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Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals: An

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PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW USING UNSTRUCTURED MESHES
a a
S. R. Mathur & J. Y. Murthy
a
Fluent, Inc., Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
Published online: 23 Mar 2007.

To cite this article: S. R. Mathur & J. Y. Murthy (1997): PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW USING
UNSTRUCTURED MESHES, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals: An International Journal of Computation and
Methodology, 32:3, 283-298

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 PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
USING UNSTRUCTURED MESHES

S. R. Mathur and J. Y. Murthy

Fluent, Inc., Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
Downloaded by [University of Chicago Library] at 22:21 12 June 2013

This article presents a numerical method for computing incompressible flows with given
pressure boundary conditions. Unstructured meshes composed of arbitrary polyhedra are
considered in a cell-centered, co-located pressure-velocity formulation. The SIMPLE
algorithm of Patankar and Spalding is extended to develop correction equations for
boundary static pressure and boundary mass flux through an added-dissipolion scheme. The
procedure is va/idaled against published benchmarks and shown to perform salisfactorily.

INTRODUCTION
A large variety of industrial problems require the specification of pressure
boundary conditions. In many industrial pipe flows, for example, the mass flow rate
is not known a priori; the flow is driven by a specified pressure difference between
inlet and outlet. Pressure boundary conditions govern the flow split between the
arms of complex manifolds in automotive applications. In chimney flows, the
entrained flow velocity is not known beforehand and cannot be specified as a
boundary condition; the specification of stagnation pressure in the far field is
required to compute the flow entrained by buoyant forces.
The objective of this article is to develop a method for the computation of
flows with pressure given on one or more boundaries of the flow domain. For
generality, the development is done in the context of unstructured meshes com-
posed of arbitrary polyhedra, based on the methodology described by Mathur and
Murthy [1]. In particular, co-located storage of pressure and velocity at cell centers
is used. Extensions of the added dissipation scheme of Rhie and Chow [2] are made
to accommodate both the unstructured mesh and the definition of pressure
boundary mass flow rates. A sequential iterative update of static pressure and
velocity is used at the pressure boundary, in keeping with the SIMPLE algorithm
used in [1]; care is taken in the formulation to ensure that the discrete continuity
equation is satisfied at each iteration. Finally, the method described here is
developed only for incompressible flows, though a similar method could be devised
for compressible flows as well.

Received 1 April 1997; accepted 3 June 1997.

We wish to acknowledge discussions with B. Makarov of Fluent, Inc., regarding various aspects of
this work. The use of Fluent, Inc.'s software, FLUENT IUNS and PreBFC, is gratefully acknowledged.
Address correspondence to S. R. Mathur, Fluent Inc., 10 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766,
USA E-mail: sm@tluent.com.

Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, 32:283-298, 1997

Copyright © 1997 Taylor & Francis
1040-7790/97 $12.00 + .00 283
 284 S. R. MATHUR AND J. Y. MURTHY

NOMENCLATURE
A area vector T temperature
AI components of A T. ambient temperature
Cp specific heat at constant pressure u; velocity component in Cartesian
Df diffusive transport through face f direction;
ell unit vector in inlet flow direction Vb velocity magnitude on boundary
F; body force in direction i Xi coordinate direction
e. i component of the gravitational (3 coefficient of thermal expansion
acceleration vector r diffusion coefficient
J. mass flow rate on boundary face Ojj Kronecker delta
Jf mass flow rate on face f fJ.'Y volume of control volume
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Nu average Nusselt number I" molecular viscosity

Nu y local Nusselt number p kinematic viscosity
p static pressure p density
poo ambient pressure Tjj stress tenor
Sh energy source per unit volume </> transported scalar
S", source of </> per unit of volume

In the following sections, we describe the equations governing the flow, and
briefly summarize the numerical method used to compute incompressible flows on
unstructured meshes; details may be found in [1] and other extensions in [3, 4]. The
treatment of pressure boundary conditions is then presented. The method is
validated using two problems with published solutions in the literature.

