The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010

ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG

Phylogenetic Relations
Hans De Beule
and Geographic Distribution
of I-L38 (aka I2b2)
(29th of June 2010 – http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)

Abstract

The first section of this paper presents a 49 marker network analysis of 64 I-L38 haplotypes. This network is
used to visualize the phylogenetic relations between the 64 haplotypes. The second section maps the geographic
origin of I-L38 samples from several public databases.
Whenever possible the phylogenetic relation between samples with known geographic origin was visualized on
the map. Calculating the MRCA between these samples creates a hypothetical timeframe to explain the relations.
The third section describes the construction of a distribution map of I-L38. The general conclusion is that, at this
moment, most evidence points to a relation between I-L38 and the migrations of Late Bronze Age (Urnfield Cul-
ture) and Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène) people.

1. On the Structure of I-L38

Determination of subgroups of I-L38 is diffi-
Introduction cult because the genetic variety within
I-L38 is too small to be significant. To gain in-
sight in the structure of I2b2 without narrowing
Haplogroup I-L38 is defined by the SNPs
down the structure to a limited set of markers, it
L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156 and L65/S159.
is useful to calculate a minimum spanning net-
In the ISOGG tree its current name is haplogroup
work to cluster the samples.
I2b2. It is believed to be an ancient clade. Ken
Nordtvedt estimated the Most Recent Common
For the first times such a network was made
Ancestor (MRCA) of all living I-L38s at 4100
for I-L38 starting from a 67 marker set.
years ago.

Until now, no SNP was found to separate

I-L38. Several researchers structured I-L38, into
different clusters, using different markers. Ini-
tially Ken Nordtvedt separated I-L38 into 3 clus-
ters using DYS448:
 I-L38A with DYS448=19;
 I-L38B with DYS448=21;
 I-L38C (later called
DYS448=20.
_____________________________________________________________
Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 7 2010
Correspondence: hans.debeule@hotmail.com
Method: calculation of the minimum
spanning network and clustering
of the samples
According to Bandelt (1999) the multitude of
plausible phylogenetic trees is best expressed in
a network that displays alternative potential evo-
lutionary paths. A minimum spanning tree for a
set of sequence types connects all given types,
I-L38Scot) with such that the total length (the sum of distances
between linked sequence types) is minimal. The
minimum spanning network serves as a good
point of departure to reconstruct the most likely
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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
tree by taking geographical information into ac-
count.
The Median Joining Networks in this paper are
created by Fluxus 4.5.1.6 Software.
To create a minimum spanning network for
I-L38, STR values of 64 samples with known 67
marker set were used. All samples were selected
out of the FTDNA I-L38 project. By ignoring the
multicopy markers (in the 4 FTDNA panels) the
67 marker set was reduced to the following 49
STR loci to create a network:
DYS393, 390, 19, 391, 426, 388, 439, 392,
458, 455, 454, 447, 437, 448, 449, 460, H4,
456, 607, 576, 570, 442, 438, 531, 578, 590,
537, 641, 472, 406, 511, 425, 557, 594, 436,
490, 534, 450, 444, 481, 520, 446, 617, 568,
487, 572, 640, 492, 565.
Appendix A refers to the used samples that
can be found at the FTDNA I-L38 project.
In the Fluxus software it is optional to correct
the STR-values with a customized weight (the
standard weight is 10 and the maximum weight
is 100).
Following Qamar (2002) a weighting scheme
with a five-fold range was used in the construc-
tion of the networks. The weights assigned were
specific for each haplogroup and took into ac-
count the Y-STR variation across the haplogroup
in the whole population. The following weights
were used: variance 0-0.09=weight 90; variance
0.1-0.19=weight 70; variance 0.2-0.49=weight
50; variance 0.5-0.99=weight of 30 and variance
1.00=weight 10.
To calculate the MRCA between related haplo-
types with known origin (see Figure 3 and Ap-
pendix C):
 generations of 31 years were used (this is
the median paternal generation interval calcu-
lated by SMGF);
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 the number of mutations between two
samples, as displayed in the Fluxus network, was
counted;
 Ken Nordtvedt’s I2b specific mutation
rates were used. The average mutation rate used
to calculate the MRCA is based on 48 markers:
0,002311697 (or 1/432 per generation). This
equals one mutation every 9 generations
(432/48)-or- one mutation every 279 years (9
generations * 31 years).
Example: When the number of mutations be-
tween two samples is «20», this equals 20* 279
years = 5580 years between the two haplotypes
-or- 5580/2 = 2790 years between both involved
haplotypes and their MRCA.
Results
Figure 1 shows the minimal spanning network
of the 64 I-L38 samples. This network displays
the relationship between the 49 (weighted) STR-
values and shows the most likely evolutionary
tree. The «torso» of the network is displayed in
bold red lines. It is interesting to note that:
1. the «torso» has three distinct arms – the
samples tied to these arms only partially fit the
traditional STR-subgroups listed in Appendix A.
2. with the exception of the I-L38Scot clus-
ter, there does not seem to be a relation between
clusters of samples and geographical origin, sug-
gesting the respective I-L38 clusters spread to-
gether as a mixed lot;
3. the sample (A7) nearest the crossing of
the three arms of the «torso» is geographically
linked to Solothurn (Switzerland) in the High
Rhine area, emphasizing thus the relation of I-
L38 and the Rhine.
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG

