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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In a world full of new ideas and inventions in terms of technology,

researches and innovations were unsurpassable. To maintain the life of the

human community, and in order to facilitate the life, many important

inventions were discovered. There is no doubt that the most important of

these inventions is electricity, which we depend in the current modern time.

Electricity is widely used in many aspects. It is commonly generated by

the power plants. Being universal energy resource, electricity is obtained from

methods such as solar panels, hydropower, wind power, natural gas. People

can better understand importance of electricity in their life during a few

minutes of power shortage. Despite of its great importance in daily life, few

people probably stop to think about what life would be like without it. Like

water and air, people tend to take it for granted. As seen, electricity is a

different kind of energy from any kind of energy which they cannot produce

without consuming. It means that consumption is required for production.

Wind power technology is the various infrastructure and process that

promote harnessing wind generation for mechanical power and electricity.

This basically entails the wind and characteristics related to its strength and

direction, as well as the functioning of both internal and external components

of a wind turbine with respect to wind behavior.

Scientist and inventors have worked to decipher the principles of

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electricity since 1600s since, some notable accomplishments were made by

Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla.

In this generation, people encounter such power outages caused by

shortage of supply. Some natural practice cannot be performed without it

which causes people disturbances. In addition to it, renewable sources of

energy especially the wind mills are costly and complex in assembly. By that,

researchers developed an inexpensive mechanism with a reduction of

bearing and friction using wind power it was entitled “Magnetic Levitation

Wind Power Generator”.

Background of the Study

The selection of electricity production modes and their economic viability

varies in accordance with demand and region. The economics vary

considerably around the world, resulting in widespread selling price. In

Philippines, the normal kWh per day is 83.5(8.0554php/kWh) generation

charge, transmission charge, distribution charge, metering charge, supply

charge, and system loss charge. Hydroelectric plants, nuclear power plants,

thermal power plants and renewable sources have their own pros and cons,

and selection is based upon the local power requirement and the fluctuations

in demand. All power grids have varying loads on them but the daily minimum

is the base load, supplied by plants which run continuously. Nuclear, coal, oil

and gas plants can supply base load. Due to advancements in technology

and with mass production, renewable sources such as solar power, wind

energy, tidal power, etc. experienced decreases in cost of production, and the
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energy is now in many cases cost-comparative with fossil fuels. Many

governments around the world provide subsidies to offset the higher cost of

any new power production, and to make the installation of renewable energy

systems economically feasible. However, their use is frequently limited by

their intermittent nature. In this modern instance that depends on electricity

for a long period of time, the scientists claimed that there will be an

insufficient supply of it for some decades from now. This recommends the

need for development of the preceding design of renewable sources of

energy to improve its efficiency and the construction cost. Wind powered

technology is one with potential to decipher the predictable extensive

insufficiency of electricity.

Theoretical Framework

According to Tuan Nguyen (2017) from https://www.thoughtco.com/mic

hael-faraday-inventor-4059933 Michael Faraday made one of his greatest

discoveries-electromagnetic inductions: the “induction” or generation of

electricity in a wire by means of the electromagnetic effect of a current in

another wire. The induction ring was the first electric transformer. In a second

series of experiments in September, he discovered magneto-electric

induction: the production of a steady electric current. To do this, Faraday

attached two wires through a sliding contact to a copper disc. By rotating the

disc between the poles of a horseshoe magnet obtained a continuous direct

current. This was the first generator.

According to B V Jayawant (1981) Rep. Prog.Phys., Vol. 44, pg.

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415.Printed in Great Britain School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,

University of Sussex from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q

cache:Cv3NRZR5DHcJ:citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D1

0.1.1.452.1140%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl-

=ph. It follows Earnshaw’s theorem and Braunbeck’s analysis that stable

suspension or levitation is impossible with a system of permanent magnets

(or fixed-current electromagnets) unless part of the system contains either

diamagnetic material or a superconductor and that it is altogether impossible

to achieve suspension or levitation in electrostatic fields since there are no

known materials with it. Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension

is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than

magnetic fields. Magnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the

gravitational acceleration and any other acceleration. The two primary issues

involved in magnetic levitation are lifting forces: providing an upward force

sufficient to counteract gravity, and stability: ensuring that the system does

not spontaneously slide or flip into a configuration where the lift is neutralized.

These theories and discoveries were applied in conceptualizing the

Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator. These helped the researchers in

the experimentation to get along with the amendable details in the trials. A

magnetic levitation is used by separating the rotor from the stator to provide

an air gap between. These theories behind were used to determine the size

of wire and the grade level of magnet. In the theory of Faraday’s Law, the

researchers applied the so called electromagnetic induction and levitation.

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Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework represents the input, process and output

variables used in the construction and development of the design of a

Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator.

Input Process Output

Knowledge
Requirement:
 Electro Development of
Magnetic Magnetic
Induction Levitation Wind
 Magnetic Power Generator
Levitation  Design
Materials
 Computatio Magnetic
Requirement:
n Levitation Wind
 Neodymiu
 Fabrication Power Generator
m Magnet
 Evaluation
(N42)
 Prototype
 Magnetic
Testing
Coil
 Rectifier
 Savonius
Turbine

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study

The paradigm shows the variables of the study. Frame 1 displays the

input variables consisting Knowledge in Machine Parts and Material

Requirements. Electromagnetic Induction and Magnetic Levitation are under

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the Knowledge. Furthermore, the material requirements are neodymium (n42)

magnet, magnetic coil, rectifier and savonius turbine.

Frame 2 refers to the processes to create this project which includes

the design, computation, fabrication, evaluation, prototype and testing of the

prototype, using the idea being created in the Knowledge and Material

Requirement to develop the prototype.

On the other hand, Frame 3 of the conceptual framework corresponds

to the outcome of the whole concept by means of the merged input and

process which corresponds to the output which is the “Magnetic Levitation

Wind Power Generator”. Which came up the prototype of the study which can

generate electrical energy through magnetic levitation.

Objectives of the Study

In general, this study aimed to design and develop a Magnetic

Levitation Wind Power Generator that produces electricity. The following

specific objectives were hereby drawn for the realization of the “Magnetic

Levitation Wind Power Generator”.

1. To determine the design of the wind turbine

• Power output of minimum of 2 Watts

• Stable Output of 2 Watts

2. To determine the performance level of “Magnetic Levitation Wind

Power Generator”

3. To determine the performance of the power turbine in terms of power

output.
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Significance of the Study

This project which entitled the “Magnetic Levitation Wind Power

Generator” developed to generate electricity power by means of magnetic

levitation. This project study will benefit the following:

Individuals

This project will give an alternative source of power that may use by

any individual in near future.

Professors

This will help the instructors and professors in discussion related in the

concepts and principles in connection to machine design.

Students

This can serve as reference for the students to enhance their

knowledge and skills for designing their future projects especially in the

conversion of wind energy to electric energy. It can also be a source of idea

that can enhance their knowledge to conduct their future research works. The

prototype can be used as source of idea in able to make more effective and

best design of prototype. This would be significant for them to improve such

innovations. Also, it can help the students to know the concept of

electromagnetic induction by means of magnet and coil.

Future Researchers

The researchers may learn how to create the equipment that can

capture and convert wind energy into electrical energy like Magnetic
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Levitation Wind Power Generator. It will contribute to them by giving them

useful knowledge about wind power generator. They may also develop it and

make it more efficient and reliable in order to help in finding solutions in the

problem of power shortage. Also, this project will serve as a new source of

knowledge that may give new ideas about wind generator, to the future

researchers especially with regards to alternative source of energy.

Scope and Limitations

The project study is entitled “Magnetic Levitation Wind Power

Generator”. In this section, the scopes and limitations of the prototype will be

discussed.

The prototype which the researchers focused on the design and

experimentation of a Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator that can light

up a 5W DC bulb by means of converting wind energy into electrical energy

as an alternative source of electricity. It is the concept of magnetic levitation

that separates the permanent magnet rotor from the stator. Addition to its

scope is that the design of the prototype is easy to assemble because it has

less bearing. There is no complex part in the project study. For its mechanical

aspect, the project study of magnetic levitation wind power generator reduces

friction.

The prototype is not applicable in the area where it will be saturated in

wet location because the project was made from woods and the magnets

might doff resulting from disintegration. It is also not suitable for a very strong

wind considering it was built using light materials.

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Literature Review

Selected literature and studies were hereby drawn as these served as

guide for the proponents in designing a conceptual frame of references in

forming out unexplored areas found with direct similarity and bearing to the

controlled and uncontrolled variables in order to distill solutions to the

developmental problems raised until the objectives of their research efforts

had been realized with no difficulty at all.

Related Literature

Electromagnetic Induction

According to the article of Matt Williams (2016) Electromagnetic

Induction, a law which describes the operation of generators, electric motors,

transformers, induction motors, and synchronous motor, solenoids, and most

other electrical machines. Scientifically speaking it refers to the production of

voltage across a conductor (a wire or similar piece of conducting material)

that is moving through a magnetic field.

Erin Bjornsson (2013) says that electricity is carried by current, or the

flow of electrons. One useful characteristics of current is that it creates its own

magnetic field. This is useful in many types of motors and appliances.

Conduct this for electromagnetic induction experiment. Electromagnetic

Induction was first discovered by Michael Faraday, who made his discovery in

public in 1831. It was discovered independently by Joseph Henry in 1852.

In Faraday's first experimental demonstration (1831), he wrapped two

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wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar

to a modern toroidal transformer). Based on his understanding of

electromagnets, he expected that, when current started to flow in one wire, a

sort of wave would travel through the ring and cause some electrical effect on

the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it

as he connected the other wire to a battery. He saw a transient current, which

he called a "wave of electricity", when he connected the wire to the battery

and another when he disconnected it. This induction was due to the change in

magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was connected and

disconnected. Within two months, Faraday found several other manifestations

of electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw transient currents when he

quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and he generated a

steady (DC) current by rotating a copper disk near the bar magnet with a

sliding electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").

Faraday's law of induction makes use of the magnetic flux through a

region of space enclosed by a wire loop. The magnetic flux is defined by

a surface integral Faraday's law of induction makes use of the magnetic flux

through a region of space enclosed by a wire loop. The magnetic flux is

defined by a surface integral.

