prescribed by the Director, Provincial Census.

Two important realities must be borne in mind before accepting the meaning of
urban and rural. One is the fact that it is fairly impossible now to recognize a dividing
line between the rural and urban – the two being merged to create a sort of dispersal and
present a landscape which is neither purely agricultural nor engaged wholly in tertiary
activities. Industrialization has brought into being a large number of settlements which

10
 Introduction

are not certainly villages but are nucleated settlements of agricultural population. Another
problem is about the concept of what is urban, which is not static and is subject to change
with time as well as with space. The proportion of population engaged in agricultural
activities is the most effective measure. But capitalization of agriculture in modern times
and rural depopulation by commuting urban workers has prepared the standard of
proportion irrelevant.

Several Qualities of a city or town may be summarized as:

a. Town is a kind of settlement having a social organization of much greater scope

than a simple rural establishment.

b. It does not represent a mere greater number of people agglomerated in a vast area.
But it represents a stage of civilization quite different from a locality expressing
rural way of life.

c. Cities and towns have their historical origin Blache has pointed out that cities
characteristically possess mythical halo surrounding their genesis (ritual,
eponymous hero, etc.).

d. Towns and cities are creatures of commerce, and politics accompanying the
earliest developments such as: Babylon, Athens, London, Paris, Delhi, etc.

Scope of Urban Studies and Definitions:

Urban geography studies urban centre in the milieu of geographical factors. The
factors operate spatially to describe processes – economic, socio-cultural and also
political. But the subject of urban geography has its limited extent in the logic that it
deals with these processes in relation to only one phenomenon, i.e., town or city. Some of
the general principles on which a town is based form the subject-matter. Commonly, it
includes in the very beginning, consideration about the origin of an urban place. The
origin about a town is invariably related to its history. Who is behind its origin? What is
that which makes a town to take its root where it is, and why it is there? Town site or the
ground on which it is sited has some specific and geographic attributes. These need
description to bring forwards personality of a town. Another point which has been

11
 Introduction

emphasized by D. Stamp to cover the scope of urban geography is the study of the
concrete town itself, i.e., town as an entity. He further has added that persuade of the
town on its surrounding area too forms a significant feature of the study. This means that
„townscape‟ and also hinterland including „umland‟ are very important issues for
studying urban geography.

One of the pioneer scholars in urban studies in India, R.L. Singh has frazzled on
three broad categories under the scope, viz.

a. The physical organization of the city,

b. The stage of its historical expansion, and

c. The progression influencing the structure.

Dickinson defines urban geography as the swot of a city commanding the

surrounding region. He describes the city as a king amongst the surrounding towns. His
peculiarity for cities of all ages has been institutional domination for their surrounding
territory.

Their continuation depends upon the resources of the surrounding areas, and also,
by desirable quality of their interaction through their physical, social and economic
infrastructure. Their interdependence with their surrounding regions is the spatial reality.

Raymond E. Murphy points out the double role of urban geographer, i.e.,

i. To analyze cities as entities in terms of locations, characters, growth, and

relations to the surrounding rural area, as well as,

ii. To examine patterns of the city‟s interior – land use, social and cultural
patterns, patterns of circulation, and above all, natural patterns of environment
– all as they exist in interrelation and relations in the urban area.

Harold Carter opined that since the geographer is concerned with the analysis of
the variable character of the earth‟s surface, and thus, “the populations and the buildings
agglomerated collectively to make up towns make up the special interest of the urban

12
 Introduction

geographer”. Since sizeable population of the world live in towns, and the problems of
the urban environment are dominant, the study of urban geography is important and its
application to applied geography needs no additional stress. Towns and cities have their
wide brunt on human life and activities. Overall growth rate of city population has been
faster during the last two-three decades. It is only after Second World War that the study
of urban geography got due appreciation in the universities in India and abroad. Prior to
that period, it was taught as a subject matter within human geography where its scope
was limited to the depiction of site-situation of towns including their description as a part
of settlements. Since the publication of the major work of Doxiadis, urban geography has
made much development in and outside India. Brian J.L. Berry also encouraged the urban
studies by introducing urban systems as cost of economic development. In the present
conditions the scope of urban studies has reached far-flung areas and is not constrained to
its site-situation structural approach.

The ICSSR Report of the Fourth Survey of Research in Geography, covering the
period 1976-82 in India has pointed out various themes of urban phenomenon bringing
into radiance the scope of the subject. These include trends and patterns of urbanization;
rural-urban migration; urban systems and hierarchical orders; morphology; economic
base; land use; well-designed housing classification; slums and squatter settlements;
rural-urban fringe, surrounding areas of control, umland and interaction between a city
and surrounding settlements; urban environment; pollution; poverty; crime and quality of
life; urban services and amenities; urban politics and management; tourism; urban
planning and problems including urban metropolises.

N. Baransky, the founder of Soviet economic geography, has pointed out that
study of cities has a wide scope in the logic that it has now become the subject matter of
historians, geographers, statisticians, economists and sociologists. In the same way,
planners and plan designers are interacted in cities, each in their own way, as well as
architects, financial specialists and representatives of a number of special fields. He
further advocates that the studies of cities may vary in terms of their protective scope and
can be studied in a global context, in the context of a country, or in the context of an
individual region. One may carry out comparative studies of cities belonging to a

13
 Introduction

particular category. Finally, one may engage in a geographical study of a particular city
constitute the subject of a monograph. Baransky stress that from an economic-geographic
point of view a city together with its network of roads constitutes the framework on
which everything else hangs that defines the related territory, and endows it with a
specific organization. About planning, Baransky has opined that cities may be viewed as
applied urban micro-geography.