Interesting
I-L38-A clus-
ter sepa-
rated by
DYS442 =
11

Figure 1: phylogenetic 49 marker network of 64 I-L38 samples . Nodes represent haplotypes and are proportional to the number
of haplotypes representing it. The length of the links represents the genetic distance. The colour of the nodes and the codename
of the sample refers to the clusters as defined in the FTDNA I-L38 project: yellow nodes = I-L38-A; red nodes = I-L38-B;
dark blue nodes = I-L38-Scot (I-L38-C); green nodes = I-L38-D; white nodes = I-L38-E; light blue nodes = I-L38-14.

2. Mapping the Geographical Spread

Introduction of I-L38
Since the discovery of I-L38 in may 2005 -
then called I(X) - an increasing number of sam-
ples with known geographic origin became avail-
able on public genetic databases.
In 2005 it was puzzling why I-L38 was that
absent in northern (Scandinavian) Europe.
After it became known, in May 2006, that the
bones that were found in the Lichtenstein cave
(in Osterode-am-Harz) could be attributed to
haplogroup I-L38, it was tempting to conclude
that the Harz region was the cradle of I-L38.
In 2008, a map with pinpointed I-L38 samples
showed that the Upper Rhine region (Rhineland –
Palatinate) has a high I-L38 frequency. Also was
proved that this region harbours a high I-L38
cluster diversity (demonstrated by various
DYS448 and DYS19 combinations), making it a
likely point of origin of the I-L38 haplogroup. (De
Beule 2008 and 2009).
Since 2009, gradually, an increasing number
of samples with known East and Southern Euro-
pean origin pop up, demanding an updated state
of affairs.
This sections pinpoints the publicly available
samples of I-L38 on a map (and shows the phy-

