РЕГИОНАЛЕН ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ МУЗЕЙ ”АКАДЕМИК ЙОРДАН ИВАНОВ” – КЮСТЕНДИЛ

ЮГОЗАПАДЕН УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ”НACADEMICIAN

ЕОФИТ РИЛСКИYORDAN
” – БЛАГОЕВГРАД
IVANOV , ПРАВНО–ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ
REGIONAL HISTORICAL MUSEUM – KYUSTENDIL
ФАКУЛТЕТ
NEOPHIT RILSKY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY
OF BLAGOEVGRAD,
СДРУЖЕНИЕ FACULTY
„БЪЛГАРСКА OF LAW
МУЗЕЙНА AND
КАМАРА ” –HISTORY
БМК
BULGARIAN MUSEUM CHAMBER ASSOCIATION (BMC)

HPAKΛEOYΣΣΩTHPOΣ
HPAKΛEOVΣ ΣΩTHPOΣΘAΣIΩN
ΘAΣIΩN

Studia in honorem Iliae Prokopov

sexagenario
Изследвания ab amicis
в чест etПрокопов
на Иля discipulis
dedicata
от приятелите и учениците му по случай
неговата 60-годишнина
Ediderunt:

Evgeni Paunov et Svetoslava Filipova

Съставители:

ЕВГЕНИ ПАУНОВ и СВЕТОСЛАВА ФИЛИПОВА

СОФИЯ
TIRNOVI
MMXII
2012

1
© Individual authors, 2012
© Evgeni Paunov and Svetoslava Filipova – editors, 2012
© Faber Publishers, 2012

ISBN 978-954-400-717-1

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be

used or reproduced by any means (graphic, elec-
tronic, or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, taping, or any other information stor-
age retrieval system) for re-distribution without
prior permission in writing from the publisher or
the editors, except in the case of brief quotations
embodied in critical articles and/or reviews.

Editor’s note: The views and ideas expressed in

this volume of contributions are exclusively those
of the authors.

COLLECTION OF ЕSSAYS IN HONOUR

OF ILYA PROKOPOV
•
Compiled and edited by:
Evgeni Paunov, Svetoslava Filipova
•
Translation of abstracts:
Evgeni Paunov, Diana Doncheva, Miroslava Taskova
•
Layout of coin plates:
Simeon Prokopov, Silviya Georgieva
•
Layout and graphic design: Silviya Georgieva
Cover design: Neyko Genchev
•
Format: 60/84/8
Printer’s sheets: 57
•
Designed and printed by:
FABER Publishers – Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria
+359 62 600 650
www.faber-bg.com
 Съдържание | Table of Contents

І. Обща част | General section

Поздравителна листа | Tabula gratulatoria........................................................... 15
Списък на публикациите на Иля Прокопов | Bibliography to Date .................18
Няколко думи за Илята | Few Words for Ilya........................................................ 30
Academic CV of Ilya Prokopov................................................................................. 34
Избрани фотографии | Some Photographs.......................................................... 36

ІІ. Научна част | Contributions

А. Нумизматика | Numismatics

Alexandros R. A. Tzamalis. The Kneeling Bull Type from

the “Thraco-Macedonian” Region.................................................................. 39
Александрос Тзамалис. Монетният тип приклекнал бик
от „трако-македонския“ регион.................................................................. 58

Петър Делев. За тегловните стандарти на тежките сребърни

монети на дероните........................................................................................61
Peter Delev. On the Weight Standards of the Heavy Silver Coinage
of the Derrones................................................................................................ 72

Vyacheslav K. Peshekhonov, Nina A. Frolova. Silver Coins of Abdera

and Maroneia of the 6th–4th Century BC in the Collection of the State
Historical Museum in Moscow: An Updated View....................................... 73
Вячеслав Пешехонов, Нина Фролова. Сребърните монети
на Абдера от VІ–ІV в. пр. н.е. и Маронея от колекцията на Държавния
исторически музей (Москва) в светлината на новите изследвания......80

Маргарита Андонова. Тасос и „силеновата“ монетна серия

VІ–ІV в. пр. Хр................................................................................................. 85
Margarita Andonova. The Island of Thasos and the Coinage of the Silenus
Type, 6th – 4th Century BC............................................................................... 93

Ставри Топалов. Непубликуван тип среднономинална бронзова монета

„силен и нимфа – вдлъбнат квадрат, разделен на четири“ ..................... 95
Stavri Topalov. Unpublished Type of “Silenos and Nymph / Quandripartite
Incuse Square” Bronze Coin of Middle Denomination . .............................105
8 Съдържание / Contents

Eftimija Pavlovska. А Сoin Hoard of the Paionian King Lycceios.........................107

Евтимия Павловска. Монетно съкровище с тетрадрахми
на пеонския цар Ликей ............................................................................... 116

Методи Манов. Монетосеченето на тракийското племе дентелети –

нови наблюдения...........................................................................................121
Metodi Manov. The Coinage of the Thracian Tribe of Denthelaetae –
New Observations.......................................................................................... 135

Yannis Stoyas. Two Peculiar Thracian Coin Issues:

DANTHLHTVN and MELSA................................................................................... 143
Янис Стояс. Две особени тракийски монетосечения:
DANTHLHTVN и MELSA............................................................................... 174

Michael H. Crawford. Coins with GRU: the Abbé Bertrand Capmartin

de Chaupy and the Early Study of the Coinages of Italy..............................187
Майкъл Х. Кроуфърд. Монетите с надпис GRU:
абат Бертран Капмартен дьо Шопи и най-ранните
изследвания на монетосеченията в Италия.............................................194

Constantin A. Marinescu, Cathаrine C. Lorber. The “Black Sea”

Tetradrachm Hoard........................................................................................197
Константин Маринеску, Катрин Лорбър. Нова находка
с тетрадрахми от района на Черно море.................................................. 242

Иван Карайотов. Постумните сребърни и златни монети

на Месамбрия и Одесос през ІІІ–І в. пр. Хр..............................................261
Ivan Karayotov. Les monnaies posthumes d’argent et d’or de Messambria
et Odessos aux IIIe – Ier s. av. J.-C. . ..............................................................280

Sophia Kremydi. The Bronze Coins of Lychnidоs................................................. 287

София Кремиди. Бронзовото монетосечене на Лихнид..................................296

Nikola Šeldarov. А Hoard of Bronze Coins of Philip V and Perseus

from the Area of Gevgelija, Republic of Macedonia....................................299
Никола Шелдаров. Колективна находка с бронзови монети на Филип V
и Персей от района на Гевгели, Република Македония........................ 305

