1. Describe the different type of mills used in cement manufacturing.

Categorized by power source

 Watermill, a mill powered by moving water

 Windmill, a mill powered by moving air (wind)
 Tide mill, a water mill that uses the tide's movement
 Treadmill or treadwheel, a mill powered by human or animal movement
 Horse mill, a mill powered by horses' movement
Categorized by not being a fixed building

 Ship mill, a water mills that floats on the river or bay whose current or tide provides the water
movement
 Field mill (carriage), a portable mill.

2. Differentiate wet and dry process of manufacturing cement.

Wet process

1. Mixing of Raw materials in wash mill with 35 to 50% water.

2. Materials exiting the mill are called “slurry” and have flow-ability characteristics.
3. Size of the kiln needed for manufacturing of cement is bigger.
4. Raw material can be mixed easily, so a better homogeneous material can be obtained
5. Fuel consumption is high i.e., 350 kg of coal per ton of cement produced.
6. Cost of production is high.
7. Capital cost (Cost of establishment) is comparatively less.

Dry process

1. Mixing of raw material in dry state in blenders.

2. The dry materials exiting the mill are called “kiln feed”.
3. Size of the kiln needed for manufacturing of cement is smaller.
4. Difficult to control mixing of Raw materials, so it is difficult to obtain a better homogeneous
material.
5. Fuel consumption is low i.e., 100 kg of coal per ton of cement produced.
6. Cost of production is less.
7. Capital cost is high due to blenders.

In dry process all the materials in powder form are ground separated in the absence of water and then
mixed in the desired proportion and the resultant product is fed into kiln for burning.

This process results less consumption of energy. And low quality of product is achieved in this method.

while, In wet process,

The raw materials (clay silica alumina) is purified by washing with water and then mixed with crushed
limestone to get raw slurry liquid which is then fed to kiln for burning. Energy consumption is high in this
process. Produce good quality product. Dust emission is low.

3. What are the functions and use of each equipment:

a. Kiln – A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to
complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes. Kilns have been used for
millennia to turn objects made from clay into pottery, tiles and bricks. Various industries use rotary
kilns for pyro processing—to calcinate ores, to calcinate limestone to lime for cement, and to transform
many other materials.

b. Boiler - Boiler, also called Steam Generator, apparatus designed to convert a liquid to vapor. In a
conventional steam power plant, a boiler consists of a furnace in which fuel is burned, surfaces to transmit
heat from the combustion products to the water, and a space where steam can form and collect. A
conventional boiler has a furnace that burns a fossil fuel or, in some installations, waste fuels. A nuclear
reactor can also serve as a source of heat for generating steam under pressure
c. Slurry - A slurry is a thin and viscous fluid mixture composed of a pulverized solid and a liquid.
Slurries flow under gravity, can be pumped if not too thick, and are often used as a convenient way of
handling solids in bulk.

Examples of slurries include:

 Cement slurry, a mixture of cement, water, and assorted dry and liquid additives used in
the petroleum and other industries
 Soil/cement slurry, also called Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM), flowable fill, controlled
density fill, flowable mortar, plastic soil-cement, K-Krete, and other names[4]
 A mixture of thickening agent, oxidizers, and water used to form a gel explosive
 A mixture of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water produced in a volcanic eruption and known
as a lahar
 A mixture of bentonite and water used to make slurry walls
 Coal slurry, a mixture of coal waste and water, or crushed coal and water

d. Multiple Cyclones - Cyclone separators or simply cyclones are separation devices (dry scrubbers) that
use the principle of inertia to remove matter from flue gases. Cyclone separators is one of many air
pollution control devices known as precleaners since they generally remove larger pieces of particulate
matter. This prevents finer filtration methods from having to deal with large, more abrasive particles later
on. In addition, several cyclone separators can operate in parallel, and this system is known as
a multicyclone.
Multi Cyclone Dust Collector is the best air pollution control equipment for several industries.
Constructed from several cyclones, selected from our HE series, this dust collection is capable in the
treatment of a high volume of air. Depending on the particulate sizes, air volume and temperature of any
industrial application, the model and capacity of the dust collector is selected. Cyclone separators work
much like a centrifuge, but with a continuous feed of dirty air. In a cyclone separator, dirty flue gas is fed
into a chamber.

References:
energyeducation.ca
shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
quora.com
britannica.com
yansonsgroup.net
googlescholar.com