In 1834 Heinrich Lenz formulated the law named after him to describe

the “flux through the circuit”. Lenz Law gives the direction of the induced EMF

and current resulting from electromagnetic induction.

According to Matt Williams (2011) Electromagnetic induction is used to

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power many electrical devices. One of the most widely known uses is in

electrical generators (such as hydroelectric dams) where mechanical power is

used to move a magnetic field past coils of wire to generate voltage.

In mathematical form, Faraday’s law states that: e = – dB/dt, where e is the

electromotive force and B is the magnetic flux, and d and t represent distance

and time. Electromagnetic Induction, a law which describes the operation of

generators, electric motors, transformers, induction motors, synchronous

motors, solenoids, and most other electrical machines. Scientifically speaking

it refers to the production of voltage across a conductor (a wire or similar

piece of conducting material) that is moving through a magnetic field.

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (2013) The production of an

electromotive force either by motion of a conductor through a magnetic field in

such a manner as to cut across the magnetic flux or by a change in the

magnetic flux that threads a conductor. If the flux threading a coil is produced

by a current in the coil, any change in that current will cause a change in flux,

and thus there will be an induced emf while the current is changing. This

process is called self-induction. The emf of self- induction is proportional to

the rate of change of current. The process by which an emf is induced in one

circuit by a change of current in a neighboring circuit is called mutual

induction. Flux produced by a current in a circuit A, threads or links circuit B.

When there is a change of current in circuit A, there’s a change in the flux

linking coil B, and an emf is induced in circuit B while the change is taking

place. Transformers operate on the principle of mutual induction. The

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phenomenon of electromagnetic induction has a great many important

applications in modern technology. This Electromagnetic Induction was used

by the researchers by means of magnetic flux that can be seen between the

coil and magnet used in the prototype.

Magnetic Levitation

Accordingly, demands for innovative means of public transportation

have increased. In order to appropriately serve the public, such a new-

generation transportation system must meet certain requirements such as

rapidity, reliability and safety. In addition, it should be convenient,

environment-friendly, low maintenance, compact, lightweight, unattained, and

suited to mass-transportation. The magnetic levitation (Maglev) train is one of

the best candidates to satisfy those requirements. While a conventional train

drives forward by using friction between wheels and rails, the Maglev train

replaces wheels by electromagnets and levitates on the guide way, producing

repulsion force electromechanically without any contact.

Jesse Powell (2016), Maglev Expert, Maglev -- short for magnetic

levitation -- trains can trace their roots to technology pioneered at Brookhaven

National Laboratory. James Powell and Gordon Danby of Brookhaven

received the first patent for a magnetically levitated train design in the late

1960s. The idea came to Powell as he sat in a traffic jam, thinking that there

must be a better way to travel on land than cars or traditional trains. He

dreamed up the idea of using superconducting magnets to levitate a train car.

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Superconducting magnets are electromagnets that are cooled to extreme

temperatures during use, which dramatically increases the power of the

magnetic field. The first commercially operated high-speed superconducting

Maglev train opened in Shanghai in 2004, while others are in operation in

Japan and South Korea. In the United States, a number of routes are being

explored to connect cities such as Baltimore and Washington, D.C. In Maglev,

superconducting magnets suspend a train car above a U-shaped concrete

guide way. Like ordinary magnets, these magnets repel one another when

matching poles face each other.“A Maglev train car is just a box with magnets

on the four corners,” says Jesse Powell, the son of the Maglev inventor, who

now works with his father. It’s a bit more complex than that, but the concept is

simple. The magnets employed are superconducting, which means that when

they are cooled to less than 450 degrees Fahrenheit below zero, they can

generate magnetic fields up to 10 times stronger than ordinary

electromagnets, enough to suspend and propel a train.

Marco P. Soare et al, (2016) Magnetic levitation has been used to

implement low-cost and maintenance-free electromagnetic energy harvesting.

The ability of levitation-based harvesting systems to operate autonomously

for long periods of time makes them well-suited for self-powering a broad

range of technologies. In this paper, a combined theoretical and experimental

study is presented of a harvester configuration that utilizes the motion of a

levitated hard-magnetic element to generate electrical power. A semi-

analytical, non-linear model is introduced that enables accurate and efficient

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analysis of energy transduction. The model predicts the transient and steady-

state response of the harvester a function of its motion (amplitude and

frequency) and load impedance. Very good agreement is obtained between

simulation and experiment with energy errors lower than 14.15% (mean

absolute percentage error of 6.02%) and cross-correlations higher than 86%.

The model provides unique insight into fundamental mechanisms of energy

transduction and enables the geometric optimization of harvesters prior to

fabrication and the rational design of intelligent energy harvesters.

David Conn (2007), Annapolis Bureau of the Sun an article in

yesterday's Business section about a proposed magnetic levitation railroad

incorrectly named a founder of the B&O Railroad. The founder was Charles

Carroll. The Sun regrets the errors. ANNAPOLIS -- John Carroll, one of the

founders of the nation's first commercial railroad in 1832, understandably

could not make it to the House Ways and Means Committee yesterday to

testify about magnetic levitation rail."Primarily because of this historic

confluence, we have the opportunity to create a basic transportation system

in Maryland again," said Richard Carroll Kauffman, a Baltimore resident and

distant relative of the 19th century politician who helped start the B&O

Railroad in Baltimore.

Llyod J. Money (2007) Magnetic levitation, or MAGLEV for short, is a

technology that has had considerable effort expended on its development

during the past 15 years. Although intended primarily for high-speed ground

transportation, it has the potential for other applications. Its advantages over
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conventional steel-wheel steel-rail are higher possible speeds, reduced

roadbed maintenance, less noise and, since it is all electric, reduced

dependence on petroleum. The U.S. was one of the early contributors to the

technology as part of the response to the High Speed Ground Transportation

Act of 1965. After the U.S. terminated its activity on MAGLEV in 1975,

development continued in several countries, most notably Japan and the

Federal Republic of Germany. Both of those countries now have systems

nearing the application stage. This paper discusses the technology, describes

the major national programs and examines the rise and fall of the U.S.

program of MAGLEV.

Magnetic Levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method

which is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic

force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational acceleration and

any other acceleration. This principle is used by the researchers in their

prototype project.

Neodymium Magnets

According to Adam Hill (2017), Neodymium magnets are a type of

permanent magnets also known as rare earth magnets, due to the fact that

they contain one or more of the rare earth elements of the periodic table.

Most are made of a metal alloy containing neodymium, iron, and boron. They

are much stronger than most of the magnets people are accustomed to using,

like refrigerator magnets. Because of the forces they generate, they can be
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dangerous or even cause fatal injury if not handled properly.

In 2015, Nitto Denko Corporation of Japan announced their

development of a new method of sintering neodymium magnet material. The

method exploits an "organic/inorganic hybrid technology" to form a clay-like

mixture that can be fashioned into various shapes for sintering. Most

importantly, it is said to be possible to control a non-uniform orientation of the

magnetic field in the sintered material to locally concentrate the field to, e.g.,

improve the performance of electric motors. Mass production is planned for

2017.

David J. Sellmyer (2010), a physics professor at the University of

Nebraska, Lincoln, agrees. “In this field, that would be like setting out to hit a

grand slam home run.” He explains that Nd2Fe14B magnets’ outstanding

strength has made them indispensable to modern computer disk drives, a

variety of large and tiny audio speakers, and many types of motors and motor

generators crucial to the performance of hybrid automobiles and electricity-

generating windmills.

USC (University of Southern California) (2008), Invented in 1983, the

neodymium magnet, though not well-known, is the world’s most powerful

permanent magnet. Composed of approximately 70% iron, 5% boron, and

25% neodymium, neodymium magnets are utilized in electric motors, smart

phones, hard drives, headphones, speakers, and many more applications.

Compared with its predecessor, the Samarium Cobalt magnet, it is 1.5 to 2

times stronger with less density. Recently, China, the biggest producer of
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neodymium, has limited exports, causing concerns of shortages. This has

caused resurgence in domestic mining and raised possibilities of reduced

dependence on foreign imports, hopefully attracting attentions to limited

resources.

John D. Sutter, CNN (2011) Accessible supplies of neodymium and 16

other rare earth elements -- which occupy those two orphaned rows at the

bottom of the periodic table -- are running short. China, which controls

supplies of 97% of these materials, doesn't like sharing them with the West.

And the only U.S. mine for rare earth elements went out of production after a

radioactive waste accident in the 1990s.Throw in the fact that rare earth

elements are important to all kinds of technologies -- they're the reason smart

phones vibrate, why TVs have vivid reds and greens, and how computer hard

drives are able to etch data -- and you've got a recipe that scares many

technologists and researchers.

Magnet is used by the researchers for the rotor that can be seen in

prototype. Magnet is one the variable that produces the electricity.

Magnetic Coil

In the book of Nathaniel H. Frank (2007) entitled Electromagnetism

cited by Cads (2010), stated that an electromagnetic coil (or simply a “coil”) is

formed when a conductor (usually an insulated solid copper wire) is wound

around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. One loop of

wire is usually referred to as a turn, and a coil consists of one or more turns.
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For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminal called taps are

often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish and or wrapped

with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place.

A completed coil assembly with taps etc. is often called a winding. A

transformer is an electromagnetic device that has a primary winding and a

second winding that transfer’s energy from one electrical circuit to another by

magnetic coupling without moving parts.

Constantine A. Balanis (2008), in his book Advance Engineering

Electromagnetic defined magnetic coil as an electrical conductor wound into

form of a spiral, sometimes, with a soft iron core, to provide inductance or a

magnetic field.

Referring to the book introduction to Electrodynamics by David J.

Griffins (2008), a coil is a series of loops. A coiled coil is a structure where the

coil itself is in turn also looping, these objects are used commonly and are

very important, and some of their functions may be in bikes, cars, trains,

planes and windmill, often used in conjunction with a thread.

Isaiah David (2017) whenever electricity flows through a wireit creates

a magnetic field. In a single wire, this field is usually pretty weak. A coil,

however concentrates the magnetic field. Each coil of wire contributes a small

magnetic field and, together, they add up to make a much more powerful

magnet. An iron nail or anything else cylindrical and made out of iron will

concentrate and amplify the magnetic field. Some electronic coils used in

tuned circuits use an air core, either winding a coil with nothing in the middle
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or wrapping the wire around a thin paper tube. If you w ant your coil to be

strongly magnetic, however, you should use an iron nail or spike.

