MONSOONAL DISEASES

PREPARED BY: Anmol Kachroo

CLASS: IX-A
ROLL NO: 06
TYPES OF MONSOONAL
DISEASES
MALARIA

DENGUE FEVER

CHIKANGUNYA

VIRAL FEVER

TYPHOID
 MALARIA
 MALARIA is a mosquito-borne infectious disease
caused by a eukaryotic protist of the genus
Plasmodium.
 Malaria is naturally transmitted by the bite of a
female anopheles mosquito. When a mosquito
bites an infected person, a small amount of blood
is taken, which contains malaria parasites. These
develop within the mosquito, and about one
week later, when the mosquito takes its next
blood meal, the parasites are injected with the
mosquito's saliva into the person being bitten.
 After a period of between two weeks and several
months (occasionally years) spent in the liver,
the malaria parasites start to multiply within red
blood cells, causing symptoms that include fever,
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 PREVENTION OF MALARIA
Prophylactic drugs
Several drugs, most of which are also used for treatment of malaria,
can be taken preventively. Modern drugs used include mefloquine
(Lariam), doxycycline (available generically), and the combination of
atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride (Malarone).
Vector control
Indoor residual spraying
Mosquito nets and bedclothes
Vaccination
 CURE OF MALARIA

 The treatment of malaria depends on the severity

of the disease.
 Uncomplicated malaria is treated with oral drugs.
Whether patients who can take oral drugs have
to be admitted depends on the assessment and
the experience of the clinician.
 Severe malaria requires the parenteral
administration of anti-malarial drugs.
 The traditional treatment for severe malaria has
been quinine but there is evidence that the
artemisinins are also superior for the treatment
of severe malaria. A large clinical trial is currently
under way to compare the efficacy of quinine and
 DENGUE FEVER
Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are
acute febrile diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, which occur in
the tropics, can be life-threatening, and are caused by four
closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family
Flaviviridae. It is also known as breakbone fever, since it can
be extremely painful. Unlike malaria, dengue is just as prevalent
in the urban districts of its range as in rural areas.
Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes (Stegomyia)
aegypti or more rarely the Aedes albopictus mosquito. The
mosquitoes that spread dengue usually bite at dusk and dawn
but may bite at any time during the day, especially indoors, in
shady areas, or when the weather is cloudy.
 PREVENTION OF DENGUE
Remove water in plant pot plates. Clean and scrub the
plate thoroughly to remove mosquito eggs. Avoid the use
of plant pot plates, if possible.
Do not block the flow of water in scupper drains along
common corridors in HDB estates. Avoid placing potted
plants and other paraphernalia over the scupper drains.
Change water in flower vases. Clean and scrub the inner
sides of vases. Wash roots of flowers and plants
thoroughly as mosquito eggs can stick to them easily.
Clear fallen leaves and stagnant water in your scupper
drains and garden.
Clear any stagnant water in your air cooler unit.
Clear away fallen leaves in roof gutters and apron drains.
If structurally feasible, remove the roof gutters.
 CURE OF DENGUE

 The mainstay of treatment is timely

supportive therapy to tackle circulatory
shock due to hemoconcentration and
bleeding. Close monitoring of vital signs
in the critical period (up to 2 days after
defervescence - the departure or
subsiding of a fever) is critical. Oral
rehydration therapy is recommended to
prevent dehydration in moderate to
severe cases. Supplementation with
intravenous fluids may be necessary to
 CHIKUNGUNYA