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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
logenetic relations between them) in order to
meet this demand.
Method
A distribution map of I-L38 samples was
made using the known geographical origin of 84
I-L38 samples from the following public STR da-
tabases:
 Ysearch (Search by Haplogroup / I2b2);
 The FTDNA I-L38 project;
 SMGF, status May 2010 (with search val-
ues: DYS393=13, 426=11, 392=11, 459=8,10,
455=10, 454=12, YCAII= 19,19).
Refer to Appendix B for an overview of the
pinpointed I-L38 locations.
Results
Figure 2 shows the distribution of the samples
with known geographic origin.
Some of the pinpointed samples were also
used in the network analysis. When these phy-
logenetic related samples are connected interest-
ing patterns emerge (see Figure 3):
 one can almost see how I-L38 migrated
from the Upper Rhine to the coast of Normandy
(France) to cross the Channel to enter England
and Ireland;
 from the Upper Rhine region there are
also connections to the north (Southern tip of
Norway), east (Poland) and south (Spain);
 the Lichtenstein cave (yellow dot) is situ-
ated right on the «northern route»;
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 Most MRCAs go back to Iron Age
(Hallstatt, La Tène) or Late Bronze Age (Urnfield
Culture) age, suggesting that I-L38 might have
been one of the haplogroups that spread on the
waves of these cultures. In this respect it is
noteworthy that the 3000 year old artefacts that
are found in the Lichtenstein cave also belonged
to the Urnfield Culture (Schilz, 2006).
It is important to recognize that there are still
vast areas of Europe of which very little
Y-DNA data are known. To draw conclusions
about the presence/absence of I-L38 in Spain,
Portugal, Italy, the Balkan countries, France, etc.
more I-L38 samples with known origin are
needed.
To overcome this drawback, section 3 con-
structs a predicted distribution map of I-L38.
3. Constructing a I-L38 Distribution Map
Introduction
Since most researches simply did/do not test
on SNPs determining I-L38, no real distribution
map of I-L38 is available. A rough and predicted
I-L38 distribution map can be made using a
workaround.
Chiaroni (2009) summarizes the structure of
haplogroup I as shown in Figure 4.
According to the ISOGG 2010 tree, SNP M436
(aka P215 or S31) defines haplogroup I2b.
Itself, I-M436 (I2b) consists of the subclades:
 I-M223 SNP- (defined by SNP M223, called
I2b1 by ISOGG);
 I-L38 (defined by SNP L38, called I2b2 by
ISOGG).
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG

Figure 2: pinpointed I-L38 samples with known geographic origin.

Figure 3: phylogenetic related I-L38 samples with known geographical origin; the yellow dot represents
the Lichtenstein cave. The white numbers indicate the time (years ago) to the MRCA of the two samples.
60
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG
In other words: Remark: a part of the I-M436 haplotypes does
not belong to either I-M223 or I-L38. This group
«Haplogroup I-M436» = is labelled I-M436* (aka I-P215* or S31*). I-
«Hg I-M223» + «Hg I-L38» M436* is believed to have spread lightly and uni-
-so- formly over Europe, excluding Scandinavia. I-
«Haplogroup I-L38» = M436* is ignored in the reasoning above since
2Hg I-M4362 - «Hg I-M223» the light and uniform spread will not affect con-
clusions about I-L38 too much.

Haplogroup I-L38,
(not mentioned by
Chiaroni)

Figure 4: the structure of haplogroup I according to Chiaroni (2009).

Method I2b (SNP M436) in European countries. It does

Subtracting the I-M223 % value of a country
from the overall I-M436 % of that country theo-
retically results in an indication of the
I-L38 percentage in this country.
Estimated % of M436 per country
Drawing on various sources, Eupedia (see ref-
erences) displays the frequencies of haplogroup
61
not display percentages on the distribution of I-
M223 or I-L38.
Eupedia states that:
 The sample size for each country or region
is at least 100. Italy, Germany, England and Ire-
land have over 2000 samples each, France and
Spain over 1000, Portugal over 900, Belgium
over 750, the Netherlands, Finland and Hungary
over 650, Greece over 500.
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
 The division of Italy is as follows: North
Italy is everything until Liguria and Emilia-
Romagna; Central Italy comprises Tuscany,
Marche, Umbria, Latium and Abruzzo. South Italy
is everything else to the south, except Sardinia
and Sicily, which have been made into separate
categories due to their specific history and rela-
tive geographic isolation.
RJGG
were combined there was a need to correct the
outcome. Since the I-L38 values in Belgium (cfr.
Hertogdom Brabant DNA project) and the Nether-
lands (cfr. Zonen van Adam in Nederland) are
known, a correction factor could be applied to
correct the combined Wiik + Charioni I-M223
values.