GOVERNING EQUATIONS
The steady, constant property flow of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid is
described by the following equations:
a
-(pu.) =0
sx, I

a ap a'Tij
-(puu.) = - -
aXj I J ax;
+ -aX + F. I
(2)
j

Here

'T .. = J.L -
au; +aUj)
- (4)
IJ ( aXj ax;

For simplicity the flow is assumed laminar, though turbulent flows are easily
admitted in the method developed below. Unsteady, variable property flows are
also easily admitted.
For natural-convection problems, under the Boussinesq approximation, F, =
pgj /3(T - T), with p being evaluated at Ta • This definition implies that p is the
static pressure minus the hydrostatic pressure.
 · PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDmONS FOR UNSTRUcrURED MESHES 285

Boundary Conditions
Given velocity, given shear, symmetry, outflow, and periodic boundary condi-
tions are admitted routinely in the numerical formulation [1, 4] and are not
addressed further. At a pressure boundary where flow enters the domain we have

(5)

(6)

and at boundaries where flow leaves the domain,

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e
where p" and v are the specified ambient pressure and unit vector in the flow
direction, respectively.

BASIC NUMERICAL METHOD

Here, we describe briefly the basic discretization and solution procedure;
details may be found in [1].

Discretization of a Scalar Transport Equation

The domain is discretized into arbitrary unstructured convex polyhedra. All
transport variables are stored at cell centers. The governing equations are inte-
grated over the polyhedron. Consider the differential equation for transport of a
scalar quantity 4>:

a
-(pujcP) = - a (r a4>
- ) +s", (8)
ax; ax; aX i
Integration and discretization about the control volume CO shown in Figure Ia
yields
LJrcPr = LDr + (S'" ~r)o (9)
r r
where Jr is the mass flow rate and Dr is the diffusive transport through the face f
and the summations are over all the faces of control volume.
For the face f between control volumes CO and CI shown in Figure Ia the
diffusion term can be written as

(10)

where ds is the distance between the cell centers and es is the unit vector along
the line joining the two cell centers.
 286 S. R. MATHUR AND J. Y. MURTHY

c 1----+----\

b
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(a)

(b)

Figure I. Control volume: (a) interior; (b) boundary.

The primary component (the first term on the RHS of the above equation) is
treated implicitly. The second term in the above equation is referred to as the
secondary or cross derivative term and is treated explicitly. The derivative VcP at
the face is taken to be the average of the derivatives at the two adjacent cells.
The face value cPt used in computing the convective flux can be taken to be
the value at the upwind cell, yielding a first-order scheme. To achieve second-order
accuracy, a linear reconstruction procedure is used to write the value as

cPt = cPupwind + 'YcP,upwind • dr (Ij)

where dr is the vector directed from the centroid of the upwind cell to the centroid
of the face. 'YcP, is the reconstruction gradient of cP and is evaluated as

(I2)

where 4>t is the average of the values of cP at the adjacent cells and a is a factor
used to ensure that the reconstruction does not introduce local extrema. The
gradients used in the diffusion terms are computed using the reconstructed face
values cPt.
 PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR UNSTRUCTURED MESHES 287

Linear Solver
The discretization procedure leads to a set of linear equations for the values
of ~ at the cell centers. Since the mesh is unstructured, the number of cell
neighbors is not fixed. The system is solved using an algebraic multigrid procedure
[5], which constructs coarse-level equations by clustering a fine-level cell with a
neighbor for which the influence coefficient is the highest. A V cycle is used for the
pressure-correction equation and the Brandt cycle [6] for all other equations.

Grid Adaption
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Both conformal and "hanging node (nonconforrnal) grid adaption are admit-
ted. In the latter case, cells marked for adaption are subdivided by introducing
midpoint nodes at edges and/or cell and face centers. Since the discretization
scheme can be used for arbitrary polyhedra, the nonconformal interfaces created
by hanging-node adaption require no special treatment.