François de Callataÿ. A Tetradrachm with the Legend QRAKWN Overstruck

on an Athenian Stephanephoros Tetradrachm of APELLIKWN-GORGIAS
(88/87 BC) and its Consequences for the Thasian Type Coinage............... 307
Франсоа дьо Калатай. Тетрадрахма с надпис QRAKWN препечатана
върху атинска тетрадрахма на APELLIKWN-GORGIAS (88/87 г.)
и последствията за монетосеченето от тасоски тип............................... 321
 Съдържание / Contents 9

David MacDonald. ΗΡΑΚΛΕΟΥΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΘΡΑΚΩΝ Tetradrachm:

Die Links and Dating.....................................................................................323
Дейвид Макдоналд. Тетрадрахмите ΗΡΑΚΛΕΟΥΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ
ΘΡΑΚΩΝ: връзки на монетните печати и датировка............................. 336

Yannis Touratsoglou. Coins of the Macedonian Cities in the FHW

(Foundation of the Hellenic World) Collection........................................... 341
Янис Турацоглу. Монети на македонските градове в колекцията
на фондация на елинския свят (FHW), Атина.........................................361

Dubravka Ujes-Morgan. 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium

in the Territory of the Scordisci. A Prologue to the Roman Conquest of the
Balkans........................................................................................................... 367
Дубравка Уйес-Морган. Драхмите на Аполония и Дирахион от І век
пр. Хр. на територията на скордиските: пролог към римското
завоевание на Балканите............................................................................ 387

Phillip Davis, Evgeni Paunov. Imitations of Republican Denarii

from Moesia and Thrace............................................................................... 389
Филип Дейвис, Евгени Паунов. Имитации на републикански
денари от Мизия и Тракия.........................................................................406

Мариана Минкова. Монетна находка от II–I век пр. Хр. от село

Найденово, община Братя Даскалови, Старозагорска област...............415
Mariana Minkova. A 2nd – 1st Century BC Coin Hoard from the Village of
Naydenovo, Municipality of Bratya Daskalovi, Stara Zagora District ....... 425

Sotir Ivanov. Circulation of Bronze Coins of Thessalonica from the 2nd Century
BC to the 1st Century BC in the Territory of Southwest Bulgaria................. 431
Сотир Иванов. Циркулация на бронзовите монети на Тесалоника от II в. пр.
Хр. до края на I в. пр. Хр. на територията на Югозападна България.....441

Евгени Паунов. Монети и монетна циркулация в Кабиле и неговия

хинтерланд, ~100 г. пр. Хр. – 98/117 г. сл. Хр.............................................. 443
Evgeni Paunov. Coins and Coin Circulation in Kabyle and its Hinterland,
ca. 100 BC – AD 98/117....................................................................................481

Петър Бънов. Контрамаркирани римски бронзови монети от І в.

от музея в Плевен........................................................................................489
Peter Banov. 1st AD Century Roman Countermarked Bronze Coins
from the Museum in Pleven (Central North Bulgaria)............................... 502
10 Съдържание / Contents

Virgil Mihailescu-Bîrliba. Roman Coins at the Free Tribes

Outside Province of Dacia............................................................................ 507
Въргил Михайлеску-Бърлиба. Римски монети при „свободните“
племена извън провинция Дакия.............................................................. 512

Светослава Филипова. Провинциални бронзови монети

от разкопките в махала „Арбанас“, Радомир (област Перник).............. 513
Svetoslava Filipova. Roman Provincial Coins from the Excavations
in the Arbanas Quarter of Radomir, District of Pernik............................... 534

Диляна Ботева. Нумизматични данни за крепостната стена

на Улпия Сердика при Марк Аврелий: въпроси и нови
възможности?............................................................................................... 539
Dilyana Boteva. Numismatic Evidence about Ulpia Serdica’s Fortification
wall under Marcus Aurelius: Questions and New Possibilities?................ 546

Мариaна Славова. Монетни находки от град Меричлери

(средата на II – края на IV вeк)................................................................... 547
Mariana Slavova. Coin Finds from the Town of Merichleri
(Mid–2nd – late 4th Century AD)....................................................................561

Радослав Гущераклиев. Бронзови монети от района на римско

селище в землището на село Владиня, Ловешко..................................... 565
Radoslav Gushterakliev. Bronze Coins from a Roman Settlement
near Vladinya, Region of Lovech ................................................................. 580

Георги Дзанев. Колективна находка на антониниани от Абритус..................581

Georgi Dzanev. A Hoard of Roman Antoniniani from Abritus............................ 592

Katerini Liampi. Grave Hoard of Late Roman Period from the Site Ellinika
at Kopani, Ioannina/2008.............................................................................599
Катерини Лиампи. Късноримска монетна находка от некропола
„Елиника“ при Копани, град Янина . ........................................................ 613

Алена Тенчова. Съкровище с ранновизантийски монети

от с. Дюлино, община Бяла.........................................................................619
Alena Tenchova. Ein Schatzfund mit frühbyzantinischen Münzen
von Dulino, gemeinde von Bjala................................................................... 632

Dochka Vladimirova-Aladzhova. Lid for Theriac Drug Jars from Melnik

(Southwest Bulgaria)......................................................................................641
Дочка Владимирова-Аладжова. Похлупаче на териак от Мелник................648
 Съдържание / Contents 11

Иван Йорданов. Печат на неизвестен стратег от Тракия

и Йоанопол (70–80-те г. на Х век)...............................................................651
Ivan Yordanov. A Seal of Unknown Byzantine Strategos
of Thrake and Johanopolis Dating from 970–980s AD............................... 656

Б. Стара история и археология | Ancient History and Archaeology

Веселина Вандова. Неолитни гробове при с. Крум, Димитровградско

(разкопки 2011 г.)........................................................................................... 657
Veselina Vandova. Neolithic Burials near the Village of Krum,
Dimitrovgrad District (Campaign 2010)......................................................666

Diana Doncheva. The Northern “Journey” of Late Bronze Age Copper Ingots.....671
Диана Дончева. Северният „път“ на медните слитъци през късната
бронзова епоха ............................................................................................ 705

Калин Порожанов. Одриските царе Котис І (383/2–360/359 г. пр. Хр.)

