Stastical Physics

The Energy Distribution

Lecturer :
Drs. Rai Sujanem, M.Si

By :
Ni Putu Indah Pratami (1613021022)
Ni Luh Made Febi Laraswati (1613021026)
Maharani Ary Wahyuni Putri (1613021032)

Physics Education Department

Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty
Ganesha Education University
Singaraja
2019
 PREFACE

Thank you, we pray to God Almighty, because with His abundance and
grace, we as writers can finish this paper entitled "The Energy Distribution" well.
Do not forget the writers would like to thank all those who have contributed
to the making of this paper. Especially to lecturers and all those who have provided
material and material assistance.
The author realizes the limitations of knowledge, insights and the ability of
the writers to cause this paper to have many shortcomings and weaknesses, both in
content and systematics. Therefore, the authors really hope for criticism and
suggestions for perfecting this paper. Hope the writer, hopefully this paper can be
useful for the readers.

Singaraja, 27 Maret
2019

Writer’s

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface .................................................................................................................. i
Table Of Contents ............................................................................................... ii
Chapter I
1.1.Background ............................................................................................. 1
1.2.Problem ................................................................................................... 1
1.3.Purpose .................................................................................................... 2
1.4.Benefit ..................................................................................................... 2
Chapter II
2.1.The molecular speed of rms in molecular beam ..................................... 3
2.2.Working principle of the Zartaman experiment ...................................... 9
2.3.Working principle of the Stern experiment ........................................... 12
2.4.The energy distribution function ........................................................... 16
Chapter III
3.1.Conclusion............................................................................................. 17

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 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1. Background
The view of a gas state is divided into 2, namely macroscopic and microscopic,
microscopic starting at magnitudes that can be measured such as pressure,
temperature, and volume, while microscopic reviews are more on analyzing gases
from existing theories such as the speed and momentum of particles particles in it,
there is one theory that is on gas is Maxwell's speed distribution theory which in its
development became Maxwell's distribution law.
A theory will not be completely examined without evidence, as well as the
theory of Maxwell's velocity distribution, very small particle motion is very
difficult if observed directly, so in proving the theory of Maxwell's velocity
distribution observed the effects of particle velocity distributions by Maxwell.
Experiments carried out to prove this theory were experiments designed by
Zartman & Ko, and Stern. The mindset of the experiment is to find the symptoms
caused by Maxwell's speed distribution, the results of experiments conducted have
shown that the particles in the gas have a velocity distribution.
The Maxwell law of distribution is able to explain various physical phenomena
such as the spectral line emission of gas radiation, in fact, various tools have been
created from Maxwell's law of distribution.

1.2. Problem
The problem from the background is :
1.2.1. The molecular speed of rms in molecular beam.
1.2.2. Working principle of the Zartaman experiment.
1.2.3. Working principle of the Stern experiment.
1.2.4. The energy distribution function

1.3. Purpose
the purpose of the problem is :
1.3.1. Explain the molecular speed of rms in molecular beam.

4
 1.3.2. Explain the working principle of the Zartaman experiment.
1.3.3. Explain the working principle of the Stern experiment.
1.3.4. Explain the energy distribution function

1.4. Benefit
The benefit from this paper is :
1.4.1. For writter
From the making of this paper, adding to the author's insight about
the energy distribution function as well as completing the task in the
Statistical Physics course.
1.4.2. For reader
From the making of this paper, increase readers' insight about the
energy distribution function.

5
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Molecular Beam

The molecular beam can be made by making a small hole in thewall oven then
filtering it with another layer in the form of a small hole, it can be seen as shown in
Figure 1.1.

Molecular Beam

Figure 2.1. Molecular Beam

Based on Figure 1.1 can be calculated vrms of molecules that are out of
the molecular wall. To calculate the vrms of molecules that come out of
thewall, oven the following equation can be used:
1
a. Equation 4 𝑣𝑑𝑛

The equation shows the number of molecules that hit the wall of the
broad unity of time.
b. Based on Maxwell's speed distribution, it is stated that the number of
molecules that have speed v in one volume unit is as follows.
4𝑛 2𝑘𝑇 −3/2 2 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑑𝑛𝑣 = ( ) 𝑣 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) 𝑑𝑣
√𝜋 𝑚 2𝑘𝑇
c. If the oven hole is small enough so that the molecule does not disturb the
1
equilibrium in the oven then the price of 𝑣𝑑𝑛 can state the number of
4

molecules coming out speed v through the volume unity hole unity of time.
d. The price of vrms for molecules coming out of the oven can be calculated with
the following conditions:
𝑣 1/2 𝑣 1/2
∫0 𝑣 2 × 1/4𝑣𝑑𝑛𝑣 ∫0 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑛𝑣
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ 𝑣 ] =[ 𝑣 ]
∫0 1/4𝑣𝑑𝑛𝑣 ∫0 𝑣𝑑𝑛𝑣