Discretization of the Momentum Equation

Pressure and velocity are stored at cell centers. The momentum equation is
discretized in the same manner as the general scalar transport equation described
above. The resulting discrete equation for the i momentum, for example, is

a~u~ = Ea~bu~b + b i - EAiPt (13)

nb f

Here, the summation is over all the neighbors nb of cell p. The source term b'
contains all sources of i momentum other than the pressure gradient. The pressure
source term in the above equation results from integrating Jp/Jx; over the
volume. The resulting discretization involves a sum over the faces f of the control
volume around p. A; is the i component of the face area A and Pt is the pressure
at the centroid of the face f.
Since pressure is available only at cell centers, an interpolation procedure is
required to find the pressure at the face. For interior faces, the reconstructed
pressure from the two cells adjacent to the face is averaged to obtain Pt. Except at
pressure boundaries, boundary pressure is computed from a one-sided reconstruc-
tion from the adjacent cell. The procedure for pressure boundaries is described in
the sections that follow.

Definition of Face Flow Rate

The face mass flow rate, required for the solution of all transport equations,
can be defined using the cell velocities. However, simple averaging of the cell
velocities will lead to pressure checkerboarding due to co-located storage of
pressure and velocity. To avoid this, a scheme similar to that of Rhie and Chow [2]
is used. It introduces a dissipation term by replacing the averaged cell pressure
gradient with a pressure gradient evaluated at the face. For the interior face f in
 288 S. R. MATHUR AND J. Y. MURTHY

Figure la, the mass flow rate in the direction of A is written as

where V· is the velocity field that satisfies momentum conservation, a is the

average of the momentum equation a~ coefficients, and Vp is the averaged
pressure gradient. The treatment suggested by Majumdar [7] is used to avoid
underrelaxation dependence.
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The Pressure Correction Equation

The mass flow rate Jf • as defined above will not, in general, satisfy the
continuity equation. We propose a flow-rate correction J; such that the resulting
flow rates satisfy the discrete continuity equation, i.e.,

L U! + J;) =0 (15)
f

Following the SIMPLE algorithm [8], we define the correction J; for an interior
face as

(16)

Substituting Eq. (16) into Eq. (15) yields a pressure correction equation of the form

app~ = LanbP~b + b (17)

nb

Here, as in [8], a p = Lnb a nb . The term b is the net mass inflow into the cell. The
summation is over all cell neighbors of cell p.
Once the corrections p' are available, the face mass flow rates at interior
faces, cell pressures and cell velocity components are corrected using

Jf = J/ + J; (18)

Pp - - Pp* + upPp' (19)

Lf(A;pt)
u':p = uip* - (20)
a pi

Here, p. and u~· are the values prevailing after the solution of the momentum
equations. up is the underrelaxation factor for pressure and a~ is the center
coefficient for the i-momentum equation. For interior faces, the pressure correc-
tion Pt is computed by averaging the p' values of the cell neighbors of face f.
 PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR UNSTRUCfURED MESHES 289

On boundaries other than pressure boundaries (e.g., inlets, walls, symmetry),

the mass flow rate is either specified or zero and no correction of the flow rate is
necessary. Pressure corrections at such faces are taken to be the values at the
adjacent cells. Periodic boundary conditions are addressed in [4]. The treatment of
pressure boundary conditions is discussed in the next section.

PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

In the present scheme, velocity, static pressure, and mass flow rate are stored
on all face centroids of pressure boundaries. Pressure boundary conditions differ
from other flow boundary conditions in that there are two unknowns on the
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boundary: velocity and pressure. Consequently, two equations are required at the
boundary to solve them. Equation (5) or (7) provides one relationship between
pressure and velocity. The other is obtained by defining a boundary mass flow rate
in terms of the near boundary cell quantities. The overall procedure for treating
pressure boundaries consists of the following steps:

1. Definition of the face mass flow rate Jb at the pressure boundary in terms
of the face pressure Pb and the near-boundary cell pressure Po and
velocity Vo
2. Inclusion of Jb in the continuity balance equation for the near-boundary
cell to write a pressure correction equation for the cell pressure correction
P~
3. Elimination of the face pressure correction p~ in favor of the cell pressure
correction P~ in the cell pressure correction equation through the use of
boundary condition information.
4. Solution of the pressure-correction equation in the domain, and updates of
the pressure-boundary face mass flow rate, face velocity vector, and face
pressure in addition to the domain-wide corrections described in the
previous section.
5. Update of boundary scalars such as enthalpy, species mass fraction, and
turbulence quantities.
We describe each of these steps in turn.