и Керсеблепт (359–341 г.) – владетели на Боспора и Хелеспонта........... 715
Kalin Porozhanov. The Odrysian Kings Kotys I (383/2 – 360/59 BC)
and Kersebleptes (359–341 BC) as Rulers of Bosphorus and Hellespont... 727

Александър Порталски. Дионисий Византийски – ценен извор

за географията и историята на Босфора в древността........................... 729
Alexander Portalsky. Dionysius of Byzantium – a Valuable Ancient
Source for the History and Geography of Bosporus.................................... 740

Марио Иванов. Социална и културна принадлежност

в провинция Тракия според надгробните паметници...........................743
Mario Ivanov. Social and Cultural Identity in Province
of Thrace according to the Grave Monuments............................................ 757

Иво Топалилов. Νικοπόλις ή περὶ Αἷμον или Nicopolis ad Istrum......................761

Ivo Topalilov. Νικοπόλις ἡ περὶ Αἷμον or Nicopolis ad Istrum.............................. 767

Владимир Найденов, Нарцис Торбов. Римски и късноантични лампи

от колекцията на Регионалния Исторически музей в Плевен.............769
Vladimir Naydenov, Narcis Torbov. Roman and Late Antique Lamps
from the Collection of Regional Historical Museum in Pleven.................. 784
12 Съдържание / Contents

Теодора Ковачева. Римски теракоти от Улпия Ескус......................................791

Theodora Kovacheva. Roman Terracottae from Ulpia Oescus..............................801

Юниян Мешеков. Трако-римски коли от гр. Трън – проблеми

на конструкцията и реконструкцията...................................................... 807
Yunian Meshekov. Thraco-Roman Carriages from the Town of Tran:
Problems of the Constriction and Reconstruction.......................................814

Мария Камишева. Непубликувани паметници от светилището

при с. Кирилово, Старозагорскo............................................................... 827
Maria Kamisheva. Unpublished Monuments from the Sanctuary of Thracian
Horseman near the Village of Kirilovo, Stara Zagora District..................... 832

Василка Паунова. Отново за „свещените участъци“ в Югоизточна

Европа през античната и късноантичната епохи................................... 835
Vassilka Paunova. Back on the “Sacred territory” during the Antiquity
and Late Antique Period in Southwestern Europe ..................................... 845

Галина Дянкова. Ранносредновековна яма от обект „Гороцветна“ / 2010:

бележки за фортификацията на Пауталия–Велбъжд............................849
Galina Dyankova. Early Mediaeval Pit from “Gorotzvetna” / 2010:
Notes on the Fortification of Pautalia–Velbuzd........................................... 853

Дойчин Грозданов. Средновековни гробове в църкви

от Южна България (ХІ–ХІV в.)................................................................... 857
Doychin Grozdanov. Medieval Burials in Churches from
Southern Bulgaria (11th – 14th c.).................................................................... 887

В. Личности | Personalia

Валентин Ликов. По следите на един нумизмат:

Георги Ликов (1921–1994).............................................................................897
Valentin Likov. On the Footsteps of a Numismatist:
Georgi Likov (1921–1994)...............................................................................897

Г. Показатели | Indices

Приети съкращения | Abbreviations...................................................................901

Указател на авторите | Index of Contributors....................................................906

За съставителите | About the Editors...................................................................912

 1ST CENTURY BC DRACHMS OF APOLLONIA
AND DYRRHACHIUM IN THE TERRITORY OF THE
SCORDISCI. A PROLOGUE TO THE ROMAN CONQUEST
OF THE BALKANS

Dubravka UJES-MORGAN
(Newark, Delaware)

Abstract
Apollonia and Dyrrhachium, the two most important Greek cities on the Illyrian coast, issued
drachms depicting a cow suckling her calf from the 3rd to the 1st century BC. Large quantities of
these drachms have been discovered, both in numerous hoards and as innumerable finds of single
coins, far from the cities that issued them, in the basin of the middle Danube, the homeland of
the Scordisci, and further afield in Dacia and Thrace. A remarkable concentration of both hoards
(more than 30) and single finds of these drachms discovered in the territory of the Scordisci rep-
resents an extraordinary monetary phenomenon deserving attention. The chronology of issuing
of these drachms long remained unclear, but recent research by Petrányi (1995, 1996 and 1997),
and Picard and Gjongecaj (1996, 1999, 2000 and 2000a), provided a clarification of the chronol-
ogy of the final phase of their issuance. It has been determined that the massive output started
only ca. 80/70 BC, reached its maximum ca. 60/50 BC and ceased ca. 50/40 BC. The use of this
new chronology in examining the drachms present in the hoards discovered in the territory of the
Scordisci requires a down-dating of their arrival in that region to the middle of the 1st century BC.
Consequently, the interpretation of the causes of the massive inflow of these coins deep into the
Balkan hinterland, into the lands of the Scordisci and beyond, needs reconsideration. Since it was
the period of large military operations throughout the Balkans – the Mithridatic wars and the Ro-
man civil wars – it is probable that various military payments, rather than trade, prompted a rapid
transfer of such large quantities of these drachms into these distant regions.

The Objective

I
n this paper I propose a new explanation of the puzzling occurrence of
unusually large numbers of drachms issued by Apollonia and Dyrrhachium
in the distant territory of the Scordisci in terms of Roman military operations in
the Balkans around the middle of the first century BC.1

The Drachms
Apollonia and Dyrrhachium (Epidamnus) were founded in the Archaic period
by Corcyra and her mother city Corinth on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in

1 I first presented the results of my research on this topic in a paper at the 13th INC held in Ma-
drid in 2003. An updated brief version was presented in my paper at the American Philological
Association Annual Meeting in 2009.
367
368 Dubravka Ujes-Morgan

the Illyrian lands to the north of Epirus.2 They became the most important Greek
cities in the whole area. When the Illyrian and Macedonian kingdoms threatened
their prosperity in the last third of the 3rd century BC, they turned to the Romans
for military support and subsequently assumed the privileged status of a Roman
protectorate.3 In the next two centuries these two wealthy cities played a promi-
nent role in complex political and military events involving the Roman conquest
of the whole Balkans and the Mediterranean.
From the 3rd to the 1st century BC both cities issued the same type of smaller
silver coins, with the representation of a cow suckling her calf and the name of one
magistrate in the nominative case on the obverse, and a double stellate or floral
pattern in a double square and the name of another magistrate in the genitive case
on the reverse (Fig. 1).4 These coins are conventionally called drachms, although
their ancient name is not known.5 Their weight, of 3.4 grams, equals three scru-
ples, which later became the weight of the Roman victoriatus.6

Fig. 1.