1.4 Need to study Urban Sprawl

In industrialised countries the future growth of urban populations will be fairly

unassuming since their population growth rates are low and over 75% of their population
already live in urban areas. On the other hand, developing countries are in the middle of
the evolution process, when growth rates are highest. The outstanding growth of many
urban agglomerations in many developing countries is the outcome of a threefold
structural change process: the evolution away from agricultural employment, high overall
population growth, and increasing urbanisation rates. Sprawl is seen as one of the
potential coercion for such development. Normally, when rural pockets are correlated to
a city by a road, in the initial stages, development in the form of overhaul centres such as
shops, restaurant, etc. is seen on the roadside, which ultimately become the core of trade
and industry activities leading to sprawl. In time a major sum of increase could be
practical along these roads. This type of expansion caused by a road system between
urban / semi-urban / rural centres is very much established and constant at most places in
India. These ambience regions of the cities are devoid of any infrastructure, since
planners are incapable to visualise this type of growth patterns. This growth is normally
left out in all government surveys (even in national population census), as this cannot be
categorised under either urban or rural centre. The analysis pattern of this kind of growth
is very decisive from regional planning point of view to provide crucial amenities in these
surroundings regions of the cities. The study of this kind reveal the type, extent and
nature of sprawl taking place in a adjoining region of the cities. Developers and town
planners to project development patterns and facilitate various infrastructure facilities. In
this direction, an effort is made to identify the sprawl pattern, calculate sprawl around the
cities in terms of Shannon's entropy, and assess the rate of change in built-up area over a

14
 Introduction

period with the help of spatial and statistical data of almost three decades using GIS and
remote sensing.

1.5 Justification of the Topic

The Topic of the present research is very relevant in present day Urban
Development since it deal with the Evolution, size, growth and shape of urban centres It
has a direct comportment on giving shape to the character of Urban landscape,
Demographic Transition in various phases and over all Regional Development. One of
the world‟s greatest and most recent experience has been the growth of the towns and
cities. The rapid growth of population has given rise to increasing speed of urbanization
by which there has been a remarkable migration of population from rural to urban areas
in search of employment this tremendous phenomenon has disturbed the demographic,
social, physical and cultural landscape on the earth as a whole. This study would tend on
spotlight of problem of swiftly expanding cities both in terms of size and shape. It would
also take into account the demographic and socio cultural attributes of small and medium
cities in the study area. The problem relate to find whether rapid urban sprawl in the
cities of Jammu and Srinagar are based on any growth pole scheme or model of urban
size and functional classification.

1.6 Study Area

Jammu City: - Jammu, the city of temples as it is located on both the banks of River
Tawi. It has an average elevation of 327mts. The city lies on an uneven ridges of low
heights at the Shivaliks foothills. It is surrounded by Shivaliks range to the north east, and
south east while the Trikuta range, the abode of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi in the North
West. It is approximately 600 km from national capital, New Delhi and is linked with
national highways, railways and airports. The city spreads around the holy Tawi River
with the old city over looking it from north while other large agglomeration spreads
around the southern side of Tawi River. The city is linked by two bridges, third one is
under execution and three fly over‟s crisscrossing the old city. The city is not flat. One
path is high and other is low and the city spreads on these irregular ridges of very low
heights. The Bahu hills and old city spread on both banks of river Tawi are the highest

15
 Introduction

points with the Royal Dogra palace at yet another height over looking. The old city is
confined to the right bank and the development of new city has taken place largely on the
left bank of the river. But a number of new colonies such as Roopnagar, Janipur, Barnai,
Bantalab, Anand Vihar etc. have come up on the right bank also. Large scale urbanization
and Industrialization has given rise to what now called as Greater Jammu, the name given
to old, new and the suburbs of Jammu. The study area lies between 32º 40‟N to 32º 39‟N
latitude to 74º 48‟ to 74° 54‟ E longitudes13 . The city is well linked by roads with the
parts of J&K as well as other cities. Due to its location advantage Jammu assumes
importance‟s on the connection corridor to Salal project, Rajouri, Poonch, Kishtwar,
Doda. The other towns of the region becoming the hinter land of the city, the city of
Temples develops in all the spheres, be-lit social, economic or political.

Srinagar City: - Srinagar city, is one of the important tourist centres of the world. It has
nurtured Kashmiri culture, art and erudition from time immemorial. The Srinagar city has
a very old history of its origin. As per historical records, the city was founded with the
name Srinagari by the Mauryas Emperor in 250 B.C. at Pandrethan, now a village on the
right bank of river Jhelum (Vitasta) about 5 kms upstream from the present Srinagar
city14. It has developed on both banks of river Jhelum. The city is located between 34°0'
- 34°14' north and 74°43' - 74°52' east at an elevation of 1585 meters and spread out in an
area of 294 sq kms. Srinagar is at the foot of the Zabarwan and Takth- i- Sulaman hills
along river Jehlum and beside the Dal Lake which unite to give it an extremely pleasant
and charming situation. Srinagar city is bordered on the north by tehsil Ganderbal, on the
south by tehsil Chadura, on the east by Zabarwan mountain and on the west by tehsil
Tangmarg. The outer boundary of the Srinagar city is roughly 109.43 kilometres along.
The town has an area of 157 sq. kms. This includes the areas under the cantonment and
water bodies. The city of Srinagar be a tourist spot has acquired significant commercial
importance, With fast growth of population it has witnessed during the last four decades
the city has experienced exceptional expansion in its commercial activities. On account

13
Singh Sarvjeet, (2012), “Availability of Water Resources at Present and in Future in Jammu City”,
Journal of Research and Development- A Multidisciplinary International Level Journal, Vol. 2, Issue.
3, p. 29.
14
Sami A Qayoom, (2002), “Market Geography of Kashmir- A case Study of Srinagar”, Rajesh
Publications, New Delhi, pp 5 and 12.