Face Mass Flow Rate on Pressure Boundary

The definition of J b is analogous to the definition of mass flow rate at an
interior face. The only difference is that there is no averaging of two cell velocities
and the face pressure gradient is written in terms of the difference between the cell
and face pressure. Referring to Figure lb,

Here A b is the outward-pointing area vector at the boundary face.

 290 S. R. MATHUR AND J. Y. MURTHY

Pressure Correction Equation for Near-Boundary Cell

We may write a discrete mass balance for the near-boundary cell CO as

(22)

The summation is over the interior faces f of cell CO. As for an interior face, we
postulate a correction
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(23)

or, more compactly,

(24)

such that

(25)

Substituting Eqs. (16), (24), and (25) into Eq. (22) yields a pressure correction
equation for the near-boundary control volume of the form

app~ = LanbP~b + abPh + b (26)

nb

Here the summation is over the interior neighbors nb of cell CO. The term b
contains the mass imbalance in cell CO. Tlie boundary correction Ph is not known a
priori, and must be determined from auxiliary equations.

Elimination of Boundary Pressure Correction

To complete the picture, it is necessary to eliminate the boundary pressure
correction Ph in favor of known quantities such as p~. How this is done depends
on whether the boundary face f is an outflow boundary or an inflow one.
Outflow boundary. If the mass flow rate Jb is out of the domain, the given
pressure p" is assumed to be the static pressure. In this event, differentiating Eq.
(7) we have

Ph = 0 (27)

and the boundary pressure correction term in Eq. (26) drops out.
Inflow boundary. If the flow entering the domain has a velocity vector
Vbf", the boundary mass flow rate may be written as

(28)
 PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR UNSTRUCTURED MESHES 291

Differentiating Eq. (28) with respect to pressure, we have

(29)

(30)

Thus we can write the boundary mass flow rate correction as

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(31)

If the mass flow is into the domain, the given pressure on the boundary, p", is
assumed to be the stagnation pressure, as given by Eq. (5). Differentiating the
Bernoulli equation, we have

1
(32)
- PbVb2

Substituting Eq. (32) into Eq. (31), we may write

J' ,
J' = _ b Po (33)
b u2
Pb'b

Equation (33) is now used to eliminate p~ in Eq. (24) to yield

J' _ J*iff
b ,
b - J' _ Ail u2 Po (34)
b ""Pb'b

Equation (34) is used in lieu of Eq. (24) in deriving the pressure correction
equation for cell CO. This yields an equation purely in terms of p~ and the pressure
corrections at the interior neighbors of cell CO.

Boundary Update of Flow Quantities

Once Eq. (26) is solved, boundary values of Jb , Vb' and Pb are updated, and
the components of the velocity vector are deduced on the pressure boundary.
Again, how this is done depends on whether the flow is leaving or entering the
domain.
Outflow boundary. At an outflow boundary, the mass flow rate Jb' is
corrected using Eq. (24) with P~ = O. The component of velocity normal to the
outflow face is computed from the corrected flow rate as

(35)
 292 S. R. MATHUR AND J. Y. MURTHY

The velocity component tangential to the outflow face is extrapolated from the
near-boundary cell CO in the following manner

(36)

Here Vo is the velocity vector in the cell CO. Once the components V, and v,. are
known, Cartesian vector components of the boundary velocity vector Vb can be
computed easily. The static pressure at an outflow boundary is the given pressure,
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and an iterative update of boundary pressure is not necessary.

Inflow boundary. At an inflow boundary, the mass flow rate lb' is cor-
rected using Eq. (34). The boundary velocity Vb is then updated using Eq. (28). The
static pressure at the boundary is computed directly from Bernoulli's equation (5).