While smaller coins typically were not carried far from a city’s territory7, large
quantities of these drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium have been discovered
hundreds of miles inland in the basin of the middle Danube, in the Pannonian

2 The literature on these Greek foundations is abundant. See Wilkes, Fischer-Hansen 2004, 328–
331, for a recent collection of sources and selected literature on the foundation of these cities.
3 Polybius 2.12.2, Appian, Ill. 7–8.
4 Ceka 1972, lists 136 combinations of pairs of magistrates’ names for Apollonia, and 461 for Dyr-
rhachium.
5 Its weight indicates that it probably was a trite, as concluded in Picard, Gjongecaj 1996, 192,
note no. 25.
6 Before it was proved that the issuing of victoriati started only in 213 BC or later, this denomina-
tion was often given that same name, being of the same weight. Mørkholm 1991, 153, argued
that the introduction of a new weight system in Apollonia and Dyrrhachium was independent
of any influence from Rome and occurred considerably earlier than in Rome. The needs of pay-
ment in the trade between Corcyra with her two colonies and the towns in Southern Italy are
supposed to be the crucial reason for this change of weight system. However, the evidence of
coin finds does not indicate such a direction of diffusion of the drachmas.
7 See Grierson 1965, xiii, on the area of circulation and diffusion of small denominations.
 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 369

Plain, in the southern Carpathians, and as far as the western coast of the Black Sea,
both in numerous hoards and as innumerable finds of single coins.8
The chronology of issuing of these drachms has long remained uncertain,
principally due to their unvarying obverse and reverse types. Nevertheless, the
large number of the names of monetary magistrates indicates that they were is-
sued over a long period of time. Consequently, their occurrence so far from the
centers of their issuing has often been explained as a consequence of intensive
commerce, which would have brought large quantities of coins into the barbar-
ian lands during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.9 However, only a limited number of
issues, bearing specific combinations of the magistrates’ names, were abundant
and reached the distant regions in large quantities. Thus the determination of the
chronology of their issuance has a key-role in the interpretation of the presence
of these drachms in the territory of the Scordisci, and elsewhere in the remote
barbarian lands.

The Chronology of issues

A more precise chronology of these issues has recently been proposed by Gyula
Petrányi, and independently by Olivier Picard, in collaboration with Shpresa
Gjongecaj.10 Apart from some slight differences, their proposals have many points
in common.
The issuing of these drachms most probably started shortly after the 280s BC
in Dyrrhachium, followed by Apollonia not later than the 250s BC.11 Three phases
may be distinguished in the whole period of their issuance in both cities:12
• The first phase lasted from the 280s or 250s, to around 168 BC. It should be
noted that from 228 B.C. these two cities were a part of the Roman “protec-
torate” on the eastern Ionian and Adriatic coasts, served as Roman naval
bases and became centers for Roman operations in the interior of the Bal-
kans.
• The middle phase lasted from around 168 to the 80s or 70s BC, that is, from
the defeat of Macedonian kingdom to the Mithridatic wars, and

8 The IGCH, CH and other works provide an illustration of the multitude of such hoards.
9 Mitrea 1945, 79–99 and 146–147, Glodariu 1976, 46–50, 87–90, Poenaru-Bordea 1983, through-
out, Preda 1993, 133–137.
10 I remain grateful to Dr. Gyula Petrányi, Dr. Niculae Conovici and Professor O. Picard for their
kindness to discuss with me the results of their research and provide their advice and explana-
tions on certain important details.
11 Picard, Gjongecaj 2000, 137–138, based on the reasons explained in Gjongecaj 1998, 81, 100–101.
The beginning of this coin type formerly was usually dated ca. 229 B.C., after the alliance be-
tween these two cities and Rome was established: Head 1911, 314. Giovannini 1978, 113, dated it
ca. 250–240 B.C., which was accepted in Mørkholm 1991, 152–153.
12 The Apolloniate coinage has been studied more thoroughly than the Dyrrhachian, and it
provides the base for the proposed chronological ordering: Petrányi 1995, 59–63; Picard and
Gjongecaj 1996, 187–198, also 2000, 137–160, and 2000a, 80–85. The beginning of the new, Ro-
man phase in the Apolloniate coinage is established in 38–36 B.C. although the issuing of dena-
rii might have started from ca. 44 BC: Picard, Gjongecaj 1999, 627, see also Ceka 1972, 103–107.
370 Dubravka Ujes-Morgan

• The third, i.e. the last phase, from around the 80 or 70s to the 40s BC. This
phase is characterized by a very large mint output, the maximum of which
occurred from the late 60s, 50s to the early 40s BC, in the period of the Ro-
man civil wars.

The pairs of magistrates’ names during the last phase of issuing

Coins issued during the middle phase occur occasionally in the territory of the
Scordisci, but the overwhelming majority of coins discovered both in the hoards
and as isolated coin finds belong to the last phase of issuing. Tables 1–3 illustrate
the sequence of the last issues of the last phase, all of which are the most frequent
in the hoards in the territory of the Scordisci, and also occur frequently as stray
coin finds.13 The first table, by Picard and Gjongecaj, is mostly based on the hoards
of drachms from the surroundings of Apollonia, and it concerns only the issues
of this city. The other two tables, by Petrányi, are mostly based on the hoards of
drachms from the Balkan hinterland, including several hoards from the Scordis-
can lands. The numbers in the third column of each table refer to the alphabeti-
cal order of the magistrates’ names according to the previously standard work by
Ceka, which these recent works have made obsolete.

Table 1. The last nine Apolloniate issues, “Fin de la série” in the sequence
of Picard and Gjongecaj, dated between 80/70 and 48 BC.14

Obverse name, Reverse name, Associés No. in Ceka 1972 No. in the
Monétaire sequence
ΑΡΙΣΤΗΝ/ ΑΙΝΕΑΣ, ΑΡΧΙΒΙΟΣ, 21–22, 24–29 66
ΑΡΙΣΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΚΑΔΟΣ, ΛΥΣΗΝ,
ΜΝΑΣΙΑΣ, ΦΙΛΟΔΑΜΟΣ,
ΨΥΛΛΟΣ
ΤΙΜΗΝ ΔΑΜΟΦΩΝ 115 67