 The division of Germany is as follows:

North Germany includes the Schleswig-Holstein,
Lower Saxony (+ Hamburg and Bremen) and
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. West Germany
is the Rhineland, Hessen and Saarland. South
Germany is Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.
East Germany is composed of Brandenburg, Ber-
lin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia.

Estimated % of M223 per country

Kalevi Wiik (2008) visualized the distribution

of I-M223 on a map of Europe (see Figure 5).
Also Chiaroni (2009) published a distribution map
of M223 (see Figure 4). Both maps were used to
estimate the percentage of I-M223 in the coun-
tries/regions mentioned in the Eupedia distribu-
tion table (see Table 1).
Results
Because the percentages of I-M223 were
based on gradient maps and different researches
Figure 5: distribution of I-M223 (formerly known as I1c)
according to Kalevi Wiik (2008).
This corrected I-M223 % could be subtracted
from Eupedia’s I2b (I-M436) percentages to es-
timate the percentage of I-L38 per coun-
try/region. In some cases this resulted in a
«negative percentage», meaning «even less than
zero %» presence of I-L38.

Table 1: the last column displays the estimated percentage of I-L38 per country.

Combined
I-M223 I-M223 Corrected
Region/ I2b% Wiik &
categor category % %I-L38
Haplogroup Eupedia Charioni
y Wiik Charioni I-M223
category
Belgium 4,50 8,00 4,00 12,00 3,20 1,30
Albania 3,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 2,47
Austria 2,00 5,00 2,00 7,00 1,87 0,13
Belarus 1,00 1,00 0,00 1,00 0,27 0,73
Bosnia-
Herzegovina 0,50 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 -0,03
Bulgaria 1,00 6,00 0,00 6,00 1,60 -0,60
Croatia 1,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 0,47
Czech Republic 4,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 3,20
Denmark 5,00 10,00 3,00 13,00 3,47 1,53
England 4,50 6,00 2,00 8,00 2,13 2,37
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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG
Combined
I-M223 I-M223 Corrected
Region/Haplogro I2b% Wiik &
categor category % I- %I-L38
up Eupedia Charioni
y Wiik Charioni M223
category
France 4,00 4,00 5,00 9,00 2,40 1,60
North Germany 5,00 12,00 3,00 15,00 4,00 1,00
East Germany 3,00 12,00 2,00 14,00 3,73 -0,73
West Germany 7,00 8,00 4,00 12,00 3,20 3,80
South Germany 3,00 6,00 2,00 8,00 2,13 0,87
Greece 1,50 4,00 2,00 6,00 1,60 -0,10
Hungary 2,50 1,00 1,00 2,00 0,53 1,97
Ireland 4,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 1,07 2,93
North Italy 2,50 2,00 1,00 3,00 0,80 1,70
Central Italy 5,00 2,00 2,00 4,00 1,07 3,93
South Italy 2,50 2,00 2,00 4,00 1,07 1,43
Latvia 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Lithuania 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Macedonia 0,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 -0,53
Netherlands 6,00 10,00 6,00 16,00 4,27 1,73
Norway 1,00 2,00 3,00 5,00 1,33 -0,33
Poland 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Portugal 3,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 2,47
Romania 2,00 4,00 1,00 5,00 1,33 0,67
Scotland 4,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 1,07 2,93
Serbia 4,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 3,47
Slovakia 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Spain 1,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Sweden 2,00 1,00 10,00 11,00 2,93 -0,93
Switzerland 3,00 5,00 2,00 7,00 1,87 1,13
Ukraine 1,00 5,00 2,00 7,00 1,87 -0,87