Akash Yadav (2016) An electromagnet works on the principle that an

electric current not only allows electrons to flow in a circuit, but also generates

a small magnetic field. When a wire carrying electricity is coiled, the magnetic

field becomes even stronger. Iron or steel objects surrounded by this coiled

electric wire also become magnetized. This combination of electronic energy,

coiled wiring and conductive metal object forms the basis of the device.

The coils, magnets and the principles of the electromagnetic induction

used in the “Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator” to produce

electricity.

Rectifier

Donald Krambeck (2016) discussed the purpose of a rectifier circuit as

well as two specific types of rectifiers: the half-wave rectifier and the full-wave

rectifier. Rectifiers are essential circuits for power supplies that convert an AC

input voltage into a DC voltage supply that can be used to power electronic

circuits. We saw that the half-wave rectifier utilizes alternate half-cycles of the

input sine wave whereas the full-wave rectifier utilizes both positive and

negative half-cycles.

Eric S. Langelund (2016). There are three major components in a

rectifier: transformer, stack, and cabinet. The purpose of the transformer is to

safely separate the incoming AC voltage (primary side) from the secondary
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side, which is adjusted to control the output voltage of the rectifier. Typically,

these adjustments are made with tap bars connected to the secondary side

windings at intervals that offer several setting options. The stack is the actual

rectifier and is comprised of a set of silicon diodes or selenium plates that

function as unidirectional current valves. The diodes or plates are configured

so that cycling AC flows in one direction and is blocked in the other, resulting

in both directions of the AC wave flowing in the same direction. The cabinet,

which includes the test panel, safely houses these components, and allows

for monitoring and other advanced operations.

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E (2007) The

greatest usage of rectifier diodes is the conversion of ac to dc. The single

diode of a half-wave rectifier for a single-phase ac voltage conducts only on

the positive half-cycle. Because of this, the output voltage across the load

resistance is unidirectional and has a nonzero average value. This output

waveform is called a pulsating dc. Therefore, the input ac voltage has been

rectified to a dc voltage. For most applications, a filter, usually consisting of

large electrolytic capacitors, must be employed at the output to smooth the

ripple present on the pulsating dc voltage to come close to a constant dc

voltage value.

Gupta Himanshi (2010). Full wave bridge rectifier is another type of full

wave rectifier used to convert an alternating current input into a direct current

output. In a bridge circuit configuration, it comprises of four diodes that

provide the same polarity of output for either polarity of the input. The main
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feature of this diode bridge which makes it more efficient than center tap

rectifier is its polarity i.e. the polarity of output is same as that of input. In our

previous articles, we explain rectifier, half wave rectifier, Efficiency equation of

half wave rectifier, efficiency equation of full wave rectifier etc.

Vinay Anand (2014) Rectifiers Theory Current is defined as flow of

electrons through conductor. An alternating current is one in which direction

of flow of electrons or current flow reverses periodically. Whereas direct

current is one in which direction of flow of electrons or current flow remains

same i.e.,current flows in one direction. A.C. has certain cycles per second

which is called frequency and it is measured in Hertz (Hz). Each cycle has

two half portions one of which is positive and another half is negative. In a.c.

supply, as current flows in both directions periodically, therefore, polarity of

terminals of a.c. supply also changes periodically i.e., a terminal which

remains positive during first half cycle becomes negative during another half

cycle, whereas in d.c. supply, polarity of output terminals does not change.

by means of kinetic energy of the wind and store in battery for backup usage.

The researchers used rectifiers for converting the Alternating Current

to Direct Current from the electricity produce by the Magnetic Levitation Wind

Power Generator

Related Studies

Electromagnetic Induction

James A. Doolittle et al, (2014) Electromagnetic induction (EMI) has

been used to characterize the spatial variability of soil properties since the
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late 1970s. Initially used to assess soil salinity, the use of EMI in soil studies

has expanded to include: mapping soil types; characterizing soil water

content and flow patterns; assessing variations in soil texture, compaction,

organic matter content, and pH; and determining the depth to subsurface

horizons, stratigraphic layers or bedrock, among other uses. In all cases the

soil property being investigated must influence soil apparent electrical

conductivity (ECa) either directly or indirectly for EMI techniques to be

effective. An increasing number and diversity of EMI sensors have been

developed in response to users' needs and the availability of allied

technologies, which have greatly improved the functionality of these tools.

EMI investigations provide several benefits for soil studies. The large amount

of geo referenced data that can be rapidly and inexpensively collected with

EMI provides more complete characterization of the spatial variations in soil

properties than traditional sampling techniques. In addition, compared to

traditional soil survey methods, EMI can more effectively characterize diffuse

soil boundaries and identify areas of dissimilar soils within mapped soil units,

giving soil scientist greater confidence when collecting spatial soil information.

Jiseong Kim et al. (2013) In this paper, they introduce the basic

principles of wireless power transfer using magnetic field resonance and

describe techniques for the design of a resonant magnetic coil, the formation

of a magnetic field distribution, and electromagnetic field (EMF) noise

suppression methods. The experimental results of wireless power transfer

systems in consumer electronics applications are discussed in terms of

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issues related to their efficiency and EMF noise. Furthermore, we present a

passive shielding method and a magnetic field cancellation method using a

reactive resonant current loop and the utilization of these methods in an

online electric vehicle (OLEV) system, in which an OLEV green transportation

bus system absorbs wireless power from power cables underneath the road

surface with only a minimal battery capacity.

David Grilli (2008) Magnetic shielding characteristics are optimized if

welding can be avoided. The shield designer should strive to minimize welded

sections and to allow generous forming radii. Magnetic flux leakage will occur

at sharp corners effecting overall shield performance. The most efficient

magnetic shield geometry would be a spherical shell. Since spherical shells

are difficult and costly to form, the next best design is a simple cylinder.

Rectangular boxes and chassis, although not optimal, will perform adequately

as magnetic shields. The design engineer has a degree of flexibility when

optimizing a design. Unlike RFI shields where holes and apertures are

discouraged, magnetic shields can have holes and openings although it’s

best to minimize their number. In recent years, FEA (finite element analysis)

modeling of magnetic shield designs has recently become very helpful and

has aided in the design process described here. Since the proof is in the

prototype and since so many extenuating circumstances can affect shield

performance, it’s best to try one on for form, fit, and function first.

C.K. Rao et al. (2016) The method of electromagnetic induction has

also been used to study the Seismicity and Seismotectonics of the Himalayan
 24

region, mostly using Electromagnetic Induction by naturally varying

geomagnetic fields. Delineation of (i) Integral Sign Conductor across the

Frontal Himalaya region and (ii) a resistive body embedded in a north-south

oriented conductive belt in Deccan trap region are most important findings.

Magnetic Levitation

Naside Gozde Durmus et al. (2015) several cellular events cause

permanent or transient changes in inherent magnetic and density properties

of cells. Characterizing these changes in cell populations is crucial to

understand cellular heterogeneity in cancer, immune response, infectious

diseases, drug resistance, and evolution. Although magnetic levitation has

previously been used for macroscale objects, its use in life sciences has been

hindered by the inability to levitate microscale objects and by the toxicity of

metal salts previously applied for levitation. Here, proponents used magnetic

levitation principles for biological characterization and monitoring of cells and

cellular events. We demonstrate that each cell type (i.e., cancer, blood,

bacteria, and yeast) has a characteristic levitation profile, which we

distinguish at an unprecedented resolution of 1 × 10−4 g⋅mL−1. We have

identified unique differences in levitation and density blueprints between

breast, esophageal, colorectal, and nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines, as

well as heterogeneity within these seemingly homogenous cell populations.

Furthermore, we demonstrate that changes in cellular density and levitation

profiles can be monitored in real time at single-cell resolution, allowing

quantification of heterogeneous temporal responses of each cell to

 25

environmental stressors. These data establish density as a powerful

biomarker for investigating living systems and their responses. Thereby, our

method enables rapid, density-based imaging and profiling of single cells with

intriguing applications, such as label-free identification and monitoring of

heterogeneous biological changes under various physiological conditions,

including antibiotic or cancer treatment in personalized medicine.

B.R.peinberger (2008) The phenomenon of Meissner effect levitation

of permanent magnets of high temperature superconductor (HTS) materials

continues to evoke interest because of its potential applicability in ultra-lop

friction passive magnetic bearings and because it provides a novel probe of

vortex dynamics. Neo experimental results are presented which extend

previous measurements of friction in high speed high temperature

superconductor bearings. Studies of magnetic levitation in permanent

magnet/HTS thin-film systems are discussed. An updated assessment of the

practicality of HTS-based magnetic bearings is presented.

J. S. Tyll et al. (2007) A high-speed moving-track test system was

designed and built for the aerodynamic testing of magnetically levitated

vehicle (Maglev) models. The moving-track test system was configured to

match wind speeds up to 150 miles per hour and to extend a sufficient

distance upstream and downstream of the test-vehicle model to provide a

uniform flow field at the model nose and to simulate proper closure of the flow

field at the rear of the model. Extensive flow field testing around the track

system confirmed its capability to properly simulate the flow around the high-
 26

speed tracked vehicle. The selected Maglev model was tested with the

moving-track system, and aerodynamic forces and moments were measured.

Hot-wire anemometer surveys were used to examine the flow field behind the

model and the turbulence levels and transition location on the vehicle nose.

Flow visualization tests were also conducted to verify the nature of the flow

field found in the velocity surveys. Testing included direct measurement of

skin friction at selected locations on the model. Separate tests were

conducted with the track system removed from the tunnel. The resulting data

provide a database for use in the design of Maglev systems and for

comparison with computer analyses.

Neodymium Magnet

General Motors (GM) and Sumitomo Special Metals (2007) discovered

the Nd2Fe14B compound. The research was initially driven by the high raw

materials cost of SmCo permanent magnets, which had been developed

earlier. GM focused on the development of melt spun nano-crystalline

Nd2Fe14B magnets, while Sumitomo developed full-density sintered Nd2Fe14B

magnets.