16
 Introduction

of its central location the Srinagar city has close relation with the two other main
commercial towns of the valley, Baramulla and Anantnag which are roughly equidistant,
thirty kilometres each from it. As a result of this Srinagar city developed as the main
centre of trade and commerce. Among all the positive factors the topography of the site
of Srinagar city has been the most powerful, which has allowed the city to prosper. It is
apparent therefore that why in spite of the many capitals chosen different rulers, Srinagar
did not die out.

1.7 Objectives
1. To study the evolution of Jammu and Srinagar city.

2. To trace out the temporal and spatial changes of Jammu and Srinagar city.

3. To study the morphological aspects of the sprawling of Jammu and Srinagar

cities.

4. To understand the convergent and divergent factors affecting the growth of cities
of Jammu and Srinagar.

5. To know demographic factors which contribute the urban sprawl of Jammu and
Srinagar cities.

6. To detect changes in urban sprawl comparing satellite images of Landsat TM of

1981 to 2011.

1.8 Data base and Methodology

Data base

The pertinent literature and data were collected from sources, organizations and
institutions such a Jammu Development Authority (J.D.A), Jammu Municipal
Corporation(J.M.C), Economic Reconstruction Agency(E.R.A), Census office Jammu,
Map Section Census Office, Srinagar Muncipal Corporation (S.M.C) etc and they
provided important information (mainly tabulated data) for this study. Apart from these,
official publications of the State Government, Journals, Magazines, reports submitted by
Scholars, Economists, published works of research institutions and universities were also

17
 Introduction

collected. Secondary data for this study was also obtained from other numerous published
and unpublished literatures. The existing data covered population, economics,
environment, housing and social issues pertaining to Jammu and Srinagar city.

Methodology in general is a guide line system for solving a problem with explicit
components such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and scientific tools. In order of
accomplish the above objectives following methodology has been charted out:

Fig. 1.1: Methodology of the Study Area

18
 Introduction

Sources of Data collection

The material to be used for the preset study is as under:
Data type Data production Scale Source
Landsat image 2011-11-03 30Mtm NASRDA
Land sat image 1986-11-15 30Mtm GLEF
Toposheet 1972 1:50,000 NRSA
Software used ERDAS,ILWIS,M.S WORD.M.S EXCEL,ARC MAP 9.3

SPSS-20:-Computation and tabulation of secondary data was done by using statistical

methods like mean and sum with the help of Computer Software SPSS 20. It was used to
calculate the secondary data to bring out the desired results.

Following is the quantitative techniques were used to study the different aspects
of study:

Average: - The average was calculated by the following formula:

𝑋
𝑋− =
𝑁
where 𝑋 − = Mean or Average
X = Sum of all values
N = No. of observations.

1.9 Literature Review

Ottensmann, (1977), defines Urban Sprawl as the dispersal of new development

on the isolated tracts, separated from other areas by vacant land.

According to Garreau, (1991), „Edge Cities‟ are essentially regions with urban
sprawl type expansion that are dense enough and populous enough to be considered
„cities‟ even though these regions may comprise a number of automobile independent
municipalities. Edge cities are defined by the deliberation of non residential clusters at
the meeting point of major beltways and interstates outside the central city that are

19
 Introduction

ultimately joined by high density residential development and that become quite self
sufficient15.

Richmond, (1995), adds the following indicators of Urban Sprawl: decentralized

land possession and division of governmental land use authority and disparities in the
fiscal capacities of the local government.

Ewing, (1997), defines sprawl as the amalgamation of three characteristics: “a)

leapfrog or scattered development b) commercial strip development and c) large expanse
of low density or single use developments as well as by such indicators as low ease of
access and lack of functional open spaces”.

Downs, (1998), adds two more characteristics of Urban Sprawl to those presented
above: extensive commercial strip development and no low income housing outside
centrals cores.

According to the Sierra Club, (1999), Urban Sprawl is “low- density

development beyond the edge of service and employment, which separates where people
live from where they shop, work, recreate and educate – thus requiring cars to move
between zones”16.

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

(USHUD), (1999), defines Urban Sprawl as “a particular type of suburban development
categorized by very low density settlements, both residential and non- residential
dominance of movement by use of private automobiles, unlimited outward expansion of
new sub divisions and leapfrog development of these subdivisions and separation of land
uses by activity”

15
Johnson P. Michael, (2001), “Environment Impacts of Urban Sprawl: A Survey of the Literature and
Proposed Research Agenda”, Environment and Planning, Vol. 33, pp. 718- 719.
16
Madhavi Lata K, Krishna Prasad V, Badarinath K. V. S, Raghavaswamy V, “Measuring Urban
Sprawl: A Case Study of Hyderabad”, National Remote Sensing Agency
(NRSA), Department of Space Government of India , Hyderabad, p. 1- 2.