Colour key: 3-4 % 2-3 % 1-2% 0-1% 0%

Figure 6 visualizes the estimated percentages Remark on Portugal:

on a map of Europe. If this rough approach re-
flects the distribution of I-L38 in Europe suffi-
ciently correct, it means we can expect more I-
L38 samples to pop up along the Danube (Serbia,
Slovakia, ...) and in Southern European countries
as Portugal, Spain and Italy.
Remark on Italy:
The distribution of the surnames of the known
Italian samples suggest that they «leaked» into
Italy from across Alps. For the distribution maps
of the Italian surnames: see Appendix D. These
maps suggest that I-L38 has a higher presence in
Northern Italy than in Central Italy.
One can find an indirect evidence of the pres-
ence of I-L38 in Portugal at the Iberian DNA pro-
ject of FTDNA. According to the Cullen Hap-
logroup I predictor the families Ochoa, Baptista,
Cardoso and Dos Anos turn out to be members of
I-L38-A (probability 38-39%) or I-L38-RecLOH
(probability 38-39%). Three of the four families
are linked to Cape Verde, a former Portuguese
colony.

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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
Figure 6: estimated % of I-L38 per country on a map also displaying known origins of I-L38 samples.
4. Further Discussion
Looking at the predicted distribution, it be-
comes clear that there is still much to discover
concerning I-L38.
At this moment the geographic distribution of
I-L38 samples with known geographic origin, en-
riched with:
 phylogenetic relations between samples
shown by the network analysis;
 MRCA calculations;
 the estimated distribution of I-L38 in re-
gions of which very few Y-DNA data are known;
points in the direction of a relation between
I-L38 and the spread of Late Bronze Age (Urn-
field Culture) and Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène)
cultures.
64
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The Urnfield Culture (1200-750 BC) developed
into the Hallstatt culture (750-450 BC) that led to
the La Tène culture (450–50 BC).
Given the age and the spread of I-L38 it
seems logical that the migration of I-L38 from
the Upper Rhine region to all its current locations
can only be explained by successive independent
collective and individual migrations taking centu-
ries.
From an archaeological point of view, it can
be argued that the distribution of I-L38 played a
role in Late Bronze Age (Urnfield Culture) and
Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène) migrations.
The former could explain the Urnfield-
artefacts that are found in the Lichtenstein cave;
the latter could be tied to La Tène (De Beule,
2009) artefacts.
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG
In this respect it is interesting to look at the Further research focussing on the presence of
distribution of Iron Age stamped pottery in west- I-L38 in Serbia, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Galatai
ern Europe. It is important to stress that Iron region in Turkey, etc… is needed to generate ac-
Age stamped pottery only occurs in specific Euro- curate data for these regions and to confirm (or
pean regions. This type of pottery is found in the reject) the supposed link to Hallstatt and/or La
vast area encompassed by the Rhine, Danube, Tène cultures.
Marne and Rhône basins, in Armorica, in Cornwall
and the western part of Britain, in the Golasecca We can expect more I-L38 samples to pop up
and Este culture regions and the Alps, in the high in Southern European countries and regions
Hérault in southwestern France, in the central along the Danube.
areas of the Iberian Peninsula along the Ebre
River, the Tagus and the Guadiana Rivers. Figure
7 clearly shows this European phenomenon and
emphasises its continental origin in the seventh
and sixth centuries BC, slowly spreading further
south. Some examples of fine stamped grey pot-
tery, show that they used the same La Tène
models that we find in northern France, the Brit-
ish Isles or Germany. The forms of the vases
may vary from region to region, but the stamped
motifs are very similar.

Such decorated vessels can be found from the

beginning of the early Iron Age on, or in what
used to be called Hallstatt, but especially by the
sixth century BC and since the beginning of the Figure 7: distribution of Iron Age, La Tène linked,
late Iron Age or La Tène (Gamito, 2005). stamped pottery (Gamito, 2005).

In southern Europe La Tène artefacts are also

found in the south of France, the north of Italy,
the south eastern Alps and in the Lower Danube
region.