Cabrales, et.al (2015) in their project study “Magnet-O: An Alternative

Source of Energy”, use Neodymium magnet that can attract the iron or other

specific kind of metal with the energy flow which allows the neodymium

magnet to defy the gravity for years.

Calubitbit, et.al (2016) the main components of the design of the “Harp
 27

– Fluttering Belts” were the coil and magnet. A magnet was attached to a

shaped piece of wood which was connected to the belt (taffeta) that vibrates

or flutter whenever the wind hits the tension. The wood holder draws the

magnet in and out of the two coils attached on both sides (up and down) and

induced electromotive force due to cutting of flux. The induced EMF was

stored on a battery that can support lighting system. The device aimed to

serve as an alternative source of electricity that can supply remote areas with

turbulent wind environment.

Dura Magnetics, Inc. (2014) Effects of Heat on Neodymium Magnets:

Reversible vs. Irreversible Field Loss. A neodymium magnet may be used to

supply a triggering field for a magnetic sensor. At various times of operation,

the magnet may be exposed to a temperature which reduces the magnetic

field to a level which the sensor will not be triggered. Other than during the

high temperature exposure, the magnet will supply a sufficient field to trigger

the sensor. The magnet does not totally demagnetize nor does it suffer

lasting effects from the high temperature exposure. Repeated exposures are

not additive, but the sensor is not triggered during the high temperature phase

of operation. When the magnet is inspected at room temperature, it will

measure fine and exhibit no apparent loss. The Neo magnet alloy was not

selected properly for the limited high temperature operation even though it

actually survived the high temperature exposures without suffering an

irreversible demagnetizing loss.

The magnet described in the Case Study is said to have experienced a

 28

reversible loss. The magnet only experienced a magnetic field loss that was

reversible when it cooled back down. The magnet was not taken above a

temperature threshold where permanent demagnetization occurred such that

the loss was not recovered when cooled back to room temperature. The

magnet in the Case Study could be exposed to yet a higher temperature

where it experiences a partial, irreversible demagnetization. At this higher

temperature the magnetic field would again be reduced when compared to

the starting point at room temperature; however, when the magnet cools back

down it will not recover the entire lost field. A small portion of the magnet has

demagnetized and no longer contributes to the net field produced by the

magnet. This loss is considered irreversible. Higher and higher temperatures

further demagnetize greater portions of the magnet. At some temperature,

the magnet will totally demagnetize and no magnet orientation will exist within

the magnet.

In the project study of the researchers Neodymium Magnet is used by

the researchers in their study of Magnetic Levitation Wind Powered

Generator. The datum used by the studies about Neodymium Magnet was

used in the experimentation in the basis point to meet the certain grade level

of the magnet.

Magnetic Coil

Cads, et.al (2010), in their project study “Pendulum Battery Charger”

they used magnetic coil in producing electricity where there is a magnetic wire

coiled around a ferrite core generating magnetic flux that generates electricity,
 29

electricity that is free and most especially environment friendly.

In his invention; “Pendulum Generator”, Meshes (2007), introduced a

system in which a clock pendulum mechanism swings magnet into coils,

allegedly generating enough electricity to recharge the clock springs as well

as power other devices. Bill attaches two magnets in place of the weight on

the pendulum and then places a fixed coil such that with each period of the

magnet swing, they pass into the coil, including electrical flow in the coils.

The project entitled “Wind-Up Emergency Converter Charger” by Dilay,

et.al (2008), used magnetic coils in order to produce electricity to recharge

the low battery of a mobile phone and is also used as a reliable source of

energy when there is no power.

Anastacio, et.al (2007), in their project study “Small Scale Wind Power

Generator”, use coil made up of magnetic wire in which the magnet will rotate

in order to produce electricity.

In the study of Magnetic Levitation Wind Powered Generator magnetic

coil is also used by the researchers for their study. The recent studies helped

the researchers in the trials of the turns and numbers of magnetic coils.

Rectifier

As stated by Rohit Gupta and Ruchika (2012) cited by Acueza (2013)

in their study, AC/DC converters are widely used in industrial applications.

Input AC voltages are rectified and filtered using filtering circuit which consists
 30

of large electrolytic capacitors. These capacitors draw a large amount of

current and the efficiency of the converter system decreases drastically. Low

power factor, high harmonic distortion and large ripple factor have made the

converter system inefficient. This paper analyses about different converter

topologies and proposes a different design by which power factor can be

improved and harmonic distortion can be reduced. The results of respective

topologies are shown through P-simulation program with integrated circuit

emphasis (PSPICE) simulation and their parameters are calculated. Five

parameters are considered for the comparison of these topologies.

The study “AC-DC Improvised Cell Phone Charger” of Florida, J.J.R

(2007) aims to come up with an improvised cell phone battery charger which

operates and charges energy dissipated cell phones both when there is

electricity and power and during brownouts and power outage. The

improvised AC-DC charger was built using a step-down transformer, half

wave rectifier, alkaline battery, capacitor, resistor, integrated circuit, diode,

switch, 9V spring socket. Charging ability of the improvised charger was

tested along with the commercial standard charger in charging the same

cellular phones.

Evangelista, et. al (2014) in their project study “Enhance

Transformerless Power Supply”, use bridge rectifier circuit to convert AC to

DC which provides more current.

The researchers used rectifiers on their Magnetic Levitation Wind

Powered Generator which converts AC to DC.

 31

Wind Turbine

According to the study of Clark Ken AduBoahen entitled “Mini Hydro

Power Generation on Kintampo Falls “, as cited by Anura (2015) the purpose

of a turbine is to convert energy in the form of falling water into rotating shaft

power. The selection of the best turbine for any particular hydro sites depends

on the desired running speed of the generator or the device loading the

turbine.

Other considerations such as whether the turbine is expected to

produce power under part flow conditions also play an important role in the

selection. All turbines have power-speed design characteristics, as they will

tend to run more efficiently at a particular speed, head and flow conditions.

The Low Cost Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Project: (Pendharkar and

Komerath 2013). The project was about the development of a VAWT with

optimum rotor parameters using cheap and commercially available materials

suitable for less-developed communities. In developing the rotor blade,

several prototypes have been made and tested. The first was a set of four

small foam-filled, fiberglass-covered blades. Their analysis was the stall in the

second quadrant of rotor rotation counters the drive from the first quadrant.

The second used was a highly flexible vertical window blinds.

Design of PM Generator for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (Rynkiewicz

2012) In the selection of the generator, the wind speed, magnetization, losses

and vibrations were considered. Vertical axis wind turbines absorb wind in
 32

every direction but its rotation speed ratio is lower than horizontal axis wind

turbines. Therefore, using a bigger generator will maximize the turbine’s

efficiency.

Darrieus Turbines: The Physics of Self-Starting (Hill, et al. 2009). This

paper aims to prove the ability of straight-blade Darrieus turbine to start its

operation without the application of an external force as an aid. Hill et al.

designed an experiment using a three-blade H-rotor having a fixed geometry,

a fixed pitch and has symmetrical airfoils, using wind tunnel testing. Various

parameters were altered and varied such wind speed and angle of approach

of the wind to gather depend variables such as the tip-speed ratio, and net-

torque. Hill et al. concluded that the three-blade H-rotor wind turbine has the

capability to self-start under a broad range of wind conditions, and has noted

that increasing the Reynolds number of the airfoil characteristics may produce

more lift and drag thus increasing the ability to self-start.

The study about Wind turbine was used by the researchers in their

Magnetic Levitation Wind Powered Generator to design the applicable types

of turbine. This related study was considered for having cheap and

commercially available materials with high quality that suits the design of the

turbine. The researchers decided to use the vertical axis wind turbine. Vertical

axis wind turbines absorb wind in every direction but its rotation speed ratio is

lower than horizontal axis wind turbines. The more blades, the more the wind

will absorb. The design was considered for maximizing the efficiency of the

generator.
 33

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally to provide a clearer

understanding of the variables in the project. Terms are discussed as how

they were used in this research.

Electromagnetic Induction. A process where a conductor placed in a

changing magnet field to cut the magnetic flux (or a magnet moving through a

stationary magnetic coil) and causes the production of a voltage.

Magnetic Coil. An electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of

a coil, spiral or helix and it cuts the magnetic flux.

Magnetic Levitation. A method by which an object is suspended with

no support none other than magnetic fields and it separate the rotor and

stator using repulsion.

Neodymium Magnet. A material or object that produces magnetic

field.

Rectifier. An electrical device that converts an alternating current into

a direct current by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only in

order to store the electricity in the battery.

Shafting. A long, comparatively straight handle serving as an

important or balancing part of an implement or device.

Turbine. A rotary engine actuated by the reaction or impulse of wind

subject to pressure and usually made with a series of curved vanes on a

central rotating spindle.

 34

CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter aimed to enlighten the readers with the process involved

in the project. It includes research design, data gathering procedure,

population and sampling, research instrument, statistical treatment,

construction procedure, supplies and materials, tools and equipment,

construction time frame, and cost of materials. The chapter will further explain

the prototype design, supplies and materials.

Research Design

To be able to achieve a good performance of the prototype design,

Experimental Type of Research was utilized in the study in order to visualize

the prototype ready to use as an alternative source of energy. More than most

other research approaches experimental research aims at making scientific

contributions.

The project study, “Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator” is

supported by the experimental method of research. This was because

magnet was part of the experiment to prove that it is applicable for levitation

to separate rotor from the stator. Testing and finalizing the result if the

magnetic levitation reduced the friction and produced electricity. The

researchers suggested to analyze and to try possible exploration of magnet.

The experimental research was considered to test the application of

magnetic levitation as wind generator. As part of test and experimentation,

 35

researchers test the performance level at different level of wind speed to

obtained the desired output of 2 watts.

Data Gathering Procedure

The following are the steps in designing and constructing Magnetic

Levitation Wind Powered Generator

Start

Planning and Conceptualizing

Consulting with the engineer experts

Gathering information about the study

Consultation for finalization of the gathered information

End

Fig. 2 Data Gathering Procedure

The initial procedure conducted by the researchers was planning and

conceptualizing a project. The researchers consult with the engineer experts

for some advice which will help the deficiency of electric power.

