Course:

Urban Planning
(CE 4001)
Paris, France
Zurich, Switzerland Singapore City

Seoul, South Korea Brasilla, Brazil

Chandigarh, India
 Contents…….
 Introduction

 UTP Objectives

 UTP Process

 Transportation Surveys

 Four stage Travel Demand Modelling

 Trip Generation

 Trip Distribution

 Modal Split

 Route Assignment

Urban Mass Transit Systems2

FOUR STAGE PLANNING /
MODELLING –

1. TRIP GENERATION

2. TRIP DISTRIBUTION

3. MODAL SPLIT

4. ROUTE ASSIGNMENT

3
 DEFINITIONS
 Home based trips : A trip which has one end of the trip at
home.
Eg.: trip from home to work/ shopping/ school, etc.
 Non-Home based trips : A trip which does not end or start at
home.
Eg.: trip from work to shopping, etc.
1
A - Home B – Work
What is O-D
matrix for
trips? 2
Identify the 4
HB and NHB
trips? C- Shop
Restaurant 3
4
 DEFINITIONS

Destination
O\D A B C
What is O-D matrix Orig A - 1 -
for trips? in B - 1(2) 1(3)
Identify the HB and
NHB trips? C 1(4) - -

1
A - Home B – Work
HB

NHB
2
HB

4
NHB
Shop
C-
Restaurant
5 3
 DEFINITIONS

 Trip Production: Trips which are generated by residential

zones, where they may O-trips or D-trips. i.e. a trip has one
end at home.

 Trip Attraction: Trip which are generated by activities at the

none-home end. Eg. Work to shop, office to school, etc.

6
 Origins and Destinations??
Productions and Attractions??

Based on the convention of trip generation models

Origins and Destinations are defined in terms of the direction of

the trip

Productions and Attractions are defined by the land use

Residential Land use PRODUCES trip ends

Non-residential land use ATTRACTS trip ends

This is a useful distinction because of how trip generation models

are typically developed

7
 Productions - Attractions

All Home - Based Trips

Production Attraction
Residential Non-Residential
Production Attraction
Area Area

Zone 1: 1 origin, 1 destination Zone 2: 1 origin, 1 destination

Zone Productions Attractions

1 2 0
2 0 2
Total 2 2

= Origin

= Destination
8
 Productions - Attractions

Non - Home - Based Trips

Production Attraction
Non-Residential Non-Residential
Area Attraction Production
Area

Zone 1: 1 origin, 1 destination Zone 2: 1 origin, 1 destination

Zone Productions Attractions

1 1 1
2 1 1
Total 2 2

= Origin

= Destination
9
 Example 1

Calculate the total Production

and Attraction trips for each Zone 4
zone? Work

Trip 3
Home Bank

Zone 1
Zone 2

Store

Zone 3
10
 Example 1
Zone Productions
Zone 4
1 4 (2 Work, 1 Bank, 1
Work
Store)(1,2,3,5)
2 1 (Non home based)(3)
Trip 3 3 0
Home Bank
4 0

Zone 1 Total 5
Zone 2
Zone Attractions
Store 1 0
2 1 (H-B) (3)
Zone 3
3 2 (B-S, H-S) (4,5)
4 2 (H-W) (1,2)
Total 5
11
 Example 2
Zone 4
Calculate the total Production
and Attraction trips for each Restau
zone? Work rant

Zone 5

Trip 3
Home School

Zone 1
Zone 2

Shop

Zone 3

12
 Example 2

Zone Productions Attractions

1 4 0
2 3 1
3 0 3
4 0 3
5 1 1
Total 8 8

13
 Trip Generation: What is Predicted?

Trip generation models predict so called TRIP ENDS for each zone

The trip ends maybe classified as either

• ORIGINS and DESTINATIONS (O-D)

or

• PRODUCTIONS and ATTRACTIONS

The two sets of terms sound similar but there is a technical

difference

14
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPS
 By Trip Purpose : Trips based on the purpose of travel. Eg.
Trips to work, trips to school, shopping trips, etc.