From a linguistic point of view the Hallstatt

and La Tène culture is tied to the Celtic-speaking
peoples that entered the historical records with
the Hallstatt culture. By the end of the Hallstatt
period, the Celts had moved outward from Cen-
tral Europe in almost all directions: first into
France, Spain, and Britain, then southward into
northern Italy, and then eastward into the Bal-
kans and Asia Minor as the Galatians of the Bible
(see Figure 8) (Noonan, 2008). Figure 8: supposed spread of Celtic language
(Noonan, 2008).

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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
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On the Structure of I-L38
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http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/FounderHaps.xls
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http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx?
section=yresults
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http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/MRCA%20Ages.ppt
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Mapping the Geographical Spread of I-L38
1. Public STR database: http://www.ysearch.org/
2. Public STR data-
base:http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.
aspx?section=yresults
Webreferences section 3:
Constructing a I-L38 Distribution Map
1. Estimated frequencies of European haplogroups:
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_y-
dna_haplogroups.shtml
2. Eupedia Sources
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_eu
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http://www.smgf.org/pages/ydatabase.jspx
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6. Definition of the Upper Rhine and High Rhine:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhein-Karte.png
7. Average mutation rates for I2b: Relative-m(i) excel file at
http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net
8. Median paternal generation interval:
http://www.smgf.org/ychromosome/generation_interval.
jspx
9. Hertogdom Brabant project: http://www.brabant-dna.org/
3. Public STR database:
http://www.smgf.org/ychromosome/search.jspx
4. Public STR database:
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx?
section=yresults
5. ISOGG 2010 tree:
http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpI.html
6. Iberian DNA project:
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/IberianDNA/default.
aspx?section=yresults
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG
Appendix A: Samples to Create the I-L38 Network (Figure 1)

Most Distant Ancestor Network code Thomas Cullen, °1690,

Upton, Nottinghamshire A26
I-L38-A John Fortner, °1775,
Patrick Connolly b.c 1808 North Carolina, USA A27
Bulgaden Co Limerick IRE A1 I-L38-B
Owen Ragon, °1797 A2 Patrick Bellew, °1820,
Andrew Wolfe A3 MountBellew, Irleland B1
Peter Lawrence 1774 (NC) John Garrison, °1799 B2
-1856 (IN) A4 Claude Reynaud, °1723,
A5 Bâtie Montgascon, France B3
Christian Deterding, °1792 John White, 1862-1907
and 1799 A6 Phila PA B4
Fridolin Hurbi, °1767 A7 Enoch Cornelius Seaver,
Robert Thadeus McClellan, °1834, North Carolina B5
°1895 TN - A8 Ommund Ommundson
Johan Fuchs (Fox), °1784, Fjellestad, °1812, Norway B6
Prussia, Germany A9 Jesse Campbell, °1820,
Georg Simon Wehr, °1720, South Carolina, USA B7
Heidelberg, Germany A10 Roger Chievre 960 - 1000 B8
Evans A11 Thomas Sivers 1680 -
Samuel Robison about 1714 B9
°1765 - 1826 A12 Stone B10
Haworth B11
William Barker A13
Foster B12
Hauteville-la-Guichard,
France A14 Elisha Foster, °1766 -
1833, b: VT/MA - USA B13
Hugh Bullock A15 Henry Hutchison B14
Elijah (Wm E.) Butler, Michael Weathers, °1733,
°1819, Colerne, Wiltshire A16 Surry Co. VA B15
Matthew Weakley, °1695, Francisco Fox B16
Martock SOM UK A17 Henry Hainer, Ulster Co.
James Smith, NY B17
°1792 - 1868 A18 I-L38-C or I-L38-Scot
William Robinson,
°1614-1668 A19 McCratic Sc1
Jean Guittard, °1614, John MacKenzie, °17xx
Bellemagny, Alsace, France A20 M:Dicie Sc2
Williamson Sc3
Joseph Price, °1796 A21 Wilson McKenny, °1758,
Horatio Huggins, of VA Sc4
Gingerland, Nevis, WI A22 Samuel McKinney, ° 1840,
TN Sc5
Loran White, °1952 A23
Nicholas McKinney, 1822,
Brooks A24
Franklin Co., AL Sc6
Samuel Dale, °1801,
Johnson McKinney, °1764,
Ballycloghan, Antr,
VA of AL Sc7
N. Ireland A25