After this procedure, the researchers conducted simple but informative

interviews and information with the right persons for good suggestions that

can contribute in constructing the project. And the gathered concepts and

ideas were used as basis in constructing the preliminary ideas on the

requirements for choosing the project supplies and materials as well as tools
 36

and equipment for the development of the design. The researchers consult

the data gathered for the finalization of the project. All the information

necessary for the project was obtained.

Supplies and Material

Table 1 shows the list of supplies and materials need for the

construction of the project. The list also shows the respective quantity of the

supplies and materials.

Table 1. Supplies and Materials

Quantity Unit of Measurement Description of Material

2 piece Tubular Bar
2 piece Square Bar
1 piece Flat Bar
20 piece Bolts and Nuts
1 piece Customized Aluminum Pole
16 piece Neodymium Magnet
3 kilogram Magnetic Wire
½ kilogram Welding Rods
2 piece Ring Neodymium Magnet
1 meter Connecting wires
4 piece Diode
1 piece LED Bulb (5W)
2 piece Capacitor
3 piece Wood Works (circular)

4 piece PVC

The researchers used two tubular bar, two square bar, one pole and

one flat bar for the assembly of the body and turbine. Twenty bolts and nuts

for attaching tubular bar, square bar, pole and flat bar. Sixteen neodymium
 37

magnet, three kilogram magnetic wire for assembly of coil and magnet

combination in order to produce electricity and two ring type neodymium

magnet for the levitation. One meter connecting wire, four diode, one LED

bulb, two capacitor for full bridge rectifier circuit to convert AC to DC output.

Three wood works and four pvc for the turbine blade.

Tools and Equipment

Table below shows the tools and equipment used in the project study

with their corresponding functions. These were responsible for the

appropriate construction of the project “Magnetic Levitation Wind Powered

Generator” and using the proper tools and equipment matters in constructing

such prototypes.

Table 2. Tools and Equipment

Tools and Equipment Functions

Pliers It is used to cut wires
Electrical Tape It is used to insulate wire connections
Hack Saw It is used to cut metals
Screw Driver It is used to tighten and loosen screw
Wrench It is used to tighten and loosen bolts
Multi-Tester It is used for measuring voltage
Drill It is used for drilling
It is used for soldering wires and
Soldering Iron
electronic components
Welding Machine It is used to weld metals
Wood Saw It is used to cut woods
Adhesive It is used to patch materials
Winding Machine It is used for winding of the coil

The prototype was completely done with two aspects, the physical

aspect and electrical aspect. In the physical aspect, the hack saw, screw
 38

driver, wrench, drill, welding machine, wood saw, adhesive, soldering iron

was used in constructing the prototype. While in the electrical aspect, the

researchers used electrical tape, pliers, winding machine, and multi-tester. All

of this equipment was applied for the construction of the prototype.

Construction Procedure

In order to meet the desired results, the researchers used the following

construction procedures in developing the project “Magnetic Levitation Wind

Power Generator”.
START

Planning and Conceptualizing

Gathering information

Canvassing of supplies and materials

`
Preparation of all materials and equipments

Construction of the desired design of the prototype

Testing and Revision

Finalization of the project prototype

Evaluation of the project

End

Fig. 3 Flow Chart for Prototype Construction

The first procedure in constructing the prototype was planning and

conceptualizing the idea of the Magnetic Levitation Wind Powered Generator

 39

for the detailed parts, and physical and structural aspects of the prototype.

Gathering information about the project would follow. In this procedure, the

researchers gathered the appropriate tools, materials and equipment that

would be used for the study in the next procedure. In this part, the

researchers wrote down all the appropriate tools, materials and equipment

that would be used to construct the project.

After preparation of all appropriate tools, materials and equipment the

construction of the desired design of the prototype followed. In this procedure,

the researchers secured all the needed supplies and materials in order to

construct the project. Constructing the desired body and blades of the project

includes the balancing of the materials.

Testing, making trials and revision for the better results of the project

would be next. In this part, the researchers should conduct three or more

trials in order to construct a better outcome of the project. These were needed

for the researchers diligence in constructing the prototype. Later, the

finalization of the prototype was conducted. In this procedure, the prototype

was submitted for evaluation. Evaluating the project for the findings and

recommendations was the final step done by the proponents of this project

study.

Construction Time Frame

The researchers used the Gantt chart table to give an overview of the

amount of time consumed with respect to the necessary activities and general

tasks of the group for the completion of the project shown in the table below.
 40

Figure 4. Construction Time Frame

The figure shows the Construction Time Frame of how long the

researchers took to build the project. It shows the week of duration of work for

each procedure to completely construct the prototype. In the first procedure,

this is canvassing the materials for the prototype. There are two weeks to do

the said procedure. After this, purchasing all the required supplies and

materials needed to construct the prototype physical aspect. The researchers

took weeks to accomplish, and another two weeks to prepare all the

necessary tools, materials and equipment used in the prototype.

Moreover, after all the tools, materials and equipment were ready, the

researchers constructed the desired design of the body of the prototype. After
 41

this, the researchers connects the coil and the external circuit for almost five

weeks to attained the target output. The researchers started the testing of the

prototype at different level of wind speed. After this, the researchers took two

more weeks for the finalization of the whole project study.

Cost of Materials

The table below shows the complete list and cost of materials will be

used to create the Magnetic Levitation Wind Powered Generator.

Table 3. Cost of Materials

Total
Unit of Unit Price
Quantity Description of Materials Price
Measurement (Php)
(Php)
2 piece Tubular Bar 300.00 600.00
2 piece Square Bar 75.00 150.00
1 meter Flat Bar 100.00 100.00
10 piece Bolts and Nuts 5.00 50.00
1 piece Customized Aluminum Pole 200.00 200.00
16 piece Neodymium Magnet 180.00 2880.00
3 kilogram Magnetic Wire 787.00 2361.00
½ kilogram Welding Rods 50.00 25.00
2 piece Neodymium Ring Magnet 300.00 600.00
1 meter Connecting wires 10.00 10.00
4 piece Diode 1.00 4.00
1 piece Capacitor (2200µF,25V) 12.00 12.00
1 piece LED Bulb (5W) 80.00 80.00
3 piece Wood Works (circular) 120.00 360.00
1 piece PVC 180.00 180.00
Sub-Total 7612.00
Miscellaneous expenses 3000.00
Total Expenses 10612.00
 42

Cost of supplies was considered and materials used in the construction

of the prototype were the following to wit; the magnetic wires and neodymium

magnet. The researchers performed trials for the sizes and turns of the

magnetic wires enough to consume 3kg of it. The magnets with two varieties,

the ring magnets for the levitation and the round shape for the magnetic

induction were bought. Added to this was aluminum pole used to avoid

attraction between the magnets. Wood works and PVC were also used to

lessen the weight of the blade and the prototype itself.

 43

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is comprised with project description, physical description,

block diagram, project development, project schedule, resource management,

design calculation, try-outs and revision, and presentation, analysis and

interpretation of data.

Project Description

The magnetic levitation wind power generator is equipment that

converts wind energy into electrical energy which can light up lighting loads.

Here are the structural properties and function of magnetic levitation wind

power generator.

The prototype has four components such as electrical and electronic

component, mechanical component, main component, body and base. The

main component which was the blade of the turbine was made from

aluminum and wood works. The body which is the turbine will be attached to

wood works and function as rotor of the prototype. Its base is made up of

metal to support the prototype. It uses magnet to separate the rotor and the

stator of the prototype using the magnetic levitation by lifting forces which is

the magnetic field produces by the magnet. It uses magnets and coils for

electromagnetic induction to produce electricity.

The function of this project is to be an electricity-generating machine

through harnessing the wind energy. The kinetic wind energy is the prime

mover of the prototype. The blade should be hit by the winds to turn the rotor
 44

and produces magnetic fields that will cut by the stator which is the coils and

produces voltage. The continuous flow of the wind to turn the blade will

produces electricity.

Physical Description

The project name of the prototype is “Magnetic Levitation Wind Power

Generator” which generates alternating current through harnessing the wind

energy. In this section, the physical description of the prototype will be

discussed. This part portrays the features of the prototype.

15 inches Ø

18 inches
height

72 inches
height

Fig. 5The Prototype

 45

Fig. 6 Arrangement of the magnet N-S

Fig. 7 Position of the coils

Figure above shows the final construction of the Magnetic Levitation

Wind Power Generator. The size of the blade is 15 inches diameter and 18

inches height which consists of sixteen neodymium magnet arranged

alternately and eight coils with 1200 number of turns. Magnetic Levitation was

proven by this prototype that levitates the turbine from the stator.
 46

Block Diagram

The following figure shows the block diagram of the process and

purpose of the project.

Figure 8.Block Diagram of Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator

Figure 8 shows the block diagram of the prototype. It includes the

magnetic levitation used to separate the magnet and coil and includes wind

as the prime mover that is responsible for the rotation of the turbine. The

turbine is being levitated by the two ring magnets which used to revolve the

turbine using wind without restraints. The disc magnet together with the blade

rotates above the coil to induce electromotive force and give an AC output

voltage. The terminals of the series coil are connected to a load or tester. The

experimental and developmental aspects of the study focused on the output

that is being produced by the Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator to

identify its effectiveness

Project Development

The researchers made a step by step procedure to come up in a

 47

successful development of this project. The first and foremost step was the

canvassing of materials needed. Strongest type of magnet called Neodymium

Rare-Earth Magnet which is only available at Metro Manila, coil, customize

wood, customize plastic, connecting wires, customize tubular pole, bolts and

nuts were locally made. As soon as the materials had completed, the

researchers started the construction of the project. The researchers decided

to construct eight-bladed turbine for initial testing which became the initial

experimentation. Different problems were encountered such as magnet size

failed to support the turbine issuing the small diameter pole, the air-gap

between magnet and coil resulting from the inconsistency of output readings.

Through some actual experimentation, individual studies, researches and

consultations, the Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator was

successfully developed and produced the required output readings.

Resource Management

The researchers created a data list on resource demands in order to

manage effective resources. The researcher’s prototype used Neodymium

Rare-Earth Magnets which also called n42. These are limited in source and

available only on Metro Manila. Since the researchers expected to go the

area, the researchers placed the order for have a reservation early and

pickup for the target time.

