(𝑥−4)𝑛

MATH 28 B - __R 2. Determine the interval of convergence of ∑+∞

𝑛=0 3𝑛 . (6 pts)
Graded Exercise 2
21/20 𝐿 = lim |
(𝑥 − 4)𝑛+1
3𝑛+1
| = lim |
(𝑥 − 4)𝑛+1
⋅
3𝑛
|
Name: _KEY___________________________ February 12, 2019 𝑛→+∞ (𝑥 − 4)𝑛 𝑛→+∞ 3𝑛+1 (𝑥 − 4)𝑛
3𝑛
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
1. Determine whether the following series is convergent or divergent. = lim | |=| |<1
𝑛→+∞ 3 3
Justify your answer. ⇒ |𝑥 − 4| < 3 ⇒ −3 < 𝑥 − 4 < 3 ⇒ 1 < 𝑥 < 7
Now, we test the endpoints.
7 7 7 7 (𝑥−4)𝑛
a. 7 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯ (2 pts) If 𝑥 = 1, then ∑+∞ = ∑+∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛
3 𝑛=0(−1) which is divergent.
+∞ (𝑥−4)𝑛
+ If 𝑥 = 7, then ∑𝑛=0 𝑛 = ∑+∞
𝑛=0 1 which is also divergent.
7 7 7 7 1 3
(𝑥−4)𝑛
7+ + + + +⋯ = 7∑ Hence, the interval of convergence of ∑+∞ 𝑛=0 3𝑛 is (1,7).
2 3 4 5 𝑛
𝑛=1
The harmonic series is divergent and the given series is just a nonzero 3. Derive the Taylor series expansion of ln(2 − 𝑥) about 𝑎 = 1. Then,
constant times the harmonic series. Therefore, the given series is divergent. using the first 4 terms of the series, estimate ln 5. (8 pts)
Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(2 − 𝑥).
𝑓 1 (𝑥) = −(2 − 𝑥)−1 𝑓 2 (𝑥) = −(2 − 𝑥)−2
3 (𝑥) −3
𝑓 = −2(2 − 𝑥) 𝑓 4 (𝑥) = −2 ⋅ 3(2 − 𝑥)−4
1 1 𝑛−1 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) = −(𝑛 − 1)! (2 − 𝑥)−𝑛 𝑓 𝑛 (1) = −(𝑛 − 1)!
b. ∑+∞
𝑛=1 [𝑛 − (5) ] (2 pts) (𝑛−1)!(𝑥−1)𝑛 (𝑥−1)𝑛
Thus, ln(2 − 𝑥) = ∑+∞ 𝑛=1 − = ∑+∞
𝑛=1 −
+∞ +∞ +∞ 𝑛! 𝑛
1 1 𝑛−1 1 1 𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑛+1
∑[ −( ) ] = ∑ −∑( ) (𝑥 − 1)𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛 5 𝑛 5 𝐿 = lim | 𝑛 + 1 𝑛 | = lim | ⋅ |
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛→+∞ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛+1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑛
𝑛
1 1 𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑛
∑+∞ +∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 is divergent while ∑𝑛=1 (5) is convergent. The difference of a 𝑛
= lim | | = |𝑥 − 1| lim = |𝑥 − 1| < 1
divergent and convergent series is divergent. 𝑛→+∞ (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 + 1
⇒ −1 < 𝑥 − 1 < 1 ⇒ 0 < 𝑥 < 2
(−1)𝑛 Now, we test the endpoints.
c. ∑+∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛+1)! (use alternating series test) (3 pts) (𝑥−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛+1
If 𝑥 = 0, then ∑+∞
𝑛=1 − = ∑+∞
𝑛=1 which is convergent.
𝑛 𝑛
1 1 (𝑥−1)𝑛 1
 (𝑛 + 1)! < (𝑛 + 2)! ⇒ (𝑛+1)! > (𝑛+2)! If 𝑥 = 2, then ∑+∞
𝑛=1 − = ∑+∞
𝑛=1 − 𝑛 which is divergent.
𝑛
1 (𝑥−1)𝑛
 lim =0 Hence, the interval of convergence of ∑+∞
𝑛=1 − is [0,2).
𝑛→+∞ (𝑛+1)! 𝑛
𝑛 (−3−1)𝑛 (−4)𝑛
By AST, ∑+∞
(−1)
𝑛=1 (𝑛+1)! is convergent.
Lastly, ln 5 ≈ ∑4𝑛=1 − = ∑4𝑛=1 − 𝑛 = −46. 6̅ (See my note
𝑛
below) End of Exercise
Note: Since 𝑥 = −3 is outside the interval of convergence, the
approximation using the Taylor series is very bad. In short, we may use the
Taylor series expansion of ln(2 − 𝑥) as an approximate for ln(2 − 𝑥) only
if 𝑥 ∈ [0,2).