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I-L38-D I-L38-14
Reece Vandever Morrel, 141
°1795, Camden Dist SC D1 Hezekiah Haney, °1770,
Richard Wootten Halifax Co. NC 142
of Warwick, °1614, James Rawls, °1734,
England D2 Nansemond Co., Virginia 143
Thomas Boucher, °1780 Suárez 144
western VA D3 Johannes Böhly, °1702,
I-L38-E Switzerland 145
Grantner 146
William Chaffee Shannon, Joseph Seiler, °1687,
°1876 NY E1 Germany 147
Edward Richardson, °1701 E2
Adalbertus/
Wojciech Tatucha, °1750,
Warta, Lodz, Poland E3

Appendix B: Overview of the Pinpointed I-L38 Locations (Figure 2)

Database Family Name Origin

SMGF Standage °1758, Berry, Sussex, England
SMGF Gandola °1864, Porleza, Como, Italy
SMGF Jackson °1782, Haydock, Lancashire, England
SMGF Hansen °1833, Frederikshavn, Hjorring, Denmark
SMGF Bennett °1772, Nutwood, Sussex, England
SMGF Mezic °1878, Mali Podlog, Slovenia, Austria-Hungary
SMGF Spagnotto °1885, Vallo, Italy
SMGF Fosson °1855, Magnechilas Ayas, Aosta, Italy
SMGF Tavernier °1847, Lille, Nord, France
SMGF Fridal °1795, Lundy, Fyn, Denmark
SMGF Adam °1879, Leith, Scotland
SMGF Garscadden °1879, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland
SMGF Worthington °1812, Ropley, Hampshire, England
SMGF Tietjen °1654, Dellien, Bleckede, Niedersachsen
SMGF Weinheimer °1837, Antonin, Tarnopol, Galizien Ukraine
SMGF Van Hoesen °1582, Huizen, North Holland, Netherlands
SMGF Hill °1674, Old Swinford, Worchestershire, England
SMGF Dale °1801, Maghadone, Derry, Ireland
SMGF Kronenberger °1811, Plock Poland
SMGF Bottemiller °1795, Brockhagen, Steinhagen Westphalia in Kreis
Gütersloh
SMGF Craig °1813, Prestonpans, Scotland
SMGF Heidenreich °1710, Hullhorst, Lubbecke, Westphalia
SMGF Grund °1857, Valašské Meziříčí, Moravia, Austria-Hungary
SMGF Clare °1886, Newton, Prestwick, Lancashire, England