The researchers had exact number of Neodymium Rare-Earth Magnet

needed so the researchers gave extra care in handling the magnets for it may
 48

break easily. Many of our resource materials were easy to find. We carefully

manage its availability forecast by time period into the future and the resource

configurations required to meet project demands and the supply of resources.

The coil, which was also one of the main components of the prototype

were studied carefully with the help of consultations from the experts in what

size will be used, its construction and connection. The size of the wire and

materials used in the coil was based on the study, experiment and researches

conducted by the past researchers. Through these, we were able to avail a

coil that was cheaper and more compatible with the project. Many choices

were considered for the ring magnet used to levitate the turbine. After some

trials, large inner and outer diameter of magnet was found out more effective

to achieve better performance. The prototype was constructed with the help

of metallurgical construction workers to achieve transcend design of the

prototype which was suited to the project to produce the required output.

The researchers considered the number of resources, time frame of

the project, and the availability of persons involved in this project. Considering

these important matters help the researchers to manage time and resources

effectively, create immediate solution for arising problems, and being able to

be aware about important precautions and solutions. As a result, the

researchers successfully came up into a well-rounded and efficient project

that suits the objectives set before the project has to be constructed

Project Schedule

The project schedule shows the time consumed in constructing the

 49

prototype. For a better presentation, a Gantt chart is shown below.

Time Duration (in weeks)

Oct
April May June July August Sept.
Procedures 20
2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017
17
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

Identifying
the Problem

Gathering
Data and
Consulting
about
electrical
aspect.

Purchasing
the
materials for
the
prototype

Assembling
and
fabricating
the body
and the
circuit

Testing of
the
prototype at
different
wind speed.
Finalization
of the
prototype
Evaluation
of the
prototype

Figure 9. Project Schedule

 50

The project schedule discusses about the time and duration of work of

the researchers to be able to reach the completion of prototype making. In the

first procedure, observing the condition and identification of problem was

done at first to second week of April 2017.Here, the researchers discovered

about the development of the wind turbine using the principles of magnetic

levitation. The conceptualizing of solution to problem, gathering data and

consulting the design of wind turbine and coils lasted for almost four weeks.

The researchers conceptualized the materials and equipments needed for the

experimentation. The researchers layout the prototype and the coils needed

for the generation of the electricity. They research the different characteristics

of each and what is the best in functionality and price. It is then followed by

searching resellers that offers the best price for the given materials. After

canvassing, it is followed by purchasing the materials which lasted for seven

weeks.

On the second week of July 2017 the researchers began to construct

and fabricate the body of the prototype. It took four weeks to finish the body of

the prototype. After finishing the body of the prototype, the researchers

connect the design coils in series and circuit for stabilizing of the output.

Before finalizing the prototype, the researchers tested the prototype at

different level of wind speed if the desired output were obtained. It took four

weeks for the researchers to finish the revision and testing of the prototype .

The researchers took three more weeks for the finalization of the whole

project study.
 51

Design Calculation

The design calculation aims to provide table calculations used by

researchers to identify the materials needed to obtain the desired output of

the Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator.

Wind turbine blade design

The researchers decided to design the savonius turbine blade for the

appropriately used of the magnetic levitation and good for high RPM output.

Since the turbine is savonius the minimum tip speed ratio is about 0.65, so to

create a blade design of savonius the researchers need to specify the chord

and the blade setting angle.

Blade angle

To specify blade angle (β) the proponents had determined the angle of

attack (ϕ) at which the apparent wind strikes the rotor plane. This was

calculated using the equation stated below:

Where: A is the swept area,

R is the blade radius,

r is the 2/3 of the blade radius,

λ is the tip speed ratio and α is the angle of attack

2R
β = Atan−1 ( )−α
3rλ
 52

2(0.191m)
β = [(0.174m2 )tan−1 ( )−5
3(0.127m)(0.65)

β = 4.92°

Number of Blades

The number of blades showed direct effect in the smoothness of rotor

operation and good for high RPM, eight blades had been considered.

Chord

Having worked out the blade setting angle the researchers still had

worked out the chord. Where D is the diameter, B is the number of blades

and λ is the tip speed ratio

4D
Chord width =
λ2 B

4(0.381)
Chord width =
(0.65)2 (8)

Chord width = 0.451 m

RPM

Based on the observation at the area of Brgy. Sta. Catalina Majayjay,

Laguna between 12:00nn – 3:00PM the normal wind velocity is about 3 m/s.

Using the equation below, proponents calculated the Nrpm of the turbine with

design diameter of 0.381 m for the wind turbine blade. Where λ is the tip

speed ratio, V is the measured normal velocity.

 53

60λV
Nrpm =
πD

(60)(0.65)(3)
Nrpm =
π(0.381)

Nrpm = 97.75 rpm or 98 rpm

Computation for Magnet and Coil

As per objective, there was no definite output given for every coil and

magnet. The proponents made an assumption for output voltage and other

parameters.

Assumption: 1 V obtained, produces 2W in a flux per pole of 57.86

µWb with 16 Poles

Since the computed Nrpm of the design turbine blade at 3m/s is 98

rpm. We can now calculate the frequency

Where: P - the number of poles

N - the speed in revolution in per minute (rpm)

f - the frequency

(16)(98)
f=
120

f = 13 Hz

The generated Emf is given by the formula faraday’s law,

 54

e = NfØ

Since the generated voltage is sinusoidal, we need to multiply by form

factor = 1.11

e = 1.11NfØ

To compute for the number of turns, N, of the coil,

e
N=
1.11fØ

1
N=
1.11(13)(57.86x10−6 )

N = 1197.72 say 1200 turns

The voltage of 1200 turns is 1 V, that there was a need to use 8-1200

turns since the target voltage was 8V

Use 8 coils with 1200 turns/coil

Solve for the current need to produce 2W

P
I=
V

2W
I=
8V

I = 0.25 A

Now to get the size of magnetic wire, we need to compute the

resistance/coil
 55

V
R=
I

1V
R=
0.25 A

R = 4Ω/coil

It was decided to use #28 size of wire with diameter of 0.35mm

because this is the wire which can fit in the bobbin. Now, computing for the

length

RA
L=
p

𝜋
4x 4 x(0.000352 )
L=
1.72x10−8

L = 22.37 m use 22 m

To know what grade level and size of magnet to use, the following

computations were provided. As assumption for the design of the coil, the

internal diameter, d, was set to 22.86mm.

Where: A = area of the internal space of the coil

𝜋
A= x(0.02286)2
4

A = 0.00041 m2

For the magnetic flux density, 𝛽𝑥, using the formula for magnetic flux,

∅,
 56

∅
βx =
A

57.86 × 10−6
βx =
0.00041

βx = 0.1411 T

Where: L – length of the magnet

R – Radius of the magnet

X – distance between coil and magnet

βx – magnetic flux density of the coil

Residual magnetism was attained with Br, for the grade level of the

magnet,

2βx
βr = L+X L
[ − ]
√R2 + (L+X)2 √R2 + (X)2

2(0.1411)
βr = 3mm+5mm 3mm
[ − ]
√20mm2 + (3mm+5mm)2 √20mm2 + (5mm)2

βx = 1.25 T
 57

Based on calculation, as per availability a grade level of N42 magnet

has the closest value of residual magnetism, βr , of 1.32T based on the

physical data.

To determine the weight of the turbine to levitate accordingly to desired

distance of two ring magnets, the researchers decided to use same grade

level of N42 magnet with outer diameter of 25.4mm x inner diameter 12.7mm

x 12.7mm thickness

βr L+X L+X X X
βx = {( − )−( − )}
2 √R2 + (L + X)2 √r 2 + (L + X)2 √R2 + (X)2 √r 2 + (X)2

Where

βr – residual magnetism

L – thickness of the magnet

 58

X – distance from pole face of the magnet to the coil.

R – outer diameter of the magnet

R – inner diameter of the magnet

1.32 12.7 + 5 12.7 + 5

βx = {( − )
2 √12.72 + (12.7 + 5)2 √6.352 + (12.7 + 5)2

5 5
−( − )}
√12.72 + (5)2 √6.352 + (5)2

βx = 0.0815 T

Average flux distribution was attained with an experiment made in

order to measure the average diameter of flux distribution illustrated as

follows:

𝐷𝑎 = 2 𝑥 61 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑎 = 122 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡
 59

𝐷𝑏 = 25.4 𝑚𝑚

0.122 + 0.0254
𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
2

𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0.0737 𝑚

Computation for the area of the field was performed using the experiment,

𝜋
𝐴𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑥(𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑒 + 𝐷𝑚)2
4

Where: Dave– average diameter of the field

Dm– diameter of the magnet

𝜋
𝐴𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑥(0.0737 + 0.0254)2
4

𝐴𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0.007713 𝑚2

The force exhibited by the project was done using the following formula.

𝛽 2 𝐴𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐹=
2 𝑥𝜇0

Where

F – Force

Bx – field density

𝜇0– Air permeability

Aave – area of the field

 60

0.08152 𝑥 0.007713
𝐹=
2 𝑥 4𝜋𝑥10−7

𝐹 = 20.38 𝑁

𝐹 20.38
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = = 2.1 𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.81

This is an approximation and it seems to be very close to what was

expected weight of the turbine to levitate properly.

Table 4.Summary of calculation parameters

General Specifications of the MLWPG: Data:
Blade Angle, β 4.92°
Number of blades 8
Chord 0.451 m
Diameter of the Blade 0.381 m
Height of the Blade 0.4572 m
N rpm at 3m/s 98 rpm
Number of Poles 16 P
Frequency 13 Hz
Number of turns/coil 1200 turns
Number of Coil 8
Length of Wire 22 m
Internal Diameter of the coil 0.02268 m
OD 50.88mm x 22.86
Size of the Bobbin
mm T
Grade Level of Magnet N42 ( 1.32T)
Size of Magnet ( Disc Magnet) OD 40mm x 3mm T
OD 25.4mm x ID
Size of Magnet(Ring Magnet)
12.7mm x 12.7 T
Air gap 5mm
Force, F 20.38 N
Mass 2.1 kg

Table 4 shows the summary of the design calculations made by the

researchers in terms of producing the desired output. Experiments were done

to determine some parameters, thus came up with the use 8 bladed savonius

turbine for high RPM output. It was decided to use 16 poles, 1200 turns, 8 coil
 61

and N42 neodymium magnets.