20
 Introduction

The Chester Country Planning Commission (PTCEC) (1999), defines Urban

Sprawl as “a spreading low density, automobile dependent development pattern of
housing, shopping centres and business parks that wastes land unnecessarily”

Anthony Down, (1999), suburban sprawl develop into a hot topic across the
United States and is even disturbing such federal policies as the vice president‟s open
spaces initiative. I have written one book on the subject- New Vision for Metropolitan
America and I am now working with several other analysts on a wide-ranging federally
funded study called the coasts of sprawl revisited. This article presents my overall
standpoint on this subject a topic much more complex than most commentators be
familiar with17.

Robert W Wassmer, (2000), this paper is the first attempt toward a broad
research agenda that will define possible behaviour of measuring urban sprawl in United
States metropolitan areas, test the motion that fiscal choices by local government can
additional urban sprawl and if suitable, use this test to form the basis for public policies
to lessen sprawl and the negative outcomes ascribed to it. To derive a harmony on the
best way to gauge the degree of urban sprawl in an United States metropolitan area. The
paper begins with a short survey of preceding economic, planning and popular literature
on the topic. Next the paper offer the values for the accord ways of measuring urban
sprawl in the Sacramento metropolitan regions, too like regions in California and three
analogous regions in the United States. Partial correlation coefficients method the
association between these measures of urban sprawl and some measures of negative
urban out comes the conclusion contains a debate on the need for future research and the
few suggestions how to go about it18.

Galster, (2001), recommended that urban sprawl is a pattern of land use in an

urbanised area that exhibits low level of some combinations of eight distinct dimensions,

17
Down A, (1999), “Some Realities about Sprawl and Urban Decline” Senior Fellow The Brookins
institution August, 1999 pp.1
18
Wassmer W R, (2000), “Urban Sprawl in United States Metropolitan Area. Way to Measure and a
Comparison of the Sacramento Area to similar Metropolitan Area in California and the United States”.
CSUS Public Policy and administration Paper No.2000-03 p.1

21
 Introduction

density, continuity, concentration, clustering, centrality, nuclearity, mixed uses and

proximity19.

According to Peiser, (2001), proposes that the term urban sprawl is used
variously to mean the voracious use of land, incessant monotonous development leapfrog
discontinuous development and uneconomical use of land.

Vein Squires, (2002), defines urban sprawl as “a pattern of urban and

metropolitan growth that reflects low density, automobile- dependent, exclusionary new
development on the periphery of settled areas often immediate a waning city”.

Yosef Rafeq Jabareen, (2002), this article identifies sustainable urban forms and
there design concepts. In addition, it addresses the question whether certain urban forms
contribute more than other to sustainability. Arithmetic examination has been used to
manage with the vast body of sustainable development and ecological planning literature.
The analysis identifies seven design concept related to sustainable urban forms.
Compactness, sustainable transport, density, mixed land uses, diversity, inactive solar
design and greening. Moreover, it identifies four types of sustainable urban forms then
neo traditional development, the urban restraint, the compact city, and the eco city.
Finally this article purposes a metric of sustainable urban form to help planners in
accessing the contribution of different urban forms to sustainability20.

Andre Sorensen, (2003), this paper examines the rate of readjustment (LR)
projects in sub urban planning and land development in a case study area in Tokyo
metropolitan area. LR projects have been the most significant planning tool in Japan, yet
the results of there used to develop our 30 percent of Japanese urban areas have been
have been little examined. The paper challenges the continental insight that LR projects
are a valuable means of preventing urban sprawl. Though interviews with local planners
and participants in projects, and a detailed GIS mapping of land use change and
infrastructure development in the study area, the research presents an in depth study of

19
Pacione Michael, (2009), “Urban Geography- A Global Perspective”, Routledge Taylor and Francis
Group, p. 3.
20
Jabareen Y R, (2002), “Sustainable Urban Forms there Topologies, Models and Concepts”, Journal of
planning and Research, 2006 26:38 pp.12-38

22
 Introduction

the use of LR for sub urban land development and a class close look at the outline of sub
organization on the fringe of Japan. Most vibrant metropolitan region. It appears that
while LR project do clearly prevents sprawl within the project area themselves, they tend
to aggravate inconvenience of sprawl at the scale of the study and region21.

Edward L. Glaser and Matthew E. Kahn, (2003), states that cities can be
reflection of as the absence of physical space between people and firms. As such, they
exist to eradicate transportation costs for goods, people and ideas and transportation
technologies dictate urban form. In the 21st century, the foremost form of city living is
based on the automobile and this form is occasionally called sprawl. In this essay, we
document that sprawl is ever-present and that it is progressing to expand. Using a variety
of confirmation, we argue that sprawl is not the result of explicit government policies or
bad urban planning, but rather the inevitable product of car-based living. Sprawl has been
associated with significant improvements in quality of living, and the environmental
impacts of sprawl have been offset by technological change22.

According to Andrew Brunner, Urban sprawl is a comprehensive concept,

which includes the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-
density and auto-dependent development on rural land, high segregation of uses, and
various design features that encourage car dependency. Urban sprawl directly impacts
traffic obstruction, high oil consumption, and many other transportation issues. It is
obvious that urban sprawl has negative impacts on both air quality and public health,
which affects the human condition. This results in health issues for inner-city residents
and air pollution. Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-
term and long-term effects23.

21
Sorensen A, (2003), “Land Re- Adjustment, Urban Planning and Urban Sprawl in the Tokyo
Metropolitan Area”, pp. 30- 38.
22
Glaeser L. Edward and Kahn E. Matthew, (2003), “Sprawl And Urban Growth”, Working Paper 9733,
National Bureau Of Economic Research, p. 1.
23
Brunner Andrew, “The Effects of Urban Sprawl on Daily Life”, Master of Transportation Program,
South Carolina State University, Orangeburg, SC 29117.