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Database Family Name Origin
ZvAiN Blaas Rees Germany
ZvAiN De Booy De Lier Netherlands
ZvAiN Meert St Amands, Belgium
ZvAiN Spée Baarlo, Netherlands
FTDNA Strohmeier °1649 -1729, Bogen, Bavaria
FTDNA Saylor / Seiler °1715, Methingen Metzingen
FTDNA Ochs °1625, Poppenhausen
FTDNA Wehr °1720, Heidelberg, Pfalz
FTDNA Krassin °1791 - 1798, Kreis, Kolmar, Posen
FTDNA Hartung °1620 - 1700, Geisleden
FTDNA Marschall °1755, Ommeray Lorraine
FTDNA Zimmer °1866, Darmstadt
FTDNA Underwood °1832, Berlin
FTDNA Schlenke °1861, Bosseborn (Kreis Hoxter)
FTDNA De Beule °1560, Zele
SMGF Lems °1504, Hoogvliet Rotterdam
FTDNA Brion Kirrberg, Elzas, FRA
FTDNA Hauteville-la-Guichard, France
FTDNA Guittard Bellemagny, Alsace
FTDNA Reynaud Bâtie Montgascon, France
Ommund
FTDNA Ommundson °1812, Fjellestad, Norway
FTDNA Tatucha °1750, Warta, Lodz, Poland
FTDNA Lehman °1702, Schauffausen SWIT
FTDNA Wanchick Jastrabie, Slovakia (Žiar nad Hronom)
FTDNA Peder Andersen °1742, Hojrup, Tonder
FTDNA Brabazon °1692 - 1772, Ballinvoher, French Park, Ireland
FTDNA Mortimer °1635 - 1704, Wiltshire England
FTDNA Bassett °1830, Llanelli, Wales, England
FTDNA Butler °1819 - 1905, Colerne, Wiltshire, England
FTDNA Oldfield °1813 - 186, Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, England
FTDNA Evans °1854 - 1920, Haworth, Yorkshire, England
FTDNA Furbey °1840 - 1892, Whitnash, Warwickshire, England
FTDNA Sawyer 1623 - 1702, Bedfordshire, England
FTDNA Hutchinson °1779 - 1838, Aldby, England
(south east of Whitehaven)
FTDNA John van Brussel °1849, Veldhoven, Netherlands
FTDNA Dirk Gerritz Kors °1754, Heemskerk, Netherlands
Dam
FTDNA Joseph Seiler °1708 in Sembach, Germany
FTDNA Patrick Connolly °1808, Bulgaden Co Limerick IRE
FTDNA Wendelin Stehle °1717-1785, Bittelbronn, Hohenzollern Zollernalbkreis,
Tubingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
FTDNA Matthew Weakley °1695, Martock SOM UK
FTDNA Thomas Rix °1622, Brancaster, England UK
FTDNA Thomas Cullen °1690, Upton, Nottinghamshire
FTDNA Edmund Rule °1534, Balsham, Cambridgeshire
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Database Family Name Origin
FTDNA Patrick Bellew °1820, MountBellew, Ireland
FTDNA George °1765, Huntly, Aberdeenshire
Cruickshank
FTDNA William Cornwell °1609, Terling, Essex, England
FTDNA Judde °1554, Winterbourne Wiltshire
FTDNA Alexander °1880, Lumphanan, Aberdeensh
Farquhar
ysearch Bower Elgin, Moray, Scotland 1750
ysearch Connolly County Limerick, Ireland
ysearch Deterding Hannover/Hanover, Germany
ysearch Hurbi Kienberg, Solothurn, Switzerland
ysearch Kelly Dundalk, Louth, Ireland
ysearch More Wick, Caithness, Scotland
ysearch Rule Balsham, Cambridge, England
ysearch Salvesen Vennesla, Vest Agder County, Norway
ysearch Stehle Bittelbronn-Haigerloch, Hohenzollern, Germany
ysearch Suarez Garrovillas de Alconetar, Spain

Appendix C: Overview of the Pinpointed Locations with their Genetic Distance

and MRCA Calculation (Figure 3)

Mutations
Years ago
Location 1 Location 2 counted on
to MRCA
Fluxus network
Bâtie
Mountbellew(B1) Montgascon (B3) 28 3.911
Bâtie
Warta Lodz (E3) Montgascon (B3) 23 3.213

Garovillas de Alconetar
(144) Solothurn (A7) 15 2.095
Solothurn (A7) Methingen (147) 18 2.514
Methingen (147) Fjellestad (B6) 14 1.956

Bellemagny
Hannover (A6) (A20) 23 3.213
Ballycloghan
Bellemagny (A20) (A25) 17 2.375

Hauteville-la-
Martock (A17) Guichard (A14) 13 1.816
Hauteville-la-Guichard (A14) Heidelberg (A10) 15 2.095
Heidelberg (A10) Colerne (A16) 16 2.235

Limerick (A1) Upton (A26) 20 2.794

Upton (A26) Warwick (D2) 28 3.911

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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG
Appendix D: Distribution Maps of the known Italian I-L38 Surnames
http://www.gens.labo.net/en/cognomi/genera.html

Fosson Gandola Spagnotto

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