VEHICLE LUBRICATION

A seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Automobile Engineering
by

KANHU CHARAN PATRA

Registration no- 1621109084
Under the Guidance of

Mr. Badri Narayan Panighari

and

Mr. Kamala Kanta Sahoo

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE
ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(A CONSTITUENT COLLEGE OF BPUT,
ODISHA) SITALAPALLI, BERHAMPUR-
761003, ODISHA

SEPTEMBER, 2018
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness on the successful completion of my
seminar work, which would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it
possible, whose precious guidance, encouragement, supervision and helpful discussions made it
possible.

I am grateful to the Dept. of Automobile Engineering, PMEC Berhampur for providing me the
opportunity to execute this seminar, which is an integral part of the curriculum in B. Tech
programme at BijuPatnaik University of Technology, Rourkela.

I would also like to express my gratitude to my seminar guide Mr. Badri Narayan Panighari,
Assistant Professor and Mr. Kamala Kanta Sahoo, Assistant Professor, Department of
Automobile Engineering who have continuously supervised me, has showed the proper
direction in the investigation of seminar and also has facilitate me helpful discussions, valuable
inputs, encouragement at the critical stages of the execution of this seminar. I would also like to
take this opportunity to express my thankfulness towards Dr. Balaji Kumar Choudhury, HOD
of Automobile Engineering Department for his timely help during the course of seminar.

Kanhu Charan Patra

Reg. No.- 1621109084

 PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BERHAMPUR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that seminar report entitled, “VEHICLE LUBRICATION” submitted by

KANHU CHARAN PATRA bearing Regd. No.1621109084 in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technolgy Degree in Automobile Engineering
during session 2018-19 at Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Sitalapalli, Berhampur is
an significant work carried by his.

(Signature of HOD) (Signature of Supervisor)

Dr. Balaji Kumar Choudhury Mr. Badri NarayanPanighari

Assistant Professor and Head &
Dept. of Automobile Engineering Mr. Kamala Kanta Sahoo
PMEC Berhampur-761003 Assistant Professor of
Automobie Engineering
PMEC Berhampur-
761003
 ABSTRACT

Reliability & performance of modern engines are directly dependent on the effectiveness of
lubrication system to be effective an engine lubrication system must successfully perform the
function of minimizing friction between the bearing surface of moving parts, dissipating heat &
keeping the engine part clean by removing carbon & foreign matter.

It explains the purpose of the lubrication system, it describes oil ratings, it identifies the main
components of the lubrication system, and it describes the lubrication system of modern internal
combustion engine.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No. NAMES Pg. No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LUBRICATION 2

3 TYPES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM 3

3.1 MIST LUBRICATION SYSTEM 4

3.2 WET SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM 5

3.2.1 SPLASH LUBRICATION SYSTEM 5

3.2.2 SPLASH & PRESSURE LUBRICATION SYSTEM 6

3.2.3 PRESSURE FEED LUBRICATON SYSTEM 7

3.3 DRY SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM 8

4 PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS 9

5 TYPES OF LUBRICANTS 9

6 ADDITIVES FOR LUBRICANTS 10

7 CONCLUSION 11

8 REFERENCES 12
 INTRODUCTION

Lubricating s ystems require clean oil that is free from abrasive particles and corrosive
compounds. These systems require a lubricant with sufficient film strength to withstand
bearing pressures and heat exposure to cylinder and piston walls. In addition, the lubricant
must have a viscosity index that is low enough to flow properly when cold. The lubricant
must also be capable of neutralizing harmful combustion products and holding them in
suspension for the duration of the oil change period. Your local Caterpillar dealer should be
consulted to determine the best lubricant for your local fuels. Lubrication is the science of relative
movement of surfaces in contact with each other. This science is one of the most important fields in
engineering sciences, as many industrial successes depend on knowledge of this technology. Today
the development of lubricant industry is one important part of car industry and relevant industry. In
addition with new issues about optimizing the consumption the study among lubricant has found a
special place. To prevent corrosion of industrial machines as well as access to the highest mechanical
efficiency in the minimum time the lubrication is one of the important programs. Lubricant type,
amount, proper time and place, are four important factors that today for a successful lubrication, in
addition to maintenance price, repair, operating (fuel costs, depreciation, etc.) and compliance with
environmental laws also be considered. The statistics show that just with 1 or 2 percent increase in
costs for a better lubricant it could be possible to reduce about 15 percent of a car costs. While the
proper use of lubricant can increase the time of replacement of oil. Therefore, this shows the
importance of technical knowledge about lubricants. It is true that in addition of quality the coasts
must be considered but the corporate slogan of lubricant manufacturer has chosen the best rather than
the cheapest. In most cases, the cost that must be paid for amortized part due to bad usage of
lubricant is much more than consideration of expensive lubricant.

1
 LUBRICATION

Lubrication is an art of admitting lubricant between two surfaces that are in contact & are in relative
motion. The purpose of lubrication in engine is performing for the following functions:-

 Reduce the frictional resistance of the engine to minimum to ensure maximum mechanical
efficiency.

 Serve as cooling agent by picking up the heat.

 Protect the engine against wear.

 Remove all the impurities from lubricated region.

 Form a seal between piston rings & cylinder walls to prevent blow by.