23
 Introduction

Nancy Chin, (2003), Land use patterns are the second element which can be used
to define sprawl. The Transportation Research Board (1998) lists the features of sprawl
which apply to the U.S. as low density residential development; unlimited and non
proximate development; homogenous single family residential development, with
scattered units; non residential uses of shopping centres, strip retail, freestanding
industry, office buildings, schools and other community uses; and land uses which are
spatially segregated. Further characteristics are given as heavy consumption of exurban
agricultural and environmentally sensitive land, reliance on the automobile for transport,
and construction by small developers and lack of incorporated land use planning24.

Gerald R. Pitzl, (2004), Urban sprawl is the spontaneous expansion of urban and
sub urban development (structures and activities) on to adjacent rural land. The extension
may be in the form of residential developments, office complexes. Business parks or
industrial centres. Regardless of the form of expansion, urban sprawl implies minimum
control over growth and the absence of feasible urban planning25.

Helnning Nuissi et al, (2005), the paper examines the causes, characteristics and
consequences of the enthusiastic dynamics of urban sprawl seem in the latest years in
Eastern Germany. Firstly, regarding the theory of urban development, it demonstrates
that this case of sprawl displays certain peculiarities and so cannot be sufficiently
understood by drawing on “Western” experiences. Secondly, concerning the organization
of urban development it is particularly prominent that urban sprawl in Eastern Germany
has largely proved to be the product of specific legislative and political conditions.
Changes in these conditions ought thus to significantly affect urban development. To help
certain urban sprawl in the context under scrutiny, however, these changes need to be
geared to the situation of urban sprawl stagnation and decline26.

24
Chin Nancy, “Unearthing the Roots of Urban Sprawl: A Critical Analysis of Form, Function and
Methodology” „Working Paper Series Paper 47 p 4
25
Pitzl R. Gerald, (2004), “Encyclopaedia of Human Geography”, Greenwood Press Publishing USA, p.
268.
26
Nuissi H, (2005), “The „Production‟ of Urban Sprawl in Eastern Germany as a Phenomenon of Post
Socialist Transformation”, Vol. 22, pp. 123- 134.

24
 Introduction

David N Bengston, et al, (2005), urban sprawl has been recognized as serious
threat to forest and other natural areas in the United States, and public concern about the
impacts of sprawling growth pattern has ground in recent years. The importance of public
concern about sprawl is relevant to planners, managers and policy makers drawn in
efforts to protect interface forests from urban intrusion because the level of concern with
influence the acceptance of policies and programmes aimed at protecting forests. A new
indicator of public concern about urban sprawl is presented, based on computer content
scrutiny of public conversation contained in the news media from 1995-2001 more than
36000 new stories about sprawl were analyzed for expression of concern. Over all
concern about sprawl grew rapidly during the later half of the 1990s. The environmental
blow of sprawl were the most silent concern over all and concern about loss of open
space and traffic problem has increased since 1995 as a share of all sprawl concern. The
method described in this paper provides a new approach for planning and policy makers
to scrutinize change in public attitude about a wide range of social issues over time27.

Sidh Sintusingha (2006), this paper exemplify application of an alternative

design scenario on a Bangkok (Super Block) identified as Bangkok unit of lateral
expansion. Through the process, Bangkok sub organization pattern is analysed and based
on this growth pattern a probable future setting of un mediated change in generated. A
“Generic” model of sustainable city is synthesized from the literature and is them applied
to an adopted for Bangkok generate a “Mediated Change” and both are then compared.
The mediated change scenario aims to “Re- profit” Bangkok (Sub) Urbanization pattern
plotting paths towards “sustainability” detailed to Bangkok socio- economic contest. In
the tradition of alternative design visions of the future as measure input to knowledge,
this process provides a heuristic devoice to inform an assist practitioners, decision makers
and stake holders in navigating engaging with and applying the meta narrative a
sustainability at the local level28.

27
Bengston N D, (2005), “An Analysis of the Public Discourse about Urban Sprawl in the United States.
Monitoring Concern about a Major Threat to Forests”, Vol. 7, pp. 745- 756.
28
Sintusingha Sidh, (2006), “Sustainability and Urban Sprawl: Alternative scenarios for a Bangkok
Superblock”, Urban Design International, Vol. 11, pp. 151-1.

25
 Introduction

Manica Candelaria Bosson (2006), in an effort to compel the outcome of urban

sprawl many states countries and growth occurs in their areas. The basic questions I want
to explore in the current essay is weather changing the physical form of the community
through urban growth in organization influences the quality of life of the community and
when coupled with low income housing policies, can have a valuable effect on racial
inequalities in an urban area. In particular I test in this essay whether growth supervision
programmes that are implemented at the regional or state and include low income
housing policies alleviate income inequality across while and black populations.

The result of econometric examination performed in this essay indicates that

growth management strategies might have a direct albeil mild effect on white and black
income effects. This findings in this line with my hypothesis however although all the
specifications in this essay yielded negative coefficients only one was found to be
statically significant. This leads me to conclude that the relationship between growth
management and racial income disparities might be more complicated that I originally
thought further research is needed to generate more definitive results29.

David C. Soule, (2006), Urban Sprawl is an elite and often derogatory name for
extensive, but low density development in metropolitan regions outside the central city.
According to him sprawl is low density auto dependent land development taking place on
the edges of urban centres often “leapfrogging” away from present denser development
nodes, to transform open, under developed land, into single family residential sub-
division and campus style, commercial office, parks and diffused retail uses30.