13 The sequences of issues have been established on the basis of systematic and exhaustive analy-
ses of a large number of hoards from all the regions into which these drachms spread. It would
not be effective to mention all the relevant bibliography on these hoards, mostly catalogued
in the IGCH, CH and elsewhere, but it is necessary to mention with due respect the analytical
work by Conovici, 1985, 59–72, also 1986, 69–88, 1989, 17–30, and 1991, ������������������������
67–75�������������������
, who first system-
atically arranged and analyzed the immense body of data. Data pertaining to the Pannonian
Plain and Carpathian Basin were gathered in Torbágyi 1988 and presented in Torbágyi 1993,
120–122. For the additional information on some hoards from the Serbian part of the Danube
valley see Popović 1976, 14–16, also 1977, 177–178, and 1990, 14–16. The finds from the Thracian
territories have recently been analyzed in Grigorova – Prokopov, 2002, 651–679, and the mixed
hoards with the Roman Republican denarii in Paunov – Prokopov 2002, 62–77 and 88.
14 Picard and Gjongecaj 2000, 156–157. This sequence is based on the contents of the hoards
Tirana 1 and 2, Gjonmë (IGCH 665, 666 and 667), and Shkodra 1997 (published in that same
article, p.145–147). The burial date of the Gjonmë hoard – 48 BC – proposed by Ceka, is taken
as the end of issuing in Apollonia.
 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 371

ΑΣΚΛΑΠΙΑ- ΦΙΛΙΣΤΙΩΝ 31 68
ΔΑΣ
ΑΓΙΑΣ ΑΙΝΕΑΣ, ΕΠΙΚΑΔΟΣ�����
, ΑΥ-
��� 1–3 69
ΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΣ
ΝΙΚΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΑΝΔΡΙΣΚΟΣ, ΑΡΙΣΤΩΝ 83 70
ΞΕΝΟΚΛΗΣ ΧΑΙΡΗΝ 91 71
ΣΙΜΙΑΣ ΑΥΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΣ 98 72
ΝΙΚΗΝ ΑΥΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΣ 88 73
ΣΩΣΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ ΝΙΚΩΝ, ΑΥΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΣ 103–104 74

Table 2. The last ten Apolloniate issues, after Petrányi.15

No. in the
Obverse name Reverse name No. in Ceka 1972
sequence
ΜΑΑΡΚΟΣ ΛΥΣΑΝΙΑ 75 –10
ΝΙΚΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΑΝΔΡΙΣΚΟΥ 83 –9
ΑΡΙΣΤΩΝ ΛΥΣΗΝΟΣ 27 –8
ΞΕΝΟΚΛΗΣ ΧΑΙΡΗΝΟΣ 91 –7
ΑΓΙΑΣ ΕΠΙΚΑΔΟΥ 3 –6
ΝΙΚΗΝ ΑΥΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ 88 –5
ΤΙΜΗΝ ΔΑΜΟΦΩΝΤΟΣ 115 –4
ΑΡΙΣΤΩΝ ΑΙΝΕΑ 24 –3
ΣΩΣΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ ΝΙΚΩΝΟΣ 104 –2
ΑΡΙΣΤΗΝ ΜΝΑΣΙΑ 21 –1

Table 3: the last ten Dyrrhachian issues, after Petrányi

Reverse name, Obverse name, No. in the

No. in Ceka
Eponymos Moneyer sequence
ΦΙΛΛΙΑ ΞΕΝΩΝ 361 –10
ΑΓΑΘΙΩΝΟΣ ΞΕΝΩΝ, ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΣ 353, 316 –9
ΑΡΧΙΠΠΟΥ ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΣ 318 –8
ΦΙΛΩΤΑ ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΣ 331 –7
ΚΑΛΛΩΝΟΣ ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΣ 322 –6
ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΥ ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΣ 320 –5

15 Petrányi 1997, 6–7, and 9–11 for the next list, pertaining to the Dyrrhachian issues. See also
Petrányi 1996, 71–74. The arrangement in Petrányi 1997 is based on analysis of 37 hoards for
Apollonia drachms and 36 hoards for Dyrrhachium. Particular attention was paid to the met-
rological data and the details of iconography.
372 Dubravka Ujes-Morgan

ΛΥΚΙΣΚΟΥ ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΣ 325 –4

ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΥ ΦΙΛΩΝ 438 –3
ΑΡΙΣΤΗΝΟΣ ΦΙΛΩΝ, ΣΙΛΑΝΟΣ 433, 376 –2
ΦΙΛΩΝΟΣ ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΣ 330 –1

The Scordisci and Their Territory

The Scordisci were Celts, who after the great invasion and plundering of Mace-
donia and northern Greece in 280 to 279 BC returned to the north of the Balkans
and settled in the broad valleys of the Danubius (Danube) and Margus (Great
Morava) rivers.16 After the middle of the 3rd century BC they firmly established
themselves in the territory delineated in the map (Fig. 2).17 Their archaeological
culture was clearly Celtic, although later it appears mixed with the indigenous
cultures, which might be correlated with the information that “the Galatae, called
Scordisci, lived intermingled with the Illyrian and Thracian tribes”.18 The Scordisci
lived in several larger settlements with earthen ramparts and numerous villages
which are densely clustered along the Danube and Great Morava rivers. Strabo
states that they had two towns, Heorta and Capedunum, which still have not been
identified with any of the known large settlements.19 From the mid–2nd century
BC onwards, the Scordisci became so powerful and belligerent that even the Dar-
danian regions situated between them and Macedonia fell under their control,
and they repeatedly plundered the Roman province of Macedonia.20 However, af-
ter their devastating defeat in 85 or 84 BC by Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiagenes,
they abandoned the southern part of their lands and withdrew en masse to the
north of the Danube.21

The hoards with drachms in the territory of the Scordisci

Thirty hoards and a large number of isolated drachms of Apollonia and Dyr-
rhachium have been recorded in the territory of the Scordisci (Fig. 2 – Map). The

16 The Celtic invasion and settling of the Scordisci are described by Pausanias (1.4 and 10.19–23),
Diodorus (22.3–5 and 9) and Justin (24.4–8 and 32.3.6–8).
17 The territory of the Scordisci is identified on the basis of information by Strabo 7.5.12 and also
7.2.2, and by a fragment of Posidonius quoted by Athenaeus 6.25, p. 234 B (FrGrHist. 87, F 48)
and Justin 32.3.8. See the discussion by Papazoglu 1978, 360–363, and 345–389 for the Scordis-
can territory from their invasion until the Roman conquest. My delineation of the Scordiscan
territory in the map (Fig. 2) is based on Papazoglu’s work, and also on the archaeological evi-
dence as discussed by Todorović 1968, 19–36 and 83–108 and 1974, 158–160, and also Jovanović
1987, 847–850.
18 Strabo, 7.3.11, for the time of Burebista.
19 Strabo 7.5.12.
20 Ammianus Marcellinus 27.4.4, Festus 9.1, Orosius 5.23.17–19, Iordanes, Rom. 219, Florus 1.39
(the Scordisci mentioned as Thracians); for the commentary on these sources see Papazoglu
1978, 294–303
21 App. Ill. 3 and 5.
 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 373

drachms of Apollonia are present in 24 hoards and those of Dyrrhachium in all the
thirty hoards. Three regional groups of hoards may be distinguished:
• The central group is the largest regional group; it is situated in the core-land
of the Scordisci, the region of Syrmia (Srem), where the Roman city of Sirmium
later was a center.
• The second group extends to the east of the first region along the Danube, to
the area of the straits on the Danube called the “Iron Gates”.
• The third group is situated to the north-west of the Scordiscan core land.