Boundary Update of Scalars

At outflow boundaries, all scalar quantities (enthalpy, turbulent kinetic
energy, turbulent dissipation, species mass fractions) are reconstructed from the
near-boundary cell. At inflow boundaries, scalar quantities are provided as part of
the boundary condition statement. For either type of boundary, the convective and
diffusive fluxes are included implicitly in the discrete conservation equation, as
described in [1].

Overall Solution Procedure

The solution procedure for computing flow with pressure boundaries is
summarized below.

1. Guess pressure and the velocity vector at all cell centers and boundaries.
Compute lb'
2. Solve the momentum equations with current values of the pressure and
face mass flow rate.
3. Update the face mass flow rates to obtain lb'. These will not satisfy the
continuity equation.
4. Formulate and solve the pressure correction equation using the special
correction equations at pressure boundaries as described above.
5. Update interior and boundary mass flow rates lb' These will now satisfy
the continuity equation identically. Correct the cell velocity and cell
pressure as described in [1].
6. Update the boundary velocity vector Vb and the boundary static pressure
Pb'
7. Repeat steps 2-6 until convergence.
Downloaded by [University of Chicago Library] at 22:21 12 June 2013
 294 S. R. MATHUR AND J. Y. MURTHY

t.O

D.•

0.8

f
0.7

Hayes et. al
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0.8 • Present Method

100 200 300 500

Re
Figure 3. Flow split in 900 planar branch: variation of fractional flow
in main branch.

Figure 3 shows the variation of the fractional flow rate in the main branch, f,
with Reynolds number, Re (defined as WlJ,jv, where U, is the centerline velocity
and v is the kinematic viscosity). The comparison with the results of Hayes et al.
[9) is good.

Natural Convection between Isothermal Vertical Plates

Natural-convection problems represent another important class of problems
where pressure boundary conditions are prescribed. We consider here the two-
dimensional case of flow between heated vertical plates, shown schematically in
Figure 4a. The wall is at a temperature Tw ' is higher than the ambient temperature
Ta • As in [10), the domain is extended by a semicircular region (rib = 5.0) and
pressure' boundary conditions are specified on the circle boundary. Pressure
boundary conditions are also specified on the channel exit. Because of symmetry
about the centerline, only one-half of the domain is considered.
The Boussinesq approximation is used to model the buoyancy effects. The
nondimensional parameters characterizing the problem are Grashof number, Gr =
104 , Prandtl number, Pr = 0.7, and Lib = 24. This is equivalent to a modified
Rayleigh number Ra *( = Gr Pr b I L) = 291.7. On pressure boundaries, we assume
that the pressure distribution is hydrostatic, that is, p~ = O. The flow angle at the
inflow boundary is specified to be normal to the boundary. Note that unlike [10),
the current procedure does not require any special treatment based on Jeffrey-
Hammel flow at the inlet boundary.
The temperature difference between the hot plates and the ambient causes
the entrainment of a buoyancy-driven flow between the plates. For high enough
Grashof numbers, the entrance flow can separate on the wall at the channel inlet
Downloaded by [University of Chicago Library] at 22:21 12 June 2013
 296 S. R. MATHUR AND J. Y. MURTHY

5 Naylor et. al.

Original Mesh
• Quadrupled Mesh
Adapted Mesh 1
Adapted Mesh 2

2
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y/L
Figure 5. Natural convection between vertical plates: local Nusselt
number.

The solution on the finer mesh is in good agreement with the results of [10]. On
the coarser mesh, the discrepancies occur only in the inlet region. Therefore, we
adapt the mesh by subdividing all cells in this region into four, to obtain a
nonconformal mesh of 7,627 cells ("adapted mesh 1") as shown in Figure 4b. The
resulting solution compares very well with that on the finer mesh, while incurring
only a modest increase in the number of cells over the coarse mesh. Further
subdivision of the cells in the inlet region increases the total number of cells to
11,176 ("adapted mesh 2") and results in little appreciable change in the solution.
Average quantities are less sensitive to the mesh size, as evident from Table
1. The average Nusselt number is defined as

Nu 1 [L Nu dy
= -L (38)
oY

Naylor et al. [10] presented the average Nusselt number defined in two different
ways. The first method used was Eq. (38). The second deduced the average Nusselt
number from an overall heat balance. Because the underlying finite-element

Table I. Natural convection between vertical plates:

averaged Nusselt number and flow rate.