Pourahmad, Baghvand, Zangenehe Shahraki and Givehchi, (2007), about

have a century ago following the foreword of urban sprawl up concept various studies
have been conducted to describe the mechanism and the formation of this experience.
Some of these studies aimed at finding the negative and positive of such phenomenon of

29
Bosson M. C, (2006), “Managing Urban Sprawl does Growth Management Reduce the White Black
Income Gap, A look at Medium Sized Metropolitan Areas”. Unpublished Thesis submitted to the
Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Policy.
30
Richardson W. Harry and Bae Christine Hee Chang, (2004), “Urban Sprawl in West Europe and the
United States”, Ashgate publishing Company, USA.

26
 Introduction

urban area with emphasis on how such concept may be locked open from environmental,
economical and social perspectives. The main research intention on this article focussed
on undesirable impacts of urban sprawl on air pollution. In a mega city such as Tehran.
Therefore, attempts have been made to show on relationship between urban sprawl up
and the increase in air pollutants concentration. Three methods have been investigated to
validate such as concept methodologically Tehran has been chooses as a case study to
further demonstrate validity of such a correlation between urban sprawl up and rise in air
pollution scientifically. The result established a function relating air pollution increased
to urban sprawl up31.

John Wilson, (2007), they experimental that increasing diffusion of employment

opportunities leads to decreased travel time is reflective of a short term phenomenon.
Census reported journey to work travel time is examined for the greater Philadelphia
region, showing that more people are commuting by automobile, a made usually
associated with shorter journey times, but are reporting longer trip times. The finding of
counter intuitive as it coincides with a period when new jobs were reputable in outlying
areas and the region experienced a net loss in jobs. The study concludes as jobs
opportunities dispersed into low density areas Philadelphia existing high capacity systems
are underutilized and transportation systems throughout the region that were designed for
relatively low demand are becoming inundated on time. The net effect is a breakdown of
both the urban mass transit systems and the sub urban and rural high way networks, the
later because of overuse and the farmers because of under use32.

Bluffstone et al, (2008), this article is concerned with the economics of greatly
large and socially costly sub urban expansion and attempts to summarize and organize
the main economic arguments associated with sprawl due to single family. Residential
family, home construction. The topic is of interests not only because the social costs of
sprawl may be high but also because what seems like fairly clear economic issues have
been atleast partially obscured by the debate over sprawl. This has led to obfuscation to

31
Pourahmad A, Baghvand A, Zangenehe Shahraki S and Givehchi S, (2007), ”The Impact of Urban
Sprawl up on Air Pollution”, International Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 1, pp. 252- 257.
32
Wilsion J, (2007), “Men, Women, Jobs Sprawl and Journey to work in the Philadelphia Region”, Vol.
11, pp. 177- 191.

27
 Introduction

the point that well accepted economic explanation have not been able to fulfil their
clarifying potential and standard economic instruments to internalize externalities remain
on the side lines33.

Basu et al, (2008), this article focuses on the nature and extent of farm classes in
a rapidly urbanizing states of Florida. It aims to provide a rural perception on present-day
concerns with urban sprawl and contrasts national level studies of from decline with
regional understanding. Recent country level changes in farm proprietorship are
measured in terms of the difference in number of farms between 1997 and 2002. This
modify is related through with regression models to four categories of explanatory
factors. Degree of urbanization, farm operator demographics, economics characteristics
and agrarian land use characteristics a detailed understanding of agricultural decline is
obtained by contrasting variables that significantly affect like childhood of farm loss
across all countries with those that control magnitude of farm loss among countries
experiencing decline34.

Stefan fina, Stefan Siedentop (2008), states that In Europe, research on urban
sprawl is largely limited to case studies of selected metropolitan areas in a national
context. In addition, the literature to date does not present all-inclusive empirical
indication as to what exactly constitutes urban sprawl. Accordingly, the European
Environment Agency describes urban sprawl as the “The ignored challenge” in the
subtitle to its 2006 report on urban sprawl (European Environment Agency, 2006). This
article aims to convey a contribution for identifying the “challenge”: it provides a
consistent overview for the area-wide distribution and characterisation of urban sprawl in
Europe, based on CORINE land cover data and a set of GIS-based indicators. The
indicators are built upon a framework that allows for the demarcation of distinct types of
urban sprawl, including measures that compare land cover change over time. The results

33
Bluffstone, (2008), “Housing Sprawl and the Land Use of Development Impact Fess: The Case of
Inland Empire”, Vol. 26, p. 223.
34
Basu, (2008), “The Other Side of Sprawl: A country Level Analysis of Farm loss in Florida”, Vol. 42.

28
 Introduction

are presented as continuous maps of Europe for different indicators of urban sprawl, and
interpreted in the context of their characteristics and distribution35.

Michael Oloyede Alabi, (2009), have been experiencing a large incursion of

population from its surrounding regions which had led to rapid growth and expansion that
had left profound changes on the landscape in terms of land use and land cover. This
study uses the GIS techniques and the application of Shannon‟s Entropy to measure the
behaviour of sprawl which is based on the notion that landscape entropy or
disorganization increases with sprawl, analysis was carried out based on the integration
of Remote Sensing and GIS. The quantity of entropy is devised based on the town
location factors, distance from loads to reveal and capture spatial pattern of urban sprawl.
Then entropy value for each zone revealed a high value, especially outside the core city
area, like Felele, with the entropy of 0.3, Aadankolo, 0.2 and Lokongoma, 0.2. These
areas are evenly depressed settlement as one move away from the city core. Study shows
a correlation of population densities and entropy values of 1987 and 2007, for area like
Felele, Aadankolo and Lokongoma, which is suggestive of spread our space, an evidence
of sprawl. But as we go down the table the entropy values seems to tend towards zero.
The study provides quantitative data for an effective planning decision making in
foretelling the town growth and in planning the direction of growth36.