 By Person-type : The travel behavior of an individual is

mainly dependent on its Socio-Economic attributes. Following
are the categories which are usually employed.
a. Income Level- Poor, Middle Class, Rich
b. Car Ownership- 0,1,2,3
c. Household Size- 1,2,3,4... Etc.

15
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPS
 By Time of Day : The time of the day at which a particular trip
is made. Eg.: morning trip, night trip, peak hour or off peak
trip, etc.

16
 Trip Generation

 Trip Generation : It is the first phase of the Travel Demand Modelling.

 Trip Generation model is used to estimate the number of person-trips

that will begin or end in a given traffic analysis zone

1
3
2 5

4 8
7
6
The unit of analysis for traffic generation is the TAZ
17
 Factors governing trip production &
attraction rates
 Socio-Economic Variables : such as

- Household income

- Family size and composition

- Number of workers in the household

- Occupation status

- Number of cars per household

 Locational Factors : such as

- Population and residential density

- Distance of household from town

18
centre (CBD) etc.
 Factors governing trip production
& attraction rates
 Public Transport Accessibility Factors: such as

- Nearness of public transport facility

- Efficiency and reliability of public transport

- Fare structure, routing, etc.

 Factors affecting trip attraction :

- Employment opportunities

- Floor space in industrial and shopping areas and offices

19
 Methods for
Trip Generation Analysis
Methods for
Trip Generation Analysis

Zonal Regression Analysis Category Analysis /

Cross Classification
Technique

Single Linear Multiple Linear

Regression Regression Analysis
Analysis (SLRA) (MLRA)
20
 Trip Generation
Developing and Using the Model

The trip generation model typically can take the form of

No. of trips = Function (pop, income, vehicle ownership rates)

The model is developed and calibrated using BASE year data

21
 Zonal Regression Analysis

 Most common method employed in trip generation

analysis.

 Approach is to derive linear equations (by regression

analysis), based on results of survey for trip production
and trip attractions.

 Two forms of regression analysis: Single linear regression

analysis (SLRA) and Multiple linear regression analysis
(MLRS).

22
 Different Types of Models

 Single Linear Regression Model

Y = 426 – 4.6X

 Multi Linear Regression Model

Y = A + B*X1 + C*X2 + D*X3….

 Single Non Linear Regression Model

(i) Exponential : Y = 487*exp(-0.022*X)
(ii) Logarithmic : Ln(Y) = ln(A)+ln(X)*B
(iii) Power : Y = A*XB

23
 Different Types of Models

Which is Linear and Nonlinear model?

Nonlinear model Linear model

(Always a straight line)

24
 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

 Single Linear Regression Model (SLRA)

- SLRA includes 1 independent variable

- The general form of linear relation between two variables :

Household size (x) and Trips per day (y) is given as :

y = a + bx

Where, y = dependent variable; x = independent variable,

a = additive constant, b = multiplying constant.

25
 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLRA)

- MLRA includes 2 or more independent variables.

- The general form of linear relation between two variables :

Household size (x1), income (x2), and Trips per day (y) is
given as :

y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + ...

Where, y = dependent variable; x1,x2,.. = independent

variables, a = additive constant, b = multiplying constant.

26
 Zonal Regression Analysis

 Regression and Correlation Coefficients:

y = a + bx - SLRA

y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + ... - MLRA

- If value of independent variables (x) is know the value of y

can be estimated using the regression equations.

- We need to know regression coefficients i.e. ‘a’ & ‘b’

- Correlation coefficient (r) refers to the degree of

association between the variables.

27
 Zonal Regression Analysis

 Regression and Correlation Coefficients:

If r is near +1 it denotes positive correlation and if is near -1 it
denotes negative correlation.