It is noticeable that almost all the find spots lie to the North of the Danube,
except for the four, which are however located on the Danube’s southern (right)
bank. The locations of these groups correspond to the areas of clustering of the
Scordiscan settlements.22
In Table 4 these hoards are listed in four groups according to their contents:
• Group I: hoards containing only drachms.
• Group II: hoards containing drachms and barbarian coins, Scordiscan or other.
• Group III: besides drachms and barbarian coins, hoards containing also Ro-
man Republican denarii.
• Group IV: hoards containing drachms and Republican denarii.
The denarii have a precise chronology, and indicate the termini post quem for
the deposition of the hoards that contain them.
Analyses of the contents of the hoards for which the details are available have
shown that the majority of drachms pertain to the last phase of issuing, datable
from the 60’s to the 40’s B.C – this concerns the hoards known to Petrányi and
Picard, such as Vukovar III (no. 4), Pećinci (no. 10), Titel (no. 17), Zaklopača (no.
19), Kostolac (no. 20), Ram (no. 21), Coronini/Pescari II (no. 26), and those hoards
that have more recently been recorded, such as Srpski Miletić (no. 1), Ruma (no.
8), Vrdnik (no. 9), Indjija (no. 11) and Stara Pazova II (no. 14).23 Also, almost all the
isolated finds of drachms for which the magistrates’ names are recorded pertain
to the same last phase. Accordingly, the finds of drachms in the territory of the
Scordisci seem to have resulted from the pool of coinage which arrived en masse
during a relatively short period. Because in the territory of the Scordisci that pool
contained the very last issues, it probably occurred in the late 50’s and in the 40’s
BC. Hence the deposition of these hoards should be dated after that period or
slightly later. Consequently, the dates of deposition should be reassessed in practi-
cally all the instances of the previously published hoards – see Table 4.

The Scordisci in the 1st century BC

The new chronologies of issuance, inflow and concealment require a reassess-
ment of the historical and economic background of this whole monetary phe-

22 See footnote 17 for the main works on the archaeology of Scordisci.

23 Petrányi 1997, 6–11, as shown in his tables 1–4; it may be correlated with the Fin de la série by
Picard and Gjongecaj. The information on hoards no. 1, 9, 14 was not available to Petrányi.
374 Dubravka Ujes-Morgan

nomenon. The concept of a slow, long-lasting and peaceful diffusion throughout

the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, caused by continuous commercial activities, should
be abandoned. Commercial reasons, such as a very intensive slave-trade, still can-
not explain such a wide-ranging, abundant and rapid spread of drachmas.24 Such
reasons are particularly inappropriate in case of the hoards discovered in the ter-
ritory of the Scordisci, who were obstinate enemies of the Romans for a long time.
The Romans, who were ruling Apollonia and Dyrrhachium from 228 BC and con-
trolling the coinages in both cities, most probably had other reasons for making
the large payments to the Scordisci.
In a more general historical framework, the beginning and the peak of the
abundant issuing of drachms fall within the period of the Mithridatic Wars. The
end corresponds to the period of the Roman Civil Wars. The rise of the Dacian
kingdom under Burebista in the middle of the 1st century B.C. also belongs to
this same period. All these events could have been responsible for a high rate of
production of drachms in Apollonia and Dyrrhachium and their spread into the
Balkan hinterland.
The extant literary sources provide only a few scraps of specific information
about the Scordisci in the 1st century B.C. After the Scordisci had invaded and
plundered Macedonia, they were defeated in 85 or 84 BC by Lucius Cornelius
Scipio Asiagenes25. Appian remarked that the Roman victory was a great catas-
trophe for the Scordisci, who were forced to abandon the southern part of their
lands and to seek refuge on the left bank of the Danube – that is, in the territories
in which the majority of the hoards have been found. After 84 BC, the Scordisci
were not explicitly mentioned in any extant literary source until 16 BC, when they
ravaged Macedonia together with the Dentheletae.26 In the meantime, they had
been exposed to the pressure and westward expansion of the Dacians, but were
also mentioned as their allies, which may be dated in the 50’s or slightly earlier.27
However, in spite of the Roman advances northward, the Scordisci somehow re-
tained their independence, and in 12 BC they are mentioned as Tiberius’ allies, in
his campaign against the Pannonian tribes.28 This implies that between 16 and 12
BC. they were somehow overpowered by the Romans, but not conquered, which
gave them the favorable status of allies. It has been conjectured that the Romans
subdued them some time in the last decade of the 1st century BC.29
The Scordisci have not been mentioned by their ethnic name among the
mercenary solders of the Hellenistic and Roman armies. However, they might
have served as auxiliaries in the Roman armies in the late 50’s and in the 40’s
BC, but been mentioned only by generic ethnic names such as Galli or Galatae.

24 See Crawford 1977, 119–121, on the slave-trade as the reason for massive penetration of Roman
republican denarii into Dacia.
25 App. Ill. 3–5.
26 Cassius Dio 54.20.3.
27 Strabo 7.5.2.
28 Cassius Dio 54.31.3.
29 Papazoglu 1978, 343–344.
 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 375

Perhaps they and their neighbors, the Bastarnae, should be recognized in the
mention of 500 Gallic and German cavalry whom the proconsul Aulus Gabinius
had left in Alexandria in the 50’s BC and whom Pompey’s son Gnaeus conveyed
with the Egyptian fleet to Epirus in 49 BC.30 In the winter of 49–48 BC Pompey
stationed his forces in Dyrrhachium, Apollonia, and other towns on the Adriatic
coast, to prevent Caesar from crossing the sea, as recorded by Caesar, in his Bel-
lum Civile.31
There could certainly have been other occasions, not recorded by the literary
sources, in which the Scordisci were paid in drachms for military services they
provided for Roman armies.
Hence the abundant inflow of drachms of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, issued
during a relatively brief period of time, into the territory of the Scordisci, seems
best explained in terms of payments to mercenary soldiers during the Roman
Civil War. In fact, hardly any other reason for inflow of the drachms to this tribe
is obvious.