6
 −3/2 1/2
𝑣 3 4𝑛 2𝑘𝑇 2 𝑚𝑣 2
∫0 𝑣 { ( 𝑚 ) 𝑣 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2𝑘𝑇 )} 𝑑𝑣
𝜋 √
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑣 4𝑛 2𝑘𝑇 −3/2 2 𝑚𝑣 2
∫0 𝑣 { ( 𝑚 ) 𝑣 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2𝑘𝑇 )} 𝑑𝑣
[ √𝜋 ]

4𝑛 2𝑘𝑇 −3/2
By eliminating ( ) , it will be obtained:
√𝜋 𝑚
1/2
𝑣 5 𝑚𝑣 2
∫0 𝑣 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2𝑘𝑇 ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ ]
𝑣 3 𝑚𝑣 2
∫0 𝑣 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2𝑘𝑇 ) 𝑑𝑣

𝑚
Suppose 𝛽 = √2𝑘𝑇, then the equation above can be written with:

𝑣 1/2
∫0 𝑣 5 exp(−𝛽2 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑣
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ 𝑣 ]
∫0 𝑣 3 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝛽2 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑣
With certain integrals, integrals can be done as follows:
For example :
𝛽2 = 𝛼
𝛼 𝑣2 = 𝑢
𝑢
𝑣2 = 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝛼𝑣 𝑑𝑣
So that's part of the numerator:
∞ ∞ ∞
−𝛽 2𝑣 2
𝑣 5 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑣 4𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑣 5𝑒 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ =∫
2𝑎𝑣 2𝑎𝑣
0 0 0
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑣 4 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢2 1
∫ = ∫ 2 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 3 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2𝑎𝑣 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
0 0 0

An integral part is the gamma function magnitude is 2! = 2, then:

∞
2𝑣 2 2 1
∫ 𝑣 5 𝑒 −𝛽 𝑑𝑣 = 3
= 3
2𝑎 𝑎
0

In the denominator :
∞ ∞ ∞
−𝛽2 𝑣 2
𝑣 3 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑣 2 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑣 3𝑒 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ =∫
2𝑎𝑣 2𝑎
0 0 0

7
 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑣 2 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2 ∫ 𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
0 0 0

An integral part is the magnitude of the gamma function 1! = 1, then:

∞
2𝑣 2 1
∫ 𝑣 3 𝑒 −𝛽 𝑑𝑣 =
2𝑎2
0

so the value of the numerator and denominator are:

1 1 1 1
numerator: 𝑎3, where 𝑎 = 𝛽2 , so that 𝑎3 = (𝛽2 )3 = 𝛽6
1 1 1 1
The denominator: 2𝑎2, where 𝑎 = 𝛽2 , so that 2𝑎2 = 2(𝛽2 )2 = 2𝛽4

Then it can be stated that:

1/2
1 4
1 1/2
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ 6 × 2𝛽 ] = [2 × 6 ]
𝛽 𝛽
𝑚
Because 𝛽 = √ , then:
2𝑘𝑇

1/2 1/2
1 4] 1 2𝑘𝑇 1/2
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =[ × 2𝛽 = [2 × { 𝑚 }] = [2 × ]
𝛽6 𝑚
2𝑘𝑇

4𝑘𝑇 1/2
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ ]
𝑚

4𝑘𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 𝑚

While rms speed for the molecules in the oven is:

3𝑘𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 𝑚

4𝑘𝑇 3𝑘𝑇
Based on the equation 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ and the equation 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑚 𝑖𝑡 can be seen
𝑚

that the speed at which the molecule exits from the oven is greater than the
molecular speed when in the oven.
The direction of the molecule distribution coming out of the hole can be
formulated by the formulation of the total collision number of space angles,
including the entire velocity price is :
1
𝑛𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
4𝜋

8
 Where 𝜃 is the angle between the velocity v with a normal hole or wall. This
price will be maximum if 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃= 1 or direction v is perpendicular to the wall and at
least if 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃= 0 or direction v is parallel to the wall.