28
 Zonal Regression Analysis

Maximum positive correlation Strong positive correlation Zero correlation

(r = 1.0) (r = 0.80) (r = 0)

Maximum negative correlation Moderate negative correlation Strong correlation & outlier
(r = -1.0) (r = -0.43) (r = 0.71)
29
 Linear Model :Equation of a Straight Line

Constant
(Additive)

m = Slope or Gradient (how steep the line is)

b = the Y Intercept (where the line crosses the Y axis)
30
 Linear Model :Equation of a Straight Line

How do you find "m" and "b"?

•b is easy: just see where the line crosses the Y axis.
•m (the Slope) needs some calculation:

Example:

m = 2/1 = 2

b=1

So: y = 2x + 1

31
 Zonal Regression Analysis

 Regression and Correlation Coefficients:

(a) For SLRA : y = a + bx

Multiplying constant :

Additive constant :

Correlation coefficient :

32
 Zonal Regression Analysis - Example

Ex. 3: The table shows data for vehicle trips per day, as related to income
and persons in a household, for one zone of the study area.
Develop the trip generation equations, and discuss which of the two
models is more reliable.

Income (0000) Persons in Household Trips per day

7.5 2 3
13 5 5
18 6 8
21 4 7
23 6 8
25 6 7
27 6 9
33
 Solution 1:

10 10
9 y = 0.268x + 1.5651 9 y = 1.1429x + 1
R² = 0.816 R² = 0.7191
8 8
7 7

Axis Title
Axis Title

6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 2 4 6 8
Axis Title Axis Title

Trips Vs Income
Trips Vs Persons in HH

34
 Zonal Regression Analysis - Example

Ex. 4: The following data was collected for a town. Develop linear
regression model for trips generated from zone. If the population in
a particular zone may increases to 86500, predict the expected trip
generation from that zone.

Travel Zone Population in Zone Total trips generated

(000) (00)
1 25 15
2 19 12
3 29 18
4 24 13
5 17 12
6 18 14
7 22 15
35
 Zonal Regression Analysis - Example

Soln.:
Population = 86.5

Y = 5.303 + 0.401X

No. of Trips = 5.303 + 0.401(Population)

20
18
Predicted Trips = 39.99 Trip Generated (00)
16
14
12
10
8
y = 0.4018x + 5.3036
6 R² = 0.6732
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40
Population (000)
36
FOUR STAGE PLANNING /
MODELLING –

1. TRIP GENERATION

2. TRIP DISTRIBUTION

3. MODAL SPLIT

4. ROUTE ASSIGNMENT
 Example of Travel Estimation Process

Trip Generation Trip Distribution Modal Split Route

Production (Pi) Assignment
Production
1 47
2 66
3 110 Tijmr
DESTINATION Tijm
O 1 2 3 Route A 5
Mode I 25
R 1 10 18 19 47 Route B
Attraction
I
Mode II 15 17
(Aj) 2 30 32 4 66 40
Route C 3
G
Attraction I 3 5 40 65 110
N 45 90 88 223
1 45
2 90
3 88
38
 Trip Distribution

 Trip distribution analysis is the procedure used to distribute

the generated trips from each zone to any other zone.

 Trip distribution matrix between origin and destination are

developed without specifying the actual route and travel
mode. DESTINATION
Attractions (Aj)
O 1 2 3
Production (Pi)

Production Attraction R 10 (Tij)

1 18 19 47
1 47 1 45 I
2 30 32 4 66
G
2 66 2 90 3 5 65 110
I 40
3 110 3 88 N 45 88 223
90
 Trip Distribution

 Any trip distribution matrix should satisfy the following two

basic conditions:
DESTINATION
i. All produced trips distributed. Attractions (Aj)
O 1 2 3 Pi

Production (Pi)
ii. All attracted trips distributed. R 1 10 (Tij) 18 19 47
I
Mathematically: G
2 30 32 4 66
I 3 5 40 65 110
N Aj 45 90 88 223
j i
Where, Pi = No. of trips produced from zone i, Aj = No. of trips
attracted to zone j, Tij = No. of trips produced from zone i and
attracted to zone j.
 Trip Distribution

 Methods of Trip Distribution analysis:

(A) Growth Factor Methods (B) Synthetic Methods

i. Uniform factor method i. Gravity model
ii. Average factor method ii. Opportunity model
iii. Detroit method a) Intervening opportunity model
iv. Fratar method b) Competing opportunity model
v. Furness method
 Trip Distribution Analysis - Growth Factor
Methods

 Uniform Growth Factor Method:

- Single growth factor for entire study area.