Istran Laszio Bart, (2010), this study provide a concise assessment of the
relationship between trends in transport emission an urban land use by analyzing
correlation between transport, Carbon dioxide emission data, GDP and population data
with land use change data from the CORIN data base for EU member states between
1990 and 2000. It concludes that the correlation between transport carbon dioxide
emission and the increase of artificial land area is much stranger than the correlation
between carbon dioxide emission, GDP or population data. The paper argues that this

35
Fina Stefan, Siedentop Stefan, (2008), “Urban sprawl in Europe – identifying the challenge” reviewed
paper, Real corp 008 Proceedings / Tagungsband Vienna, May 19-21 2008.
36
Alabie O M, (2009), “Urban Sprawl Pattern and Measurement in Lokaja, Nigeria”, Vol. 4, pp. 158-
164.

29
 Introduction

correlation is a strong justification for using land use based policies to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions37.

P Saravanan and P Ilangovan, (2010), focuses on the nature and pattern of

urban expansion of Madurai city over its neighbouring region during the period from
1991 to 2006. Based on its immediacy to the Madurai city, the rural urban fringe was
fragmented into two zones namely Ring I and Ring II. Subsequently, two
sample villages from the respective zones were selected to study the pattern of urban
expansion and there from identify the factor responsible for the urban sprawl of
Madurai city. In addition, GIS based investigation of the pattern of urban expansion over
the demographic change and land use modification has also indicated that urban growth
has mainly taken place linearly along the major roads in the study area38.

S.Tamilenthi, J. Punithavathi1 R, Baskaran and K.Chandra Mohan, (2011),

Urban sprawl refers to the extent of urbanisation, which is a global experience mainly
driven by population growth and large scale migration. In developing countries like India,
where the population is over one billion, one-sixth of the world‟s population, urban
sprawl is taking its toll on the natural resources at an alarming place. Urban planners
require information related to the rate of growth, pattern and extent of sprawl to provide
basic amenities such as water, sanitation, electricity, etc. In the absence of such
information, most of the sprawl areas be deficient in basic infrastructure facilities. Pattern
and extent of sprawl could be detected with the help of statelite images and temporal
data. This is used to analysing the growth, pattern and extent of sprawl39.

R. Basawaraja1, K. B. Chari, S. R. Mise and S. B. Chetti, (2011), an attempt

was made to study the implications of urban sprawl on the land-use and land cover
pattern of a typical rural region, located in the State of Karnataka, India. Raichur quickly

37
Bart I L, (2010), “Urban Sprawl and Climate change. A Statistical Exploration of Cause and Effect,
with Policy Option for the EU”, Vol. 27, pp. 283- 292.
38
Saravanan P and Ilangovan P, (2010), “Identification of Urban Sprawl Pattern for Madurai Region
Using GIS”, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES, Vol. 1, p. 141.
39
Tamilenthi S, Punithavathi J, Baskaran R and Chandra Mohan K, (2011), “Dynamics of urban sprawl,
changing direction and mapping: A case study of Salem city, Tamilnadu ,India”, Scholars Research
Library, Archives of Applied Science Research, Vol. 3, p. 277.

30
 Introduction

emerged as a city with the typical promises of an urban image. The GIS and remote
sensing based appraisal of the study area reveals that the city is still infantile and there is
some chance to save it from the undesirable impact of urbanization, popularly described
as sprawl40.

Jana Hoymann, (2011), the paper present a method and result for the cohort of
future residential land use scenarios for the Elbe river basin. The challenge of the study is
to develop scenarios that considered to process, accelerated urban sprawl in growth
centres while marginal regions are depopulating. The question is whether the demand for
built up area can be reduced to achieve the objective of the german sustainability
strategy. Current socio- economic advance of the study area is described, and approaches
to calculate residential land use demand are revived. Regionalized socio- economic
scenarios of the IPCC- SRES as well as households and housing for costs are applied to
calculate residential demand for regions. The land use scanners, a spatially explicit land
use change models is then used to allocate the demand on grit- cells with in a spatial
planning units. The result show a shift of residential developments from urban areas in
general to agglomerations foremost to a polarization of development41.

S.Tamilenthi, J. Punithavathi, R. Baskaran and K.ChandraMohan, (2011)

states that Urban sprawl may be defined as the dispersal of new development on isolated
tracts, separated from other areas by vacant land (Lata, et al. 2001). It has also been
described as leapfrog development (Jothimani, 1977; Torrens and Albert, 2000). The
need for monitoring urban development has become crucial to help curb the problems of
this type of growth. Monitoring urban development is mainly to find the type, amount
and the location of land alteration for future planning (Shekhar, 2001). Urban sprawl
varies in degrees between the developed and the developing world and afterwards they
have differing consequences. The trends towards sub urbanisation and urban sprawl (low-
density, spatially dispersed, and segregated land use) up-and-coming in urban spaces

40
Basawaraja R, Chari K B, Mise S R and Chetti S B, (2011), “Analysis of the impact of urban sprawl in
altering the land-use, land-cover pattern of Raichur City, India, using geospatial technologies”, Journal
of Geography and Regional Planning, Vol. 4, pp. 455-462.
41
Hoymann J, (2011), “Accelerating Urban Sprawl in De- Population Regions. A scenario for the Elbe
River”, Vol. 11, pp. 73- 86.