Try-out and Revisions

In the table below shows the solution done to correct the problems

encountered during the several times of testing of the prototype.

Table 5. Try-out and Revisions

Trial Situation Outcome Revision

30 Volts were
produced but the
Number 36 To be able to produce
current was too
magnetic wire with higher current, the bigger
1 small resulted from
8 pieces of 5000 size of magnetic wires
not maximizing the
turns were used were used, the number 28.
lumen of the 5W
bulb.
Number 28 The bulb To be able to produce
magnetic wire with maximized its higher current, the bigger
2
8 pieces of 1200 lumens at high size of magnetic wires
turns were used rpm. were used, the number 24.
Number 24 The light was not
The researchers decided to
magnetic wire with stable and cannot
3 use the number 28
8 pieces of 600 maximize the
magnetic coil.
turns were used lumens of 5W bulb.
Adding more 8 neodymium
8 neodymium of Low induced emf magnet, 16 in total to
4
magnets were used was produced maximize the flux revolve
at the coil
2 ring magnets with It can’t support the
2 ring magnet with 25.4mm
25.4mm outer turbine blade and
outer diameter, 12.7mm ,
diameter, 5mm the shafting was
5 12.7mm thickness were
inner diameter, not applicable for
used to support the blade
5mm thickness the proper strength
properly.
were used needed.
Not enough space
Small Size of 2” diameter by 0.9” height
6 for improving the
Bobbin were used were used
no. of wire
Design of turbine Low voltage and
7 Reduce air gap
and base current produce

At trial no. 1, 8 pieces of number 36 magnetic wires with 5000 turns

were used. It can produce a good output voltage, but the current was too
 62

small resulted from insufficient light produced by the 5W DC bulb. The

researchers found out that the larger the size of the magnetic wire, the higher

the output current will produce. This made the researches change the size of

wire from number 36 to number 28.

At trial no. 2, the 8 pieces of number 28 magnetic wires with 1200 turns

were used. It can produce good output voltage and current, but the

researchers want to improve the output current.

At trial no. 3, the 8 pieces of number 24 magnetic wires with 600 turns

were used. It has low output voltage came out from the insufficient light

produced. Therefore, the researchers decided to use the number 28 with

1200turns magnetic wires.

At trial no. 4, 5 and 6, the researchers used 8 neodymium magnets

only and added 8 more, a total of 16 magnets because it produced a low

induced emf. At trial no. 5, the ring magnets responsible for the levitation and

balancing were change from 2 ring magnets with 25.4mm outer diameter,

5mm inner diameter, 5mm thickness to 2 ring magnets with 25.4mm outer

diameter, 12.7mm, 12.7mm thickness were used to support the blade

properly and for a better levitation enough to protect the magnet and coil from

crashing. At trial no. 6, the size of the bobbin was changed to 2” diameter by

0.9” height for the sake of changing the wire size.

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Several tests were made after the construction of the prototype. The
 63

evaluation was done to assure that the prototype was in good condition. The

tests were done to determine the functionality of the components and the

performance of the developed prototype.

To measure the velocity of the wind, the researchers was used the

prototype and put some mark and counting the revolution with one level of

wind speed of an electric fan for the testing of the output voltage.

For the total circumference of the Prototype,

𝐶 = 𝜋D

𝐶 = 𝜋𝑥15 inches

𝐶 = 47.124 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

Converting into meter,

0.0254 𝑚
𝐶 = 47.124 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑥
1 𝑖𝑛

𝐶 = 1.197 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

Electric fan was set at the no. 1 speed, the number of revolutions of

the prototype in 23 seconds was obtained in tactical method by counting the

revolutions of the prototype.

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 24 (𝑛𝑜. 1 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙)
23 𝑠𝑒𝑐
 64

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 24 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 𝑥 = 62.6 𝑟𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑟 63 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 23 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

For the total wind speed applied,

𝑅𝑃𝑀𝑥𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

63 𝑥 1.197
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = 1.256 𝑚/𝑠
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

For the second level,

The researchers set at the no. 2 speed the number of revolutions of

the prototype in 21 seconds was obtained in tactical method by counting the

revolutions of the prototype

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 26 (𝑛𝑜. 2 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙)
21 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 26 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 𝑥 = 74.3 𝑟𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑟 75 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 21 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

For the total wind speed applied,

𝑅𝑃𝑀𝑥𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

75 𝑥 1.197
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = 1.496 𝑚/𝑠
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

For the third level,

The researchers set the electric fan at the no. 3 speed the number of
 65

revolutions of the prototype in 22 seconds was obtained in tactical method by

counting the revolutions of the prototype,

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 30 (𝑛𝑜. 3 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙)
22 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 30 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 𝑥 = 81.8 𝑟𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑟 82 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 22 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

For the total wind speed applied,

𝑅𝑃𝑀𝑥𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

82 𝑥 1.197
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = 1.636 𝑚/𝑠
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

For the fourth level,

The developed prototype was set at the no. 4 speed, the number of

revolutions in 10 seconds and obtained in tactical method by counting its

revolutions.

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 24 (𝑛𝑜. 4 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙)
10 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 24 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 𝑥 = 144 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

For the total wind speed applied,

𝑅𝑃𝑀𝑥𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
 66

144 𝑥 1.197
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = 2.87 𝑚/𝑠
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

The prototype was tested to identify the output voltage of different size

of wire and different no. of coil and connected in series with an average wind

speed of 3 m/s.

Table 6. Output Voltage, Current and Power of the coil with a no. 36

magnetic wires

Output Output Output

No. of Coil No. of Turns
Voltage (V) Current (µA) Power (mW)

1 5000 2.2 400 0.88

2 10000 3.1 400 1.24

3 15000 3.7 400 1.48

4 20000 4.5 400 1.8

5 25000 6.0 400 2.4

6 30000 8.5 400 3.4

7 35000 9.9 400 3.96

8 40000 12.7 400 5.08

Table 6 shows the output voltage produced using no. 36 magnetic wire

to meet the desired output. The researchers used 5000 turns per coil. As the

number of coil increases, the voltage also increases. The size of the coil was

good enough in producing voltage because the number of turns is directly

 67

proportional to the voltage. The table show that the more coil is added with

the same turn, the current remains the same because as the number of coil

increases, the resistance increases. The size of the wire is the reason why

the current produced is too small enough to affect the output power. Also, the

table shows that the output power is directly proportional to the number of

turns.

Table 7. Output Voltage, Current and Power of the coil with a no. 28

magnetic wires

Output Output Output

No. of Coil No. of Turns Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)

1 1200 0.50 0.23 0.115

2 2400 1.70 0.23 0.391

3 3600 3.73 0.23 0.858

4 4800 5.12 0.23 1.178

5 6000 6.20 0.23 1.426

6 7200 7.20 0.23 1.656

7 8400 8.10 0.23 1.863

8 9600 8.81 0.23 2.026

Table 7 shows the output voltage produced using no. 28 magnetic wire

to meet the desired output. The researchers used 1200 turns per coil. And as

the number of coil increases, the voltage also increases. The size of the coil

was good enough in producing voltage because the number of turns is

directly proportional to the voltage. The number 36 magnetic wire produced

more output voltage than the number 28 for it has more turns than the
 68

number 28 magnetic wire. The table shows that the more coil is added with

the same turn the current remain the same, but the size of the coil produced

good current than the previous. It is because the current increases as the size

of wire increases. Also, the table show that the output power is directly

proportional to the number of turns.

Table 8. Output Voltage, Current and Power of the coil with a no. 24

magnetic wires

Output Output Output

No. of Coil No. of Turns
Voltage (V) Current (mA) Power (mW)
1 600 0.55 10 5.50

2 1200 0.95 10 9.50

3 1800 1.81 10 18.1

4 2400 2.20 10 22.00

5 3000 2.80 10 28.00

6 3600 3.27 10 32.70

7 4200 4.50 10 45.00

8 4800 5.10 10 51.00

Table 8 shows that as the number of coil increases, the output voltage

increases with a constant speed, but the number 24 size of wire produced not

enough voltage for the stability of the light of the 5W DC bulb. The Output

voltage of the size of coil was not good enough in producing voltage because

of the number turns. Even if the size of the wire is bigger than the 2 previous

experimentations, the current produced is too small because of the lessened

number of turns of the coil.

 69

After testing of the level of wind speed on the prototype, the

researchers tested the equivalent voltage for every level of wind speed to

have finest data. The prototype was tested to identify the output voltage. The

comparison was presented on the performance test of the prototype reflected

on the following tables.

Fig. 10 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier AC-DC

Figure 10 shows the external circuit of the prototype. Full wave Bridge

rectifier converts AC to DC. This circuit includes the 2200µF, 25V, and

1000µF, 50V capacitor that filters the pulsating DC. The diode which is

responsible for the current to flow in only one direction. The PCV for the

proper connection of the components.

 70

Table 9. Output DC Voltage at different level of wind speed

Wind Output Output Output

Speed RPM Voltage Current Power

(m/s) (V) (A) (W)

1.256 63 6 0.08 0.48

1.496 75 6.8 0.1 0.68

1.636 82 7 0.15 1.05

2.9 98 8.5 0.23 1.955

Table 9 shows the results of the testing using the increasing wind

speed and the revolution per minute. The wind speed varies directly

proportional to the output voltage and current. The higher the wind speed, the

higher the output voltage and current. The lowest wind speed of 1.256 m/s

and rpm of 63 produced an output voltage and current of 6V and 0.08A and at

the highest wind speed of 2.9 m/s and rpm of 98 produced an output voltage

and current of 8.5V and 0.23A. As it is shown on the table, the voltage and

current increases with the increase in the wind level. Also, the table shows

that the more voltage and current the more output power produced.
 71

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendations made after a thorough study.

Summary

Based on the observations during the testing of the prototype in the

road of Brgy. Sta. Catalina Majayjay, Laguna was a ray less place. It puts the

people in harm that enters and exits the place in harm. Many accidents came

to pass especially when power outages come out resulting from a total

darkness. The prototype would be a big help in the community since the place

was fitted on the project in terms of the wind speed.

Wind power technology is the various infrastructure and process that

promote harnessing wind generation for mechanical power and electricity.