- All existing interzonal trips are multiplied by this factor, in

order to get future interzonal trips.

Where, TijF = future trips between zone i & zone j

Tij = base year trips between zone i & zone j

F = Growth factor of study area = Future total trips

Existing total trips
 Example for Trip Distribution

A B C
Produced Present 130 120 100 For 2016
Trips Future 215 190 235 For 2021
Attracted Present 125 110 115 From trip
Trips Future 200 190 250 generation

Trip Distribution Matrix – For 2016 Trip Distribution Matrix – For 2021

A B C Pi A B C Pi
A 20 60 50 130 A 215
B 40 25 55 120 F = all future B 190
C 65 25 10 100 trips/all C 235
present trips
Aj 125 110 115 350 Aj 200 190 250 640
= 1.83
 Trip Distribution - Example

Ex. 5: A study area has been divided in four zones A,B,C, and D. The
results of the trip generation analysis and the present trip
distribution matrix is included in the following tables :
A B C D
Produced Present 150 90 180 80
Trips Future 300 170 270 240
Attracted Present 120 100 150 130
Trips Future 180 300 300 200

Trip Distribution Matrix – Present : O\D A B C D

A 40 40 40 30
Develop Trip Distribution Matrix B 20 20 30 20
using:
(i) Uniform growth factor method. C 40 30 50 60
(ii) Average growth factor method.
D 20 10 30 20
 Trip Distribution Analysis - Growth Factor
Methods

 Average Growth Factor Method:

- Different growth factor for each zone, to predict

interzonal movement.

Where, Fi = Growth factor for zone i

P F Future total trips originating at zone i
= i =
Pi Existing total trips originating at zone i
Fj = Growth factor for zone j
A jF Future total trips attracted at zone j
= =
Aj Existing total trips attracted at zone j
 Example for Trip Distribution

A B C
Produced Present 130 120 100
Trips Future 215 190 235
Attracted Present 125 110 115
Trips Future 200 190 250

Trip Distribution Matrix – For 2016 Trip Distribution Matrix – For 2021

A B C Pi A B C Pi
A 20 60 50 130 A 215
B 40 25 55 120 B 190
C 65 25 10 100 C 235
Aj 125 110 115 350 Aj 200 190 250 640
 Example for Trip Distribution

Trip Distribution Matrix – For 2021

FA (At) FB (At) FC (At)

A B C Pi
FA (Pr) A 33 215
FB (Pr) B 190
FB (Pr) C 235
Aj 200 190 250 640

(Fi + Fj)/2 = 1.63

P iF 215 A jF 200
Fi = FA (Pr) = Fj = FA (At) =
Pi 130 Aj 125
Different FA, FB, & FC for production and attraction zones.
 Trip Distribution - Example

Ex. 6: The overall growth factor of urban area along with the growth factor
of individual zones and present trip distributions are shown in
figure. Distribute the trips using:
(i) Average growth factor method.
(ii) Detroit growth factor method.
65 1.8
2.2 2 3

75 75 50
65

80
1.25 1 4 1.7

60 90
75
6 5
1.95 1.5
 Trip Distribution Analysis - Growth Factor
Methods

 Detroit Growth Factor Method:

- This method combines both above growth factors & is more

rational & better approach.

Fi = Growth factor for zone i,

Fj = Growth factor for zone j
F = Growth factor for entire study area
 Trip Distribution - Example

Ex. 7: A study area having4 zones has an overall growth factor of 1.6 and
the individual growth factors are shown in figure. The present trips
distribution matrix is given in table. Distribute the trips using:
(i) Detroit growth factor method.
(ii) Average growth factor method

1.3 1 2 2.0
Present Trip Distribution Matrix

O\D A B C D
A 40 40 40 30
B 20 20 30 20
C 40 30 50 60
D 20 10 30 20
4 3
1.8 1.4
 Trip Distribution Analysis - Growth Factor
Methods

 Fratar Method:

- Most widely used method for trip distribution.