Mesh Nu Q
Original (6,766 cells) 2.394 2.052
Quadrupled (27,064 cells) 2.392 2.056
Adapted 1 (7,627 cells) 2.395 2.057
Adapted 2 (11,176 cells) 2.396 2.059
Naylor et al. [10] (14,369 nodes) 2.537-2.406 2.073
 PRESSURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR UNSTRUCfURED MESHES 297

Naylor et. al.

Original Mesh
Quadrupled Mesh
Adapted Mesh 1
-100 Adapted Mesh 2
P
-150

-200

-250
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-300

o 5 IS

Figure 6. Natural convection between vertical plates: pressure variation

along centerline.

discretization is not conservative, the two Nusselt numbers are not identical; a
difference of about 5% was reported, with the authors recommending the value
obtained from overall balance. Since the present scheme is conservative, the
average Nusselt number defined above is identical to one based on the net heat
balance between inlet and outlet. The variation between the values on the four
meshes considered in the present study is less than 0.02% and also compares well
with the heat balance-based average Nusselt number reported in [10].
The dimensionless pressure P = (pb /( /-LUre!) along the vertical centerline is
plotted against y/ b in Figure 6. Here the reference velocity is defined as

(~)
2
= PrGrl/ (39)
U re ! pCp b

The comparison with [10] is good for all four meshes.

Table 1 also lists the flow rate, nondimensionalized as

(40)

where .4 is the half-channel mass flow rate. As with the average Nusselt number,
the flow rate is also virtually constant for all the four meshes studied.

CLOSURE
A methodology for incorporating pressure boundary conditions in the context
of a cell-centered, co-located numerical scheme for incompressible flows has been
presented. The procedure is applicable to unstructured meshes composed of
 298 S. R. MATHUR AND J. Y. MURTHY

arbitrary polyhedra. The method is validated for sample problems that are repre-
sentative of typical industrial applications. The efficacy of local grid adaption is
demonstrated.

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1. S. R. Mathur and J. Y. Murthy, A Pressure Based Method for Unstructured Meshes,
Numerical Heat Transfer, vol. 31. pp. 195-216, 1997.
2. C. M. Rhie and W. L. Chow, Numerical Study of the Turbulent Flow Past an Airfoil
with Trailing Edge Separation, AIAA J., vol. 21, pp. 1523-1532, 1983.
3. S. R. Mathur, J. Y. Murthy, M. Missaghi, and O. S. Faltsi-Saravelou, Computation of
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Combusting Flows Using Unstructured Solution Adaptive Meshes, IMECE 96, Atlanta,
GA,1996.
4. J. Y. Murthy and S. R. Mathur, Periodic Flow and Heat Transfer Using Unstructured
Meshes, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, in press, 1997.
5. B. R. Hutchinson and G. D. Raithby, A Multigrid Method Based on the Additive
Correction Strategy, Numer. Heat Transfer, vol. 9, pp. 511-537, 1986.
6. A. Brandt, Multi-Level Adaptive Solutions to Boundary Value Problems, Math. Comput.,
vol. 31, pp. 333-390, 1977. _
7. S. Majumdar, Role of Underrelaxation in Momentum Interpolation for Calculation of
Flow with Non-Staggered Grids, Numer. Heat Transfer, vol. 13, pp. 125-132, 1988.
8. S. V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hili, New York, 1980.
9. R. E. Hayes, K. Nandkumar, and H. Nasr-El-Din, Steady Laminar Flow in 90 Degree
Planar Branch, Comput. Fluids, vol. 17, pp. 537-553, 1988
10. D. Naylor, J. M. Floran, and J. D. Tarasuk, A Numerical Study of Developing Free
Convection between Isothermal Vertical Plates, J. Heat Transfer, vol. 113, pp. 620-626,
1991.