30 Caesar, Belum Civile 3.4.4: ‘D ex Gabinianis Alexandia, Gallos Germanosque, quos ibi A. Gabin-
ius praesidii causa apud regem Ptolemaeum reliquerat, Pompeius filius cum classe adduxerat’.
31 Caesar, Bell.Civ. 3.5.2: ‘Hiemare Dyrrhachii, Apolloniae omnibusque oppidis maritimis con-
stituerat, ut mare transire Caesarem prohiberet, eiusque rei causa omni ora maritima classem
disposuerat, praeerat Aegyptiis navibus Pompeius filius, …’.
 376

Table 4. Coin hoards containing drachmas of Appolonia Dyrrhachium

Dubravka Ujes-Morgan
1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 377

Fig. 2.
378 Dubravka Ujes-Morgan

LIST OF HOARDS (corresponding to the Table 4, with references)

1. Surroundings of village Srpski Miletić, before 1960. Ujes 2001, no. 68.

2. Dalj, ca. 1910.

Brunšmid 1912, 264; Mirnik 1978, 198; Popović 1987, 154.

3. Vukovar I, 1961.
Krasnov 1962, 51; Mirnik 1981, no. 97; Popović 1987, 154; Mirnik 1996, 527–528.

4. Vukovar II, 1917.

Mirnik 1981, no. 96; Popović 1987, 154.

5. Vukovar III, 1911.

Brunšmid 1912, 262–265. Gohl 1924, 6; Mitrea 1945, 86, no. 15, Popović 1976,
14–15, Popović 1978, 20–21, Mirnik 1981, no. 95, Popović 1987, 18, 10–103, 110, 154,
Petrányi 1997, 7, 10, 13, Picard, Gjongecaj 2000, 159.

6. Oroliška Gradina, Orolik, 1987.

Ujes 2001, no. 69.

7. Surroundings of Sremska Mitrovica, 1997.

Ujes 2001, no. 67.

8. Ruma, site “Jezero”, 1976.

Ujes 2001, no. 62.

9. Vrdnik, early 1970’s.

Ujes 2001, no. 66.

10. Pećinci, 1960s.

Popović 1976, 14–15, Popović 1978, 9–21, Mirnik 1981, no. 82, Popović 1987, 49,
110–111, 144, 154, Petrányi 1997, 6, 10.

11. Inđija, site “Krčevine”, 1996.

Ujes 2001, no. 60.

12. Nova Pazova, pot hoard, deposited in a grave of an incinerated deceased;

coins were also exposed to fire.
Marić 1949, 129–138, Marić 1956, 179, Mirnik 1981, no. 78, Popović 1976, 14,
Popović 1978, 19–20, Popović 1987, 100–101, 103, 110, 155.

13. Stara Pazova, site “Farm Petrović”, 1996.

Ujes 2001, no. 63.
 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 379

14. Stara Pazova, site “Farm Janko Čmelnik”, 1989.

Ujes 2001, no. 64.

15. Village Vojka, 1997. Ujes 2001, no. 65.

16. Center of Zemun, near the “TANJUG”-Radio station, 1996.

Ujes 2001, no. 59.

17. Titel, 1910.

Gohl 1910, 112–113, Gohl 1924, 7, Mitrea 1945, 86, no. 23, Popović 1978, 19, 21,
Mirnik 1981, no. 89, Popović 1987, 80–81, 154, Petrány 1997, 4, 10.

18. Botoš, 1895.

Gohl 1924, 7, Mitrea 1945, 86, no. 17, Popović 1987, 154. F. Medeleţ 1995, no. 19.

19. Zaklopača, village to the East of Belgrade, 1928.

Petrović 1932, 40–65, Mitrea 1945, 86, no. 14, IGCH no. 579, Popović 1976, 14–16,
Mirnik 1981, no. 98, Torbágyi 1993, 120, Petrányi 1994, 110–111, Petrányi 1997, 6, 10,
13, Picard and Gjongecaj 2000, 158–159.

20. Kostolac, 1982.

Popović 1990, 5–17, Petrányi 1997, 6, 10, Picard and Gjongecaj 2000, 159.

21. Ram, 1981.

Popović 1990, 10–17, Petrányi 1997, 6, 10, Picard and Gjongecaj 2000, 159.

22. Vračevgaj (also as Vracsevgáj), village near Bela Crkva, pot hoard, 1889.
Milleker 1897, 190, Berkeszi 1907, 47–48, Mitrea 1945, 86, no. 25, Mirnik 1981,
no. 92, Popović 1987, 154 (map), no. 104, Medeleţ 1995, no. 157-B, Ujes and Bakić
1996, 25, 27.

23. Lokva mountain (formerly Lokva hegység), 1912.

Gohl 1924, 7, Mitrea 1945, 87, no. 2, Crawford 1969, no. 293 (as Lunca Deal), ���
Mi-
trea 1983, 30, no. 26, Medeleţ 1995, no. 135 (find spot as Socol, because the moun-
tain is situated in the territory of that municipality).

24. Potoc village (also as Potok or Pottok), 1862.

Ilić Oriovčanin 1865, XXXI, Milleker 1897, 93–94, no. 4, Berkeszi 1907, 34 (4),
Gohl 1924, 7 and 10, Mitrea 1945, 84, no. 4, 94, IGCH no. 561, Medeleţ 1995, 118-B.

25. Potoc II, 1842.

Milleker 1897, 93, Berkeszi 1907, 34 (1), Gohl 1924, 7 and 10 (but, 176 RRD and 1
dr mentioned), Mitrea 1945, 87, no. 3, 104, no. 25, Medeleţ 1995, 118-C.
380 Dubravka Ujes-Morgan

26. Pescari village (formerly Coronini, or Lászlóvár) I, 1970.

Chirila and Gudea 1972, 713, 2, Mitrea 1975, 311, no. 17, Medeleţ 1995, no. 112-C.

27. Pescari/Coronini II, 1895.

Milleker 1897, 27, Berkeszi 1907, 12–13, Gohl 1924, 7, Mitrea 1945, 88, no. 6,
Chirila and Gudea 1972, 713–714, IGCH no. 610, Medeleţ 1995, no. 112-B, Ujes and
Bakić 1996, 23, 27, Petrányi 1997, 6.

28. Moldova Veche Insula – island in the Danube, 1979.

Berkeszi 1907, 28, Gohl 1924, 7, Mitrea 1945, 88, no. 9, Medeleţ 1995, no. 96.