Ti j = Present trips between i & j

Fi = Growth factor for zone i,
Fj = Growth factor for zone j

Li = Location factor for zone i, Lj = Location factor for zone j

 Trip Distribution - Example

Ex. 8: Three zones X,Y & Z are shown with interchanges and their growth
factors in the figure. Using fratar method compute the zonal
interchanges in the forecast year.

25 trips
1.3 X Y 2.0

Z
1.4
 Trip Distribution - Example

Ex. 9: The present trips originating and attracted by the zones and the
future predictions as obtained in trip generation are shown below.
Using Fratar model distribute the trips for future

P1=300 P2=100 P1=500 P2=200

A1=150 A2=150 A1=300 A2=350

1 2 1 2

3 3

P3=150 P3=350
A3=250 A3=400
Present Trip Distribution Future Trip Distribution
 Trip Distribution - Example

Ex. 10: Calculate the future trip exchanges by fratar method for the following
data.
2.2
P

Q R S
2.8 3.3 3.5
 Trip Distribution Analysis - Growth Factor
Methods

 Furness Method:
The present trips are first
Step - 1
multiplied by row factors of matrix

Ti j = Present trips between i & j

Production Factor
Fi = Production growth factor

The results are then multiplied by

Step - 2 j
the column factors until the future
trips are approximately equal to the
Attraction Factor
required
= Forecasted attractions
Calculated attractions
Fj = Attraction growth factor
 Trip Distribution - Example

Ex. 11:The present flows of the trips between the four zones A,B,C,D of the
study area are shown in trip matrix. The future trip attraction and
productions are also included. Distribute the trips using Furness
method.
O\D A B C D Productions

Total Present Total Future

A - 90 30 80 200 300
B 10 - 40 20 70 95
C 20 80 - 70 170 275
D 20 10 10 - 40 60
Attrac Total Present 50 180 80 170 480 --
tions
Total Future 55 250 95 330 -- 730
FOUR STAGE PLANNING /
MODELLING –

1. TRIP GENERATION

2. TRIP DISTRIBUTION

3. MODAL SPLIT

4. ROUTE ASSIGNMENT
 Example of Travel Estimation Process

Trip Generation Trip Distribution Modal Split Route

Production (Pi) Assignment
Production
1 47
2 66
3 110 Tijmr
DESTINATION Tijm
O 1 2 3 Route A 5
Mode I 25
R 1 10 18 19 47 Route B
Attraction
I
Mode II 15 17
(Aj) 2 30 32 4 66 40
Route C 3
G
Attraction I 3 5 40 65 110
N 45 90 88 223
1 45
2 90
3 88
58
 Factors Influencing the Choice of Mode

 Characteristics of the trip maker :

Following features are considered to be important:

- Car availability and/or ownership,

- Possession of a driving license,

- Household structure ,

- Income,

- Residential density
 Factors Influencing the Choice of Mode

 Characteristics of the transport facility:

This is divided into two categories:
1. Quantitative factors:
- Relative travel time: in-vehicle (IVTT), Out-of-vehicle (OVTT)
(waiting, walking, transferring time) by each mode
- Relative monetary costs (fares, fuel, etc.)
- Availability and cost of parking

2. Qualitative factors:
- Comfort and convenience,
- Reliability and regularity,
- Protection and security.
 Factors Influencing the Choice of Mode

 Characteristics of the journey:

Mode choice is strongly influenced by:
1. Trip purpose:
2. Time of the day when journey is undertaken
 Modal Split

 Methods for Modal Split analysis:

1. Trip end models

2. Trip interchange models

I. Probit Model

II. Logit Model

i. Binary logit model

ii. Multinomial logit model

 Modal Split - Methods

1. Trip end models

- This model is applied prior to trip distribution stage and
immediately after trip generation.
- In this model only the characteristics of trip makers
(individuals) were considered. The characteristics of
journey and transport facility were omitted.
- The models are not affected by the policy decisions related
to improvement of transport, restricting parking, charging
for use of roads, etc. these parameters would not have any
effect on modal split according to these trip-end models.
 Modal Split - Methods

2. Trip interchange models

- This model is applied after the gravity or other distribution
models.
- This model includes the characteristics of journey &
transport facility.
- The model is made more difficult by including
characteristics of trip makers.
- Parameters like: relative travel time, relative travel cost,
relative travel service, are considered.
- Types: Probit and Logit Models
 Modal Split Analysis

 Logit Models for Mode Choice (Trip Interchange Model)

- Mode choice is a function of relative costs, relative travel
time, economic status, relative travel service, etc.
- Types of logit models based on number of mode choice
available:
i. Binary mode choice model
ii. Multiple mode choice model
 Modal Split Analysis

 Logit Models for Mode Choice (Trip Interchange Model)

i. Binary mode choice model :
- When only two alternative modes are possible (eg. car and
bus), this model can be used.
- Following is the general form:

where, P1 = Probability of selecting mode (1),

P2 = Probability of selecting mode (2),
G(x) = Function of travel characteristics
 Modal Split Analysis

 Logit Models for Mode Choice (Trip Interchange Model)

i. Binary mode choice model :

where, G(x) = Function of travel characteristics

= b + a1(C1-C2) + a2(T1-T2) +a2 (W1-W2) +…..
Where, a1, a2 , a3 ….. = model parameters
C1 & C2 = cost of travel by mode 1 & 2,
T1 & T2 = travel time by mode 1 & 2
W1 & W2 = waiting time by mode 1 & 2……
 Modal Split Analysis

 Logit Models for Mode Choice (Trip Interchange Model)

ii. Multiple mode choice model :
- When more than two alternative modes are possible, this
model can be used.
- Also known as Multinomial mode choice model.
- Following is the general form:
1
1 P(1)
1 1: n n

where, P(1) = Probability of choosing mode (1) from set of

alternative modes (n),
V(1) = function of travel characteristics by mode (1)
 Example – Binary Mode Choice Model

Ex. 12:The number of trips from zone i to zone j are 5000, and two modes
are available which has the characteristics given in table below.
Compute the trips made by each mode and the fare that is
collected from each mode. If the fare of bus is increased to 6, then
find the fare collected. The utility function is given as:
u(m) = a1 ( TTc – TTb) + a2 ( WTc – WTb)+ a3 ( ATc – ATb)+ a4 ( Fc – Fb)

Trip characteristics
Mode Travel Waiting Approaching Travel
time (TT) time (WT) time (AT) fare (F)
Car 20 - 5 9
Bus 30 5 10 4
ai 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.1
Sol. 12:
u(m) = a1 ( TTc – TTb) + a2 ( WTc – WTb)+ a3 ( ATc – ATb)+ a4 ( Fc – Fb)
= - 0.3

Pc = 0.574 Trips(c) = 5000*0.574 = 2870

Pb = 0.426 Trips(b) = 5000*0.426 = 2130

Fare (c) = 2870*9 = Rs. 25830

Fare (b) = 2130*4 = Rs. 8520
Fare of bus is increased to 6 ; u(m) = -0.5 Pc =0.622 Pb = 0.378
Trips(b) = 5000*0.378 = 1890 Fare (b) = Rs. 11,340
70
 Example
Ex. 13. Three zones X, – Multiple
Y and ModebyChoice
Z are connected single laneModel
roads as shown in
figure below. The travel time and travel cost by bus and car are shown in figure.
The probability of choosing the bus mode (Pb) is found to be given
Pb=1/(1+e-u(b)). Where, u(b)=2-0.4(CB – CC) – 0.05(TB-TC).