 CHIKUNGUNYA (in the Makonde

language "that leans downward") virus
(CHIKV) is an insect-borne virus, of the
genus Alphavirus, that is transmitted to
humans by virus-carrying Aedes
mosquitoes. There have been recent
breakouts of CHIKV associated with
severe illness. CHIKV causes an illness
with symptoms similar to dengue fever.
CHIKV manifests itself with an acute
febrile phase of the illness lasting only
two to five days, followed by a prolonged
 PREVENTION
The most effective means of prevention are protection against contact with
the disease-carrying mosquitoes and mosquito control. These include using
insect repellents with substances like DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide;
also known as N,N'-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide or NNDB), icaridin (also
known as picaridin and KBR3023), PMD (p-menthane-3,8-diol, a substance
derived from the lemon eucalyptus tree), or IR3535.
Wearing bite-proof long sleeves and trousers (pants) also offers protection.
In addition, garments can be treated with pyrethroids, a class of
insecticides that often has repellent properties.
Vaporized pyrethroids (for example in mosquito coils) are also insect
repellents. Securing screens on windows and doors will help to keep
mosquitoes out of the house. In the case of the day-active Aedes aegypti
and Aedes albopictus, however, this will have only a limited effect, since
many contacts between the vector and the host occur outside.
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 VIRAL FEVER
Viral fever refers to a broad spectrum of conditions where viral
infections are associated with elevations of body temperature. The
term encompasses a wide variety of viral infections, some of which
can be clearly identified by their symptoms and signs. These viral
infections may show generalised symptoms, but may target
specific organs.
Most viral infections are spread by inhalation of aerosolised
particles, by intake of contaminated water or food, or by direct
contact. Infection then spreads locally and thereafter into the blood
stream or lymph channels. Some of the viral infections can be
transmitted sexually or by direct inoculation into the blood stream.
The duration of the primary infection may vary from days to
several weeks. Manifestation of the disease clinically is usually a
consequence of the virus multiplying at a specific site. Even
though the fever comes down, in some infections the virus
continues to multiply and cause persistent infection.
SYMPTOMS OF VIRAL FEVER
 PREVENTION

 Viral fevers are difficult to prevent. They

occur as epidemics of infection
depending on their mode of spread.
Vaccines have been tried targeting the
respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses
with little success due to several sub-
groups of viruses with different forms of
antigenicity, all of which cannot be
covered with a single vaccine.
Fortunately since most infections are
mild and self-limited, we can be assured
of a full recovery.
 CURE OF VIRAL

 Treatment of viral fever is purely

symptomatic with antipyretic and
analgesic drugs. Bed rest and adequate
fluid intake is advised. Nasal
decongestants may be beneficial.
Specific antiviral therapy is not routinely
recommended. Steroids are not advised
as it may lead to bacterial super-
infection. Only in cases of super-infection
do antibiotics need to be prescribed. It is
important that antibiotics are NOT
routinely used for prophylaxis.
TYPHOID
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a common worldwide
illness, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated
with the feces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium
Salmonella enterica , serovar Typhi. The bacteria then perforate
through the intestinal wall and are phagocytosed by macrophages.
The organism is a Gram-negative short bacillus that is motile due
to its peritrichous flagella. The bacterium grows best at 37 °C/99 °F
– human body temperature.
This fever received various names, such as gastric fever,
abdominal typhus, infantile remittent fever, slow fever,
nervous fever, pathogenic fever, etc. The name of " typhoid "
was given by Louis in 1829, as a derivative from typhus.
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 PREVENTION

 Sanitation and hygiene are the critical

measures that can be taken to prevent
typhoid. Typhoid does not affect animals
and therefore transmission is only from
human to human. Typhoid can only
spread in environments where human
feces or urine are able to come into
contact with food or drinking water.
Careful food preparation and washing of
hands are crucial to preventing typhoid.
 There are two vaccines currently
recommended by the World Health
 CURE
 The rediscovery of oral rehydration
therapy in the 1960s provided a simple
way to prevent many of the deaths of
diarrheal diseases in general.
Where resistance is uncommon, the
treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone
such as ciprofloxacin otherwise, a third-
generation cephalosporin such as
ceftriaxone or cefotaxime is the first
choice. Cefixime is a suitable oral
alternative.

Thanks….

Made By: Anmol Kachroo