2.2. Experiment Zartaman

Direct measurement of molecular beam has been done with a number of
methods. Further experiments on molecular beam measurements were carried out
by Zartman and Ko in 1930-1934. The experiments conducted by Zartman and Ko
were a modification of the technique developed by Stern in 1920. Schematic
Zartman and Ko experiments can be shown with the following picture.

Figure 2.2.1. Zartman and Ko Experiment Schemes

The components in the tool used by Zartman and Ko as shown in Figure 2.1
are as follows :
1. Bi is an oven that causes molecules to move.
2. S1, S2, and S3 are narrow slits aligning molecules.
3. D is a cylinder that moves very fast in the direction of the arrow.
4. S is the gap in cylinder D.
5. P is the glass plate inside cylinder D which is divided into parts A,
B, and C

9
 When the oven is heated it causes the molecules in the oven to move. The
molecular file comes out of the oven towards the gap S1. The S1 gap determines the
beam width of the molecules released by the oven. The molecular file that passes
through the S1 gap to the S2 gap and the file is reduced again by the S2 gap. The
molecular file that passes through the S2 gap to the S3 gap and the file is reduced
again by the S3 slot. The molecular file coming out of the gap S3 moves towards
tube D (Garg, 1993).
If the cylinder is stationary, then all molecules entering the exit from the gap
S3 will enter through the S gap and pound the glass plate P at one place in A. This
place can be determined by washing the photo plate in the glass P and the result is
a black dot and can be investigated with a microphotometer. These black spots will
gather in one small area depending on the width of the S.
If the cylinder rotates, then the molecule can enter the cylinder as long as the
slit S is facing the molecular bundle coming out of the gap S3 in a very short time.
If the cylinder is rotated clockwise, the P plate moves to the right while the molecule
moves up towards the P plate. This causes the molecules to pound the P plate to the
left of the place if the cylinder is stationary. The molecules that pound the P plate
are found in different regions on the P. plate. The molecules that move quickly
pound the plate on the left A, while the slower molecules pound the P plate in area
B or in region C. This discovery can shown in the following figure (Garg, 1993).

Figure 2.2.2. Plate Pounding Molecule P

The difference in the density of molecules that pound the plates provides a
velocity distribution of molecules. The representation of these results can be shown
in the following figure :

10
 Figure 2.2.3. Molecular Density Curve on Plates

The distance traveled by the molecule is 2R (where R = cylinder radius). Low-

speed molecules will take longer to pound the plate until the impact site is more
left. Based on this experiment it can be determined that the molecules have varying
speeds (velocity spectrum).

Figure 2.2.4. Molecular Journey in cylinder A

Based on figure 2.2.4. above can be done the speed analysis of molecules as
follows.
1 1
If the cylinder rotates 6000 𝑟𝑝𝑚, so 𝑇 = 6000 × 60𝑠 = 100 𝑠

The circumference of the cylinder is K = 2πR

Distance AB = a

11
 Based on the physical data, the time to take a is :
a
𝑡= ×𝑇
2𝜋𝑅
a 1
𝑡= × 𝑠
2𝜋𝑅 100
a
𝑡= 𝑠 (.2.1)
200πR
The time needed to take a is the difference in the time the molecule falls in B
with the time the molecule falls in A to overlap the distance of 2R. Then the
difference in speed of the molecule that falls in B with the molecule that falls in A
is :
𝑠 2𝑅
𝑣= = a
𝑡
200𝜋𝑅
400𝜋𝑅2
𝑣= 𝑚⁄𝑠 (2.2)
𝑎

Equation 2.2 is a molecular velocity equation if the cylinder rotates at 6000

rpm. From this experiment it can be determined that the molecules have varying
speeds. Thus it is proven that there is a molecular velocity distribution.

Figure 2.2.5. The plot of the density difference as a function of molecular

velocity

2.3. Experiment Stern

In quantum mechanics, the Stern-Gerlach experiment, whose name comes from
Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach, is an experiment that examines the deflection of

12
elementary particles. This experiment is often used to show the basic principles of
quantum mechanics. The Stern-Gerlach experiment can be used to demonstrate that
electrons and atoms have intrinsic quantum properties, and how measurements in
quantum mechanics affect the system being measured.
The Stern-Gerlach experiment was carried out in 1921, where a beam of silver
atoms with total zero angular momentum was passed through a non-homogeneous
magnetic field and dropped on a photographic plate, and every beam bending when
the magnetic field imposed was measured with a photo plate as shown below .