Cb= 6, Cc = 3,
Cc = 4, Cb = 5,
ttbus = 25 min ttcar = 20 min ttcar = 15 min
ttbus = 20 min Z
X Y

Cc = 6, ttcar = 30 min Cb = 8, ttbus = 40 min

The total trip exchanges between zones are as follows.

From To Persons trips per day

X Y 1250
Y Z 780
X Z 1570

Find the total number of cars/day and bus/day on each XY, YZ and XZ links if
the occupancy of car is 4 persons/car and 50 persons/bus.
 Example
Ex. 14. For a particular–zone,
Multiple Mode
three modes Choice
of travel Model
between the zones exist-
para transit (PT), bus (B) and bus rapid transit system (BRTS). It is given that
all trip-makers have access to private transport and that the perceived utility of
a mode m, i.e. u(m) is given by:
u(m) = - 0.005 tm – 0.006 cm – 0.004 wm
The values of above variables are given in table below:
Mode Variable Values
Travel time (tm) min Travel cost (cm) Rs. Waiting time (wm) min

PT 30 60 5
B 55 10 15
BRTS 45 20 10

Assuming 1000 trips are made from the origin zone to the destination zone.
Determine the number of trips made by the different modes. Use Logit model.
What will be new modal split if the travel time are reduced by 5 min and cost is
increased by Rs. 5.
 Example – Multiple Mode Choice Model

Ex. 15 There are three types of users who commute regularly between the
residential and work zone. The mode choice utilities worked out for three
types of modes viz. car, auto-rickshaw and bus are given below:
U(C) = 1.8 - 0.21 Cc – 0.028 Tc ; U(A) = 0.8 - 0.18 CA – 0.03 TA ;
U(B) = 0.25 CB – 0.01 TB

Mode Variable Values

Travel time (T) min Travel cost (C) Rs.
Car 25 40
Auto-rickshaw 30 25
Bus 45 12

It is observed that 6000 commuters leave for work by these three modes.
Work out the share of trips to be allocated to these modes using logit
model.
FOUR STAGE PLANNING /
MODELLING –

1. TRIP GENERATION

2. TRIP DISTRIBUTION

3. MODAL SPLIT

4. ROUTE ASSIGNMENT
 Example of Travel Estimation Process

Trip Generation Trip Distribution Modal Split Route

Production (Pi) Assignment
Production
1 47
2 66
3 110 Tijmr
DESTINATION Tijm
O 1 2 3 Route A 5
Mode I 25
R 1 10 18 19 47 Route B
Attraction
I
Mode II 15 17
(Aj) 2 30 32 4 66 40
Route C 3
G
Attraction I 3 5 40 65 110
N 45 90 88 223
1 45
2 90
3 88
75
 Route (Trip) Assignment

 The final phase of traffic estimation process is to ascertain the

ability of the transport system to carry the traffic predicted for the
horizon year.

 The estimation of what proportion of total forecasted trips between

A and B, shall use the available alternative routes is known as
‘route assignment’.
Trip Generation = 2000 trips
1 C
Trip Distribution : TAB = 500 trips
B
A Modal Split : Car = 150, Bus = 300, Auto = 50

2 D Route Assignment : Route 1 = ? Trips

Route 2 = ? trips
 Factors Influencing the Choice of Route

 Following factors affect the choice of route:

1. Travel time
2. Travel cost
3. Level of service (volume/ capacity ratio)
4. Comfort
5. Convenience
6. Safety
 Route (Trip) Assignment

 Following three types of assignments are undertaken in

transport planning process :
i. Assignment of exiting trips to the existing network

ii. Assignment of estimated future trips to the existing network

iii. Assignment of estimated trips to the future transport network

1 1 1

B B 3 B
A A A

2 2
2
Existing TAB = 500 trips Future TAB = 700 trips Future TAB = 700 trips
 Route (Trip) Assignment

 Advantages of Travel Assignment process:

i. To estimate the volume of traffic (trips) on the links of the

network.

ii. To estimate interzonal travel cost or revenue generated.

