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• Onshinrin Forestry Cooperative (2005) estimated
the abundance of renewable energy that is
possibly produced within its premises.
• These energy resources below are mentioned in
the report:
¾ Solar Energy
¾ Wind Power
¾ Biomass Energy
¾ Bio Diesel Fuel (BDF)
¾ Snow/Ice Cooling Energy
2 Types of Calculation
• Abundance of latent energy (潜在賦存量):
– is a theoretical or maximum amount of energy
– will NOT change even if technology progresses
• Abundance of usable energy (利用可能量):
– An amount of energy that can be actually used
– Physical (geographical) conditions and technology
progress are taken into account,
but NOT economical factors
Solar Energy (latent)
Formula: Abundance of latent energy
Abundance of Latent Energy (kWh)
=Insolation (kWh/m2/day) × number of days × area (km2)
…where area =81.45km2
(in the case of Onshinrin Forestry Cooperative)
Example
Figure: monthly average insolation of 801 points in Japan (p35)
• Conversion : 81.45km2→81450000m2
• Abundance of latent energy (per year)
≒96,825,125×10^3 kWh
≒348,570,449×10^3 MJ …where Wh=3600J
Solar Energy (usable)
Formula : Abundance of usable energy
Abundance of Usable Energy (kWh)
=Insolation (kWh/m2/day) × number of days
× area of solar panel(m2) ×efficiency of power conversion
•The amount is calculated based on how
much energy can be consumed.
Area of Area of
solar panel↓ solar water heating↓
(Total)
Figure: Places where solar panel and solar water heating system can be installed (p.35)
Example (Solar Panel)
Abundance of Usable Energy (kWh)
=Insolation (kWh/m2/day) × number of days
× area of solar panel(m2) ×efficiency of power conversion
…where
Insolation (solar panel receives) =3.61(kWh/m2/day)
Number of days = (365 days/yr)
Area of solar panel = 1,330 (m2)
Efficiency of power conversion = 0.1
Abundance of Usable Energy (per year)
=3.61(kWh/m2/day)*365(days/year)*1330(m2)*0.1
≒175×10^3 kWh≒ 631×10^3 MJ
Example (Solar Water Heating)
Abundance of Usable Energy (kWh)
=Insolation (kWh/m2/day) × number of days
× area of solar water heating(m2) ×efficiency of power conversion
…where
Insolation (solar panel receives) =3.61(kWh/m2/day)
Number of days = (365 days/yr)
Area of solar water heating = 300 (m2)
Efficiency of power conversion = 0.4
Abundance of Usable Energy (per year)
=3.61(kWh/m2/day)*365(days/year)*300(m2)*0.4
≒158×10^3 kWh≒ 569×10^3 MJ
Biomass Energy (latent)
Formula: Abundance of latent Energy
Abundance of Latent Energy (kcal)
= conifer (amount of annual growth×ave. bone‐dry calorific power)
×brd.leaf (amount of annual growth×ave. bone‐dry calorific power)
…where
•Confifer (Average bone‐dry calorific power): 1,984 ×10^3 kcal/m2
•Broadleaf (Average bone‐dry calorific power): 2,838×10^3 kcal/m2
Example
Conifer Brd.leaf
Figure: Onshinrin Forestry Cooperative’s possession of biomass resources
Abundance of latent energy (/year)
=(14,033×1,984×10^3)+(972×2,838×10^3)
≒30,600,008×10^3 kcal
≒128,214×10^3 MJ …where J=0.2389cal
Biomass Energy (usable)
Abundance of Usable Energy (3 types)
A)Regeneration Cut
↓Mushrooms!!!
B)Thinning
↑Bed logs
C)Used Bed Log
Biomass ‐ A) Regeneration Cut
Logging Residues
Abundance of Logging Residues (kg)
= ave. stand volume(m3/ha)×logged area(ha)
×mass of logging residues (kg/m3)
Abundance of Usable Energy (MJ)
= abundance of logging residues (kg) ×water content (%)
× Average bone‐dry calorific power (kcal/kg)
×efficiency of boiler
Example ‐ A) Regeneration Cut
9 ave. stand volume(m3/ha)=213,904m3/918ha=233m3/ha
9 Logged area(ha)=13 ha in 2003
9 Mass of logging residues(kg/m3)=63 kg/m3
Abundance of Logging Residues (kg)
=233 (m3/ha) * 13 (ha) * 63 (kg/m3) =190,827kg …when dried
9 Water content when dried(%) = 15 %
9 Average bone‐dry calorific power (kcal/kg) = 3,730 kcal/kg
9 Efficiency of boiler = 0.8
Abundance of Usable Energy (MJ)
=190,828(kg)*1.15*3,370(kcal/kg)*0.8≒654,842×10^3 kcal
≒ 2,741×10^3 MJ p.42‐43
Biomass ‐ B) Thinning
• 2 ways to use thinned logs:
i. Base, top part of a tree, branches only
ii. Whole thinned log
• Case (i): mass=79.6*18.5*63= 92,988 kg
Abundance of Usable Energy =1,335×10^3 MJ
• Case (ii): mass=79.6*18.5*585= 863,460 kg
Abundance of Usable Energy =12,403×10^3 MJ
※Mass of logging residues(kg/m3)=585 kg/m3 if using whole log
Biomass ‐ C) Used Bed Log
10cm × 9000 Logs per year
90cm
9 Average bone‐dry calorific power = 2,387 kcal/m3
9 Efficiency of boiler =0.8
Abundance of Usable Energy
= Volume of used bed logs * 2,387 * 0.8
≒122×10^3 kcal
≒ 511 MJ
Result
Solar Panel
Solar Water Heating
A) Logging residue + used bed logs
Biomass B) A + parts of thinned logs (case i)
C) B + whole thinned logs (case ii)