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Fundamentals of
A mathematical modeling
technique to obtain solutions to
complex engineering problems.
– Structural Problems (linear and
non-linear)
– Heat Transfer
– Fluid Flow (steady and unsteady)
– Static and Dynamic Analysis
– Electromagnetics and
Electrostatics
1
Finite Element Analysis
A finite element model approximates the geometry and physical
behavior of a system with a discretization of finite elements.
Each element is an approximate (sometimes exact)
mathematical representation of a small part of the system.
A truss element
δ
σ = Eε ε= δ =
PL
L EA
P P
δ
σ = Eε ε= δ =
PL Thus: σ =
P
L EA A
P P
2
Review (contd.)
Str.
Str. of Mats – Axially Loaded Rod Analysis
Find the axial stress in the following two problems:
L L
P P
h h h
b b b
P P
σ = → where : A = b * h σ = → but : A = ?
A A
PL PL
δ = δ= ?
EA EA
Simple: A - constant Complex: A - variable
3
Review of Strength of Material Truss
Analysis
For the simple problem, the exact axial stress can be calculated. For the
complex problem, the axial stress must be approximated by breaking
the problem into smaller sections and summing the displacements and
calculating the average stress based on the displacements.
L
P
h h
b
b
l δ tot = δ 1 + δ 2 + ... + δ n
Is the axial stress
Pl1 Pl 2 Pl
constant? δ tot = + + ... + n
EA1 EA2 EAn
4
Review of Linear Algebra
Linear Algebra – Algebra of Vectors and Matrices
Examples
3 x 1: vector 4 x 4: matrix standard subscript
⎡1⎤ ⎡1 0 9 6⎤
⎢6 8 4 0⎥ ⎡k k12 ⎤
{u} = ⎢ − 2⎥ [ K] = ⎢ ⎥ [k ] = ⎢ 11 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 1 6 3⎥ ⎣k 21 k 22 ⎦
⎢⎣3.2⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣6 8 4 0⎦
• ⎡ 1 4 3⎤ ⎡ 7 12⎤
A*B=C
A=⎢ ⎥
⎣5 2 6 ⎦ B = ⎢11 18⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 9 10⎥⎦
C11 = (1 * 7) + (4 *11) + (3 * 9) = 78 ⎡ 78 74 ⎤
C12 = (1 * 12) + (4 * 18) + (3 * 10) = 74 C=⎢ ⎥
C 21 = (5 * 7) + (2 *11) + (6 * 9) = 111
⎣111 136⎦
C 22 = (5 *12) + (2 * 8) + (6 *10) = 136
5
Review of Linear Algebra
⎡1 0⎤
⎡1 0 ⎤
−1 I=⎢ ⎥
A* A = ⎢ ⎥ ⎣0 1⎦
⎣0 1 ⎦
• Not all square matrices are invertible. A matrix has an inverse if
and only if it is nonsingular (its determinant is nonzero)
6
Review of Linear Algebra
Solving system of Linear Equations
• The matrix form is an easy
way to describe and solve a
system of linear equations:
• k11u1 + k12u2=f1 ⎡ k11 k12 ⎤ ⎡ u1 ⎤ ⎡ f1 ⎤
• k21u1 + k22u2=f2 ⎢k ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 21 k 22 ⎦ ⎣u 2 ⎦ ⎣f 2 ⎦
• A simple numerical ⎡ 2 − 1⎤ ⎡ u1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤
• example is: ⎢− 1 1 ⎥ ⎢u ⎥ = ⎢− 1⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 − 1⎤ ⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ u1 ⎤ ⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎡2⎤
K =⎢ ⎥ K −1 = ⎢
⎣− 1 1 ⎦
⎥ ⎢u ⎥ = ⎢1 2⎥ ⋅ ⎢− 1⎥ = ⎢1⎥
⎣1 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Design Issues
• Will the rod support the weight?
Engineer: Is the stress in the rod less then the
ultimate stress of steel?
7
Design Issues
• ultimate stress
• yield stress
• Design stress
• critical stress
• Deflection/elongation
• Strain
P=100 lbs
Bottom 2x1
Top 4x1
8
Discretization-
Discretization- divide up into finite
elements
Modeling:
Node 1 Exclude node 1 from force equilibrium eqtns.
u1=0 F1
Element 1
Notice u1=0. 4 eqtns, 4 unknowns u2 , u3 , u4, u5
Node 2 F2 A2 E
u2 F2 k2 = =
Element 2 δ2 l2
Node 3
−1
u3 F3
Element 3 ⎡u2 ⎤ ⎡k11 ⎤ ⎡ F2 ⎤
Solution of ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥
Node 4 assembled ⎢u 3 ⎥ ⎢ k 23 ⎥ ⋅⎢ ⎥
u4 F4
=
equations: ⎢u ⎥ ⎢
Element 4
4 ⎥ ⎢ F4 ⎥
Node 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
u5 F5 ⎣u5 ⎦ ⎣ k 44 ⎦ ⎣ F5 ⎦
Post processing:
F5 =100 lbs
F2=k2(u3-u2)
F2 k 2 (u2 − u3 )
σ2 = =
A2 A2
Exercise (Contd.)
Node 2: -k1(u2-0)+k2(u3-u2) +0 = 0 Ærearranging Æ (k1 +k2) u2 – (k2) u3 =0
Node 3: -k2(u3-u2)+k3(u4-u3) +0 = 0
Node 4: -k3(u4-u3)+k4(u5-u4) +0 = 0
Node 5: -k4(u5-u4)+ 100 = 0
u2 1.026E-6 in.
k1+k2 -k2 0 0 u2 0
u3 = 2.21E-6
-k2 k2+k3 -k3 X u3 = 0
u4 3.42E-6
0 -k3 K3+k4 -k4 u4 0
-k4 k4 u5 100
u5 4.9E-6
9
End of these slides
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