29. Turnu Severin (mentioned also as Drobeta, which is the name of Roman
fortresse on the Danube), 1970.
Mitrea 1972, 137, no. 14.

30. Ostrovul Şimian (island in the Danube, down-stream Turnu Severin), 1970.
Mitrea 1972, 364, no. 20, Preda and Davidescu 1974, 77–102; Popović 1987, 46,
Torbágyi 1993, 122.

LIST OF THE FINDSPOTS (as indicated in the map, Fig. 2)

• If a find is a hoard, it is indicated after the place name; otherwise single coin
finds are meant.
• Letters A-K indicate the areas in which certain hoards or single coins were
discovered but their precise location is not known.
• Many isolated finds from the region of Srem and the district of Belgrade with-
out a precisely recorded find spot could not be plotted.

A. Surroundings of village Srpski Miletić, Hoard 1 and isolated coins

1. Dalj, Hoard 2
2. Sarvaš
3. Tripnja
4. Vukovar, Hoards 3, 4 and 5 and many isolated coins
5. Vinkovci, many isolated coins
6. Sotin, many isolated coins
7. Orolik, Hoard 6, settlement
8. Privlaka, many isolated coins
9. Kukuljevci, many isolated coins

B. Surroundings of Sremska Mitrovica, Hoard 7 and many isolated

10. Gomolava, large settlement, excavation finds
11. Hrtkovci
12. Jarak, several isolated coins
13. Ruma, Hoard 8
14. Vrdnik Hoard 9
 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 381

C. Surroundings of Sremski Karlovci, many isolated coins

15. Golubinci
16. Pećinci Hoard 10
17. Inđija, Hoard 11
18. Nova Pazova, Hoard 12
19. Stara Pazova, site “Farm Petrović”, Hoard 13
20. Stara Pazova, site “Farm J. Čmelnik”, Hoard 14
21. Vojka, Hoard 15
22. Stari Slankamen, many isolated coins
23. Novi Banovci, many isolated coins
24. Novi Slankamen
25. Surduk, many isolated coins
26. Stara Pazova several isolated coins
27. Site Kapela, Danube bank, Zemun, many isolated coins
28. Site Gardoš, center of Zemun
29. Center of Zemun, Hoard 16

D. The Danube bank in the surroundings of Zemun, many isolated coins

E. Zemun, territory of the town, several isolated coins

30. Boljevci
31. Progar
32. Kupinovo
33. Titel, Hoard 17 and several isolated coins

F. District of Novi Sad, many isolated coins

34. Botoš, Hoard 18
G. Surroundings of Zrenjanin, many isolated coins
35. Ritopek
36. Zaklopača, Hoard 19
37. Site Brestovik, Smederevo
38. Village Glibovac
39. “Ratari”, fields at the outskirts of Smederevska Palanka
40. Site Rudine, two coins are separate finds

H. District of Smederevo, many isolated coins

41. Site Mrčevica, village Jagnjilo, municipality of Mladenovac
42. Topola
43. Kostolac, Hoard 20
44. Ram, Hoard 21
45. Village Rečinci near Požarevac
46. Kovin many isolated coins
47. Pančevo, several isolated coins
48. Dubovac, isolated find on the Danube bank
49. Banatska Palanka
50. Gaj
51. Alibunar
382 Dubravka Ujes-Morgan

52. Veliki Gaj

53. Vršac, several isolated coins

I. Vršac, territory of its District, many isolated coins

54. Vračevgaj, Hoard 22
55. Lokva mountain Hoard 23
56. Potoc, Hoards 24 and 25
57. Pescari village (formerly Coronini, or Lászlóvár) Hoards 26 and 27
58. Moldova Veche Insula, Hoard 28
59. Orşova
60. Turnu Severin (mentioned also as Drobeta, which is the name of Roman fortress
on the Danube), Hoard 29
61. Ostrovul Şimian Hoard 30
62. Site Kurvingrad near Velika Vrbica – several isolated coins
63. Selište, village Velika Jasikova
64. Village Veliki Izvor
65. Vrška Čuka
66. Village Jelašnica
67. Manjinac, Minićevo, Knjaževac
68. Site Lubnička Reka, village Šljivar
69. Village Valevac
70. Podgorac

J. Surroundings of Zaječar, several isolated coins

71. Trnati Laz, village Lukar, Jagodina, 2 coins
72. Site Baba, village Lešće, Paraćin
K. Several isolated coins in the district of Jagodina.
 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 383

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 1st Century BC Drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium... 387

Драхмите на Аполония и Дирахион от І век пр. Хр.

на територията на скордиските: пролог към римското
завоевание на Балканите
(Резюме)

Дубравка УЙЕС-МОРГАН

Аполония и Дирахион – двата най-важни гръцки град на илирийския бряг, са

отсичали свои собствени монети през ІІІ–І век пр. Хр. – сребърни драхми от една-
къв тип (крава надясно със сучещо теле отдолу/ растителен орнамент „градините
на Алкиноя“ и надпис). Значителни количества от тези драхми са намерени, като
колективни и единични находки, далеч от тези градове – в басейна на Среден Дунав
и още по-на изток – в Дакия и Тракия. Сериозна концентрация на тези находки (над
30 съкровища) се наблюдава на територията на скордиските, което представлява
един забележителен нумизматичен феномен.
Хронологията на отсичане на тези драхми задълго оставаше неясна, но послед-
ните изследвания на д-р Г. Петрани (Petrányi 1995, 1996 и 1997) и тези на проф. О.
Пикар заедно с С. Гьонгецай (Picard, Gjongecaj 1996, 1999, 2000 и 2000a) изясни-
ха последователността на последната фаза на тези монетосечения. Уточнено бе, че
най-интензивната монетна продукция е била реализирана към 80–70 г. пр. Хр., дос-
тигайки своя максимум в ок. 60–50 г., за да бъде изцяло прекратена към 50–40 г.
Прилагането на новата хронология при изследването на драхмите, намерени на те-
риторията на скордиските, налага една по-късна дата на тяхното разпространение
в региона – около средата на І век пр. Хр. Следователно, интерпретацията на при-
чините, довели до мощния поток на тези монети във вътрешността на Балканите и
в земите на скордиските, се нуждае от преразглеждане. Тъй като това е период на
сериозни военни конфликти на Балканите – Митридатовите войни и Гражданската
война в Римската република, то далеч по-вероятно е тези находки от драхми на два-
та илирийски града да са представлявали различни военни плащания, отколкото да
са резултат на търговия.