1 (250)
3 (150) B
A

2 (300)

Future TAB = 700 trips

 Route (Trip) Assignment

 Advantages of Travel Assignment process :

iii. To analyse the travel pattern of each origin to

destination(O-D) pair.

iv. To identify congested links and to collect traffic (trip) data

useful for the design of future junctions.
 Inputs to Traffic Assignment Process

 The basic inputs to the assignment process are:

i. the zone to zone trip interchanges.

ii. the transportation network (routes)

iii. Travel characteristics (time, distance, cost, etc.) on each

route

iv. A decision rule (how users will select a route)

 Route Assignment - Process

 Steps:

1. Selection of criteria for deciding route.

2. Selection of vehicle route through the network by using

tree building technique (shortest path technique)

3. Assigning the trips between origin and destination zones

on the selected shortest route.
 Tree Building Technique

Generally three basic algorithms are used in determining the

shortest path in road networks:

1. Dijkstra’s Algorithm

2. Moore Method
 Shortest Path Method

Ex. 16 Following road network with the travel time (mins) is given.
Find the shortest path from home node 1 to all other nodes. Use
(i) Dijkstra’s Alogirthm and (ii) Moore method

Node
b 10
8
Link
12 d
a

10 11
c

84
 Shortest Path Method

Ex. 17 Find the shortest path from home node A to all other nodes
for the road network given in the figure below. The values on each
link indicates the travel distance in km. Use (i) Dijkstra’s Alogirthm
and (ii) Moore method

85
 Trip Assignment Techniques

 Following are different techniques:

1. All or nothing assignment

2. Capacity restraint assignment techniques

3. Diversion curve method

 Trip Assignment Techniques

 All or nothing assignment

 In this method the trips from any origin zone to any destination
zone are loaded onto a single, minimum cost, minimum travel
time or minimum distance, path between them.

1
tt1 = 12 min

A B

tt2 = 15 min TAB = 500 trips

2
Route 1 = 500 Trips
Route 2 = 00 trips
 Trip Assignment Techniques

 All or nothing assignment

 This model is unrealistic as only one path between every O-D pair
is utilized even if there is another path with the same or nearly
same travel cost or travel time.

 Also, traffic on links is assigned without consideration of whether

there is adequate capacity resulting in heavy congestion.

 However, this model may be reasonable in sparse and

uncongested networks where there are few alternative routes and
they have a large difference in travel cost.
 Trip Assignment Techniques

 All or nothing assignment

 Limitations :

1. It ignores the fact that link travel time is a function of link volume.

2. Too many trips assigned to more attractive routes results in

congestion.

3. Unequal utilization of facilities of the network.

 Examples – All or Nothing Method

Ex. 18 Following figure shows minimum path tree from zone.

Considering following data find out volume on each link.
From Zone Centroid To Zone centroid Traffic Vol. (Veh./hr.)
1 2 350
1 3 550
1 4 680
1 5 750

4 g
3 d
f 5

1 a c
e

b 2 Fig. 1: Minimum Path Tree

90
 Examples – All or Nothing Method

Ex. 19 A simple network with travel time (min) is shown in figure. The
OD flow in vehicular trips/hr corresponding to each node is given.
Carry out the trip assignment using All or nothing method.

O/D 1 2 3
6 1 4
1 0 60 80
2 50 0 30 5 7
3 40 70 0

3
2 3

10
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 Examples – All or Nothing Method

Ex. 20 A highway network consisting of 5 nodes and 8 links is shown

in figure. Assign the trips using All or nothing method. Compute the
total revenue generated for node 1. The OD matrix is given below. All
the lines are two-way.
15
O/D 1 2 3 4 5 1 3
1 0 50 60 70 30 8 3
2 40 0 30 60 80
14 2 7
3 90 40 0 20 50
12 5
4 80 70 90 0 30
5 30 40 50 60 0
5 4
6
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 Contents…….
 Introduction

 UTP Objectives

 UTP Process

 Transportation Surveys

 Four stage Travel Demand Modelling

 Trip Generation

 Trip Distribution

 Modal Split

 Route Assignment

Urban Mass Transit Systems

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