31
 Introduction

have a direct and indirect repercussion on mobility (European Environmental Agency,

2006). Major changes in mobility threaten the environmental and economic sustainability
of urban spaces (Banister, 2008). Urban planners need to understand the role played by
the urban structure on the journey to work, in order to mitigate the negative aspects of
mobility (Giuliano and Small, 1993).42

B.K. Veettil, (2012), scrutinize that Changes in land cover is an unavoidable

phenomenon occurring in the human inhabited areas of the world, irrespective of the fact
that a country is developed or developing. Some regions in the world are undergoing fast
urbanization and deforestation, especially in developing countries like Brazil, India and
China. Majority of the population in these countries are living and/or working in urban
settlements. Urban area expansion in many of these regions is not sustainable compared
to that found in developed countries like the United Kingdom and Germany.
Furthermore, lack of proper planning during construction works and rapid expansion of
settlements were found to make life in these region very difficult. Monitoring urban
changes became an significant process in the current world and is required for urban
planning; planning is of leading importance so for as Jammu and Srinagar cit y is
concern.43

S. Indhira Gandhi and Dr. V. Madha Suresh, (2012), presents a study that
integrates Remote Sensing, GIS, and dynamic spatial modelling for predicting urban
spatial growth, given the different development conditions. The prediction is based on
SLEUTH, a modified Cellular Automata model consisting of an urban growth and land
cover change transition sub models was chosen to standardize urban growth in
Hyderabad city. The calibrated model allows us to fill gaps in the alternating historical
time series of urban spatial extent, since maps and images are available only for certain
period between 1950 and 2004. Using the model a spatial forecast of urban growth is
done till 2055. The predicted mode of growth in Hyderabad is organic or edge growth

42
Tamilenthi S, Punithavathi J, Baskaran R and Mohan C.K” Dynamics of urban sprawl, changing
direction and mapping”: A case study of Salem city,. Scholar Research Library Archives Of Applied
Science Research.p.277
43
Veettil K.B; “A Comparative Study Of Urban Change Detection Technique Using High Spatial
Resolution Images” „Proceedings of the 4th Geobia, May 7-9, 2012 - Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. p.029.

32
 Introduction

and road influenced growth due to very high coefficient of spread and road gravity. This
study reveals that there will be increase in urban growth of 120% between 2005 and
205544.

Dr. S.V. Srinivasa Sastry, (2012), depicts the urbanization is an index of

transformation from conventional rural economies to modern industrial one. This
alteration has been taken place for ensuring employment, health, education and other
facilities and comforts like electricity, transport and information technology. The course
of urbanization in India is slow compared with the world trends. The majority of urban
dwellers are far away in finding potable water supply, affordable shelter, reachable and
secure urban land for agriculture, securing gainful employment and improvement in
health facilities, would continue to remain a challenge. all-inclusive land use planning
and revision of planning standards and administrative events are required to go a long
way to reduce many of the Challenges that face urban population45.

Emily Talen (2013), despite wide spread reorganization of the dual problem of
sprawl and convectional zoning the specific nature of the relationship between sprawl and
zoning is to well specified instruct this is because cumulative and economic analysis of
sprawl and zoning miss the larger point that zoning has important impact on urban patter
and form at the local scale. In addition little organized has been done on the contrast
between conventional zoning and coding reform efforts such as form based codes. This
paper uses a logical analysis of the relationship between zoning and sprawl to answer two
main questions, how does zoning contribute to sprawl, and how do form based codes
attempt to alleviate it. This paper also includes a eloquent analysis of the current status of
form based code efforts in the United States46.

44
Indhira Gandhi S and Madha Suresh V, (2012), “Prediction of Urban Sprawl in Hyderabad City using
Spatial Model, Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques”, IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, Vol. 1, p. 80.
45
Srinivasa Sastry S V, (2012), “Surpass of Urban Sprawl in India Process, Progress and Perspectives”,
International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, Vol.1, p. 145
46
Talen Emily, (2013), “Zoning for and Against Sprawl: The Case for Form Based Codes”, Journal of
Urban Design, Vol. 18, pp. 175- 200.

33
 Introduction

Manish Kumar and D. K. Tripathi, (2014), This study demonstrate the use of
remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques (i.e. geospatial
techniques) for mapping and evaluating urban sprawl in the case of Nagpur city,
Maharashtra (India). They used the satellite imagery of 1998 and 2010 for catalogue land
use/cover and urban growth changes. The spatial analysis of urban sprawl was performed
in Arc GIS package using change detection, change matrix and road buffering. The
results obtained from the classified Landsat TM image of year 1998 revealed that the
total built-up area of Nagpur city was of 83.11 km2 (34.53 % of total geographical area
of a city) and increased up to 120.29 km2 (50.0 %) in 2010. Therefore, the spatial
expansion of built-up area over a 12 year period (from 1998 to 2010) was estimated at
37.18 km2. The study also reveals that the built-up area has maximally expanded towards
east, with about 8.94 km2, whereas the minimum expansion has occurred towards west,
with about 2.6 km2. This research will provide a directive for town planners to provide
proper basic amenities such as water, sanitation, electricity, etc. in the Nagpur city47.

47
KUMAR Manish and TRIPATHI D K, (2014), “Spatial Monitoring of Urban Growth of Nagpur City
(India) Using Geospatial Techniques”, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Journal of
Settlements and Spatial Planning, Vol. 5, p. 91.

34
 Introduction

17-18

1-16,19-34

35