Figure 2.3.1. Stern-Gerlach

Experiment In a Stern-Gerlach experiment, a beam of particles transmitted

through a magnetic field is not homogeneous, and then the defect is observed. The
results show that the particle has an intrinsic angular momentum analogous to the
angular momentum of a rotating classic object such as spinning. But this angular
momentum value only takes certain quantized values.
This experiment is usually carried out with neutral or atomic particles. This
avoids a large deflection of the orbit of a charged particle that moves through a
magnetic field and allows the effects that occur due to spin to dominate. If the
particle is treated as a rotating classic dipole, there will be precession in the
magnetic field because the torque applied by the magnetic field to the dipole, if the
particle moves through a homogeneous magnetic field, the torque due to the
magnetic field is dipole will eliminate each other , and the trajectory of the particle
is not affected. However, if the magnetic field is not homogeneous, the force at one

13
end of the dipole will be greater than the force against the other end, so that there is
a net force that deflects the trajectory of the particle.
If the particle is a classic rotating object, we will report a random and
continuous distribution of the angular momentum vector. Each particle will be
deflected in a different style, and produces a smooth distribution on the detector
screen. But observations show that particles passing through the Stern-Gerlach
experimental equipment are deflected up or down within a certain distance. This
result shows a quantized spin angular momentum (can only take discrete values),
so that there is no continuous distribution of possible angular momentum.

Figure 2.3.2. Estermann, Simpson, and Stern experimental diagrams

Based on Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of the equipment used by

Esterman, Simpson, and Stern. Atoms are deflected by gravity which causes
molecules to fall freely in the beam. A number of cessium molecules emerge from
the oven which is placed in a long and very tight chamber with a pressure of 10-8
mmHg. The cessium molecule is emitted from O through the S gap and masses the
hot wire from tungsten in D. The cesium atom hits the wire and causes the wire to
be ionized and the wire becomes positive ion then the electrons from cesium are
excited and collected by the negatively charged cylinder surrounding the wire. The
current in the collecting cylinder gives a measure of the number of cesium atoms
that pound the detection wire per unit time.
When there is no gravitational field, all the atoms that appear horizontally from
the oven will pass through the S gap, travel without distortion and pound the
collector at D, regardless of speed. However, because of the gravitational field, each

14
atom that appears horizontally will behave as a projectile and follow a parabolic
path. The atom that runs along line 1 (speed 𝑣1 ) will arrive at collector 𝐷 ′ and line
2 (speed 𝑣2 ) will arrive at 𝐷 ′. Measurement of ion currents as a vertical function of
the collector gives a measure of speed distribution.
It can be seen in Figure 3.3, the compatibility between predictions in theory
and the results of experiments is very good.

Figure 2.3.3. Graph of the Relationship of Intensity to Speed

2.4. The Energy Distribution Function

Translational kinetic energy of molecules w, with mass m, and speed of v is:

w = ½ m v2 (2.4.1)

and wx the energy associated with velocity components vx is;

wx = ½ m vx2 , (2.4.2)

Based on the Maxwell distribution function for the speed of the previous
equation, the exponential term:

w w
and x (2.4.3)
kT kT

namely, each of which is the negative of the energy ratio of the magnitude of
kT. (Spare kT energy states as well).

15
 The following will be assessed the number of molecules with a translational
kinetic energy in the range between w and w + dw. Because w = ½ m v2, dw =
mvdv,

dw dw
dv = = = (2mw) −1 / 2 dw (2.4.5)
mv 2w
m
m

Then from previous equation, is obtained:

4N m 3 / 2 2w
dN w = () exp (−w / kT )(2mw) −1/ 2 dw
 2kT m `

2N
dN w = (kT ) −3 / 2 w1/ 2 exp (−w / kT ) dw
 (2.4.6)

Figure 2.4.1.

16
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1. Conclusion
4𝑘𝑇
Based on the above description, we conclude that the equation 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 𝑚

3𝑘𝑇
and the equation 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑚 𝑖𝑡 can be seen that the speed at which the molecule

exits from the oven is greater than the molecular speed when in the oven. From the
experiment of Zartman and Ko, it proves that there is a velocity distribution of
molecules based on molecular density intensity. And the measurement of ion flow
as a vertical high function of the collector in the Stern experiment is also proves the
existence of velocity distribution. With using translational kinetic energy theory
and Maxwell distribution, we get the energy distribution function is 𝑑𝑁𝑤 =
2𝑁
(𝑘𝑇)−3/2 𝑤 1/2 𝑒𝑥𝑝( − 𝑤/𝑘𝑇)𝑑𝑤
√𝜋

17