2
 TYPES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM

The functions of lubrication systems are to provide sufficient quantity of cool, filtered oil to give
positive& adequate lubrication to all the moving parts of an engine.

There are various lubrication systems used in an engine may be classified as:-

 Mist Lubrication System

 Sump Lubrication System

 Dry Sump Lubrication System

3
 MIST LUBRICATION SYSTEM

This system is used where crankcase lubrication is not suitable. In two stroke engine, as the charge is
compressed in the crankcase, it is not possible to have lubrication oil in the sump. Hence mist
lubrication is used in practice.

In such, engine lubrication oil is mixed with the fuel, the usual ratio being 3% to 6%. The oil & fuel
mixture is inducted through the carburetor. The fuel is vaporized & the oil in the form of mist goes
via the crankcase into the cylinder.

The oil which strikes the crankcase walls lubricated the main & connecting rod bearings & the rest of
oil lubricate the piston rings & the cylinder.

4
 WET SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM

In this system, the bottom of the crankcase contains an oil pan or sump from which the lubricating oil
is pumped to various engine components by a pump. After lubrication these parts, the oil flow back
to the sump by gravity. Again it is picked by pump by a pump & recalculates’ through the engine
lubricating system.

There are three varieties in wet sump lubrication system. They are:

 Splash Lubrication System

 Splash & Pressure Lubrication System

 Pressure Feed Lubrication System

SPLASH LUBRICATIONSYSTEM

This type of lubricating system is used in light duty engine. The lubricating oil is discharge into the
bottom of the engine crankcase & maintained at a predetermined level. The oil is drawn by the pump
& delivered through a distributing pipe extending the length if the crankcase into the splash trough
located under the big end of all the connecting rods.

These troughs were provided with overflows & oil in the trough are connecting rod cap which dips
into the oil in the trough at every revolution of the crankshaft & the oil is splashed all over the
interior of crankshaft, into the pistons & onto the exposed portion of cylinder walls. The oil dripping
from the cylinder is collected in the sump where it is cooled by air flowing around. The cooled oil is
then recalculates.

5
 SPLASH & PRESSURE LUBRICATION SYSTEM

In this system, the lubricating oil is supplied under pressure to main & camshaft bearings. Oil is
supplied under pressure to pipes which direct a stream of oil against the dipper on the big end of
connecting rod bearing cu & thus the crankpin bearing are lubricated by splash or spray of oil thrown
up by the dipper.

6
 PRESSURE FEED LUBRICATION SYSTEM

In this system, the oil is drawn in from the sump & forced to all the main bearings of the crankshaft
through distributing channels. A pressure relief valve will also be fitted near the delivery point of the
pump which open when the pressure in the system attains a predetermine value. An oil hole is drilled
in the crankshaft from the center of each crankpin to the center of an adjacent main journal, through
which oil can pass from the main bearings to the crankpin bearings. From the crankpin it reaches
piston pins bearings through a hole drilled in the connecting rod. The cylinder wall, tappet roller,
piston & piston rings are lubricated by oil spray from around the piston pins & the main &
connecting rod bearings.

7
 DRY SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM

In this system, the supply of oil carried in an external tank. An oil pump draws oil from the supply
tank & circulates it under pressure to the various bearing of the engine. Oil dripping from the
cylinder & bearing into the sump is removed by scavenging pump which in turn the oil pass through
a filter, & is fed back to the supply tank.

8
 PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS

i) The oil used in an engine must serve as a lubricant, a coolant & an agent for removing
impurities.

ii) It must able to withstand high temperature without breaking down. The oil must be operating
over a good range of temperatures.

iii) It must not oxidize on the chamber walls, piston crown or at the piston rings.

iv) It must be a non-toxic& noninflammable.

TYPES OF LUBRICANTS

a) Animal lubricants

b) Vegetable lubricants

c) Mineral lubricants

d) Synthetic lubricants

9
 ADDITIVES FOR LUBRICANTS

i) Anti-oxidant & anti-corrosive agent

ii) Antifoam agent

iii) Oiliness& film strength agent

iv)Detergent dispersant

v)Pour point depressor

10
 CONCLUSION

In order to minimize friction between the moving parts & hence wear, lubrication system in an

engine plays a significant role. Lubrication system is designed to delivery clean oil at the correct

temperature & pressure to every parts of the engine. Lubricating oil can be supplied to various

enginecomponentsbydifferenttypesoflubricationsystemmethods.Intwostrokeengineoilis mixed with

the fuel itself. Therefore, this shows the importance of technical knowledge about lubricants. It is

true that in addition of quality the coasts must be considered but the corporate slogan of lubricant

manufacturer has chosen the best rather than the cheapest. In most cases, the cost that must be paid

for amortized part due to bad usage of lubricant is much more than consideration of expensive

lubricant. In general, the layer of gas, liquid or solid that fall between two levels and lead to better

motion are named lubricant.

11
 REFERENCES

1. Crouse WH, & Anglian DL(1985), Automotive Engine, Tata McGraw Hill.

2. Ferguson CR, &Kirkpatrick AT(2001), Internal Combustion Engine, John Wiley &Sons.

Stone R(1992), Internal Combustion Engine, The Macmillan Press Limited

3. London. http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses

4. http://www.queensu.ca/course

5. http://www.eng.fsu.edu

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