This basically entails the wind and characteristics related to its strength and

direction, as well as the functioning of both internal and external components

of a wind turbine with respect to wind behavior.

The main objective of this study was to design and develop a

Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator that produces electricity. The

project study specifically aimed to make some experimentation in the proper

sizing of coils and its number of turns. The researchers tried and tested some

kinds of coil differ from its thicknesses and number of turns and came up with

using the number 28 magnetic coil with 1200 turns that produced an output of

14.58Vdc that can lit the 5 watts DC bulb in a stable manner.

 72

The initial procedure conducted by the researchers was planning and

conceptualizing a project. Engineers were consulted for some advice which

helped the deficiency of electric power.

After this procedure, the researchers conducted simple but informative

interviews and information with the right persons for good suggestions that

may be contributed in constructing the project. And the gathered concepts

and ideas were used as basis in constructing the preliminary ideas on the

requirements for choosing the project supplies and materials as well as tools

and equipment for the development of the design. All the information

necessary for the project was obtained.

Test and revision were done to finish the prototype. The mechanism of

the prototype must be well-operated and ready for testing. These were

followed by finalization of the prototype. In this part, researchers applied

again their artistic ability to make the appearance of prototype better.

Evaluation of the prototype during the presentation in the final defense.

Findings

Based on the data gathered during the course of the study, the

following are the findings:

1. The Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator converts the wind current

into electrical energy that can be used as source of electricity.

2. Based on the testing conducted by the researchers on the location, the

power output depends on the wind speed. The higher the revolution per

minute (rpm), the higher the output current.

 73

3. Sharp wind speed occurs from 12:00-2:00pm. Therefore, higher output is

being form. This will give higher voltage and current outputs.

Conclusion

After several months of working with the project and prototype, the

researchers found out the following about the Magnetic Levitation Wind

Power Generator.

1. a. The researchers was successfully determine the design of the wind

turbine based on magnetic levitation which consists of 16 magnet and coil

combination to attain an output of at least 2 watts. The #28 of wire and 1200

number of turns was suitable in order to have 2 watts output. It can be

concluded that the output of 2 watts was attained because of series

connection of coils.

b. The Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator was successfully stabilize

the 2 watts output of the generator using the circuit of full bridge rectifier.

2. The Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator was successfully

determine the performance level at different level of wind speed.

3. The researchers was successfully determine the design of power turbine in

terms of power output. As the wind speed increases the output will increase

proportionally. Based on the test, at 2.9 m/s the output was 1.955 W.

Recommendation

After obtaining the results during the research and experiments

conducted, the following are hereby recommended:

 74

1. Future researchers must get the accurate details about this study such as

the weight of materials and other factors that will affect the

mechanical aspects of the prototype especially the blade.

2. Future researchers can enlarge the prototype in size, number of coil, and

magnet.

3. Future researchers can put another set of coil and magnet at the top of the

prototype to increase the expected output.

4. Future researchers may apply mechanical principle for the base of the

prototype.

5. Future researchers may use the upgraded prototype for better applications

that may help the community.

 75

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 80

APPENDICES
 81

APPENDIX A

The Prototype

This section shows design of Magnetic Levitation Wind Power

Generator.
 82

APPENDIX B

Tools and Equipment

Set of Screw Drivers Combination Pliers

Welding Machine Adjustable Wrench

Grinder Digital Multi-tester

 83

Drill Press

Cable Cutter

Hand Saw

Hack Saw Wood Saw

Drill Cable Cutter

Welding Rod Steel Measurement Tape

 84

APPENDIX C

Manual of Operation

A. Operational Procedure

1. Place the Magnetic Wind Powered Generator to a turbulent and

strategic location or on a higher elevation where wind is consistently

strong.

2. Make sure all the electrical components and main components are

attached and have coordination before the operation of wind power

generation.

3. Adjust the pole according to the wind speed and wind direction.

4. Let the wind energy draw the turbine to generate electricity.

B. Safety Precautions

1. Do not touch any bare wires connected on the coil during the

operation.

2. Keep yourself dry during installation and circuit wiring.

3. Installation shall be done by at least two persons.

4. Use appropriate tools in installing the Magnetic Wind Powered

Generator.

5. Keep away from the prototype during operation.

C. Care and Maintenance Procedure

1. Handle the Magnetic Levitation Wind Power Generator with care.

2. Keep the two ring magnets separated to each other.

3. Keep the prototype on a dry and cool place.

 85

4. Always check the connection of the electrical components before the

operation

5. Always check the alignment of the coils

6. Always check the gap between the disc magnets and the coils.

7. Keep the electrical components dry. Water may cause damage and it

may short the circuit.

 86

CURRICULUM VITAE
 87

Baranda, Leonard John O.

SitioCamiaBrgy. Bubukal Sta. Cruz Laguna
Contact no: 09263221239
E-Mail: leonardbaranda@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVE

To render my knowledge, enhance my skills, gain experience and

expertise in all aspect of organizational management that will develop my own
personality and can improve my potentials of being a future competitive
individual.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : October 11, 1996

Place of Birth : Sta. Cruz, Laguna
Gender : Male
Height : 5’ 8”
Weight : 54 kg
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language Known : Filipino/English
Name of Father : Noel S. Baranda
Name of Mother : Evangeline O. Baranda

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta Cruz Campus
Santa Cruz, Laguna
2013 up to Present

ORGANIZATIONS/AFFILIATIONS

 Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineering of the Philippines

(IIEE) CALABARZON Regional Chapter
Position: Member
2013 up to present

 Electrical Engineering Student Society (EESS)

 88

Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta. Cruz Campus

Position: Vice President
A.Y. 2017 up to present
Member
2013 up to present

 Engineering Society
Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta. Cruz Campus
Position: Member
2013 up to present

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

 IIEE-CSC 11th Regional Student Conference

University of Perpetual Help System-Dalta Molino Campus
Molino II, Bacoor City, Cavite
September 17-19, 2015

 3rd Southern Luzon Student Conference

University of Perpetual Help System Calamba
Calamba, Laguna
January 30, 2016

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Computer Literate

 Has knowledge in Basic AutoCAD

 Has knowledge in Microsoft Excel, Paint, Microsoft Word, and

Microsoft PowerPoint

CHARACTER REFERENCE

Engr. Raniel Louie W. Mendiola

Adviser and Professor, College of Engineering
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Sta. Cruz-Main Campus, Sta. Cruz, Laguna
Contact No.: 0917-802-2312

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct upon my belief
and knowledge.

LEONARD JOHN O. BARANDA

Applicant’s Signature
 89

Caldeo, Ma. Chrisel A.

125 Purok 6, San Antonio Bay Laguna
Contact no: 09059339786
E-Mail: chriselcaldeo123@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE

To render my knowledge, enhance my skills, gain experience and

expertise in all aspect of organizational management that will develop my own
personality and can improve my potentials of being a future competitive
individual.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : November 26, 1996

Place of Birth : San Antonio Bay Laguna
Gender : Female
Height : 5’
Weight : 40 kg
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language Known : Filipino/English
Name of Father : Edwin M. Caldeo
Name of Mother : Matilde A. Caldeo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta. Cruz Campus
Santa Cruz, Laguna
2013 up to Present

ORGANIZATIONS/AFFILIATIONS

 Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineering of the Philippines

(IIEE) CALABARZON Regional Chapter
Position: Member
2013 up to present

 Electrical Engineering Student Society (EESS)

 90

Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta. Cruz Campus

Position: Vice President - External
A.Y. 2017 up to present
Member
2013 up to present
 Engineering Society
Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta. Cruz Campus
Position: Member
2013 up to present

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

 IIEE-CSC 11th Regional Student Conference

University of Perpetual Help System-Dalta Molino Campus
Molino II, Bacoor City, Cavite
September 17-19, 2015

 3rd Southern Luzon Student Conference

University of Perpetual Help System Calamba
Calamba, Laguna
January 30, 2016

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Has good communication skills

 Has knowledge in Basic AutoCAD

 Has knowledge in Microsoft Excel, Paint, Microsoft Word, and

Microsoft PowerPoint

CHARACTER REFERENCE

Engr. Raniel Louie W. Mendiola

Adviser and Professor, College of Engineering
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Sta. Cruz-Main Campus, Sta. Cruz, Laguna
Contact No.: 0917-802-2312

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct upon my belief
and knowledge.

MA.CHRISEL A. CALDEO
Applicant’s Signature
 91

Gonzaga, Vincent B.
Regidor St. Brgy. Sta. Catalina Majayjay,Laguna
Contact no: 09752675276
E-Mail: vincent_gonzaga23@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVE

To render my knowledge, enhance my skills, gain experience and

expertise in all aspect of organizational management that will develop my own
personality and can improve my potentials of being a future competitive
individual.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : August 22, 1997

Place of Birth : Majayjay, Laguna
Gender : Male
Height : 5’ 4”
Weight : 50 kg
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language Known : Filipino/English
Name of Father : Victor M. Gonzaga
Name of Mother : Carmelita B. Gonzaga

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta Cruz Campus
Santa Cruz, Laguna
2013 up to Present

ORGANIZATIONS/AFFILIATIONS

 Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineering of the Philippines

(IIEE) CALABARZON Regional Chapter
Position: Member
2013 up to present
 92

 Electrical Engineering Student Society (EESS)

Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta. Cruz Campus
Position: Member
2013 up to present
 Engineering Society
Laguna State Polytechnic University – Sta. Cruz Campus
Position: Member
2013 up to present

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

 IIEE-CSC 11th Regional Student Conference

University of Perpetual Help System-Dalta Molino Campus
Molino II, Bacoor City, Cavite
September 17-19, 2015

 3rd Southern Luzon Student Conference

University of Perpetual Help System Calamba
Calamba, Laguna
January 30, 2016

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Computer Literate

 Has knowledge in AutoCAD

 Has knowledge in Microsoft Excel, Paint, Microsoft Word, and

Microsoft PowerPoint

CHARACTER REFERENCE

Engr. Raniel Louie W. Mendiola

Adviser and Professor, College of Engineering
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Sta. Cruz-Main Campus, Sta. Cruz, Laguna
Contact No.: 0917-802-2312

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct upon my belief
and knowledge.

VINCENT B. GONZAGA
Applicant’s Signature