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Ahstract- This paper presents a 2 kW, 36.5 kHz induction shower variable duty cycle was demonstrated [3-4]. This paper will
using a duty cycle control. The principle of this depends on focus on characteristics of the proposed converter and the
induction heating from high frequency electromagnetic point of variable duty cycle operation.
induction. The high frequency electric current passes through
two induction coils connected in parallel so as to induce current
II. CIRCUIT TOPOLOGIES OF HIGH FREQUENCY DC-AC INVERTER
at work piece that uses a stainless steel box and transfer heat to
water inside it. The control uses the duty cycle which is generated Fundamental output frequency of usual motor drives or
from integrated circuit. In addition, this paper analysis output grid connected inverters is around several ten hertz and high
power and efficiency compared with the duty cycle. The results switching frequencies around several kilo hertz are used for
waveform shown as a ZVS condition is agreed with the theory
modulations. On the other hand, an induction shower requires
one. A fixed PWM induction shower gives the rated output
relatively high output duty cycle and usually switching
power and makes the temperature rise to 41°C at the work piece
frequency is fixed. Required switching frequency is above the
in steady state within 2 min.
Keywords: Induction shower, high frequency inverter load resonant frequency in order to achieve zero voltage
switching conditions (ZVS).
I. INTRODUCTION
III. VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER
Induction heating is widely used for industrial heating
applications such as induction hardening, induction melting, Voltage source inverter (VSI) as shown in Fig.1 can be
induction cooking and so on. In these applications, induction used for an induction shower and parameters are used in Table
shower is efficient compared to other heating methods like I. The control circuit for generating PWM duty cycle control and
driving the switches are shown in Fig. 2. For VSI, a parallel capacitor
gas, because the substance is heated directly by electric power.
One key advantage of electrical heating including induction is usually used to compensate a low power factor because of
heating is its high control capability. Heating power can be induction coil and work piece and to reduce the voltage rating
easily and quickly controlled. Therefore, induction heating is a of the inverter. Higher frequency operation than the resonant
promising heating method to produce value added products frequency, which means lagging power factor at inverter
because of its high potential for high performance heat output, is preferred. For example, turn-on of IGBT is
control. performed under zero voltage and zero current condition in
Induction heating has a potential to control heat Fig. 3 because current starts to flow through free-wheeling
distribution by frequency adjustment or duty cycle control [I]. diode connected in shunt and maintains its direction naturally.
Alternating magnetic flux induces current in steel plate and In this system, no snubber is included.
the current heats the steel. Magnetic flux concentrates in In conventional induction heating which are intended to
fringe part of the steel plate for high frequencies according to operate very close to the resonant frequency in order to utilize
electromagnetic theory [2]; therefore, heating distribution can the output voltage increase. For duty cycle control
be controlled by variable frequency current or adjusted applications, the relatively high inverter output voltage is
1
····_-_····__····__····__····__···· __·····--··--
II
load to compensate reactive power because of low load power nOVae KBPC R
factor. Therefore, this type of converter can reduce ratings of 50 Hz 0-_-+-+...:5:.
: °1.:..
.: ° ..
power electronics components. However, output duty cycle
PWM is controlled to output power at a desired value; D3 D4 !
1
therefore it cannot be controlled independently of load .._-_.....__ ..... ....... ..
I.". ZVZCS
Fig. 3. Tum-on of IGBT under zero voltage and zero current condition.
TABLE I R
Voc
PARAMETERS FOR SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
Item Value/ part number
DC source voltage ( Vde) 310 V
Capacitor C 1000 uF
Capacitors C1, C2 48 uF
IGBT module CM400DY-12H
Resonant capacitor C, 0.15 uFx2 (a) Mode
Induction coil with work piece (L,) 130.3 uH /2
Resistance of work piece ( R) 400 mO x2
I
to t1 t2 t3 �
2
!
�
: VAS! !
VDC/2
iL -
y- "' Y 1\ Fig. 7 Stainless steel box (26x26x 1 cm3 size,1.2 mm. thickness).
� '- �
-VDcI2 --
Fig.S Operation waveform.
V. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
rated power. The work piece uses the stainless steel plate to
CH1�200V: CH2:=200V: ! lOuS/div
DCi 100:1: DC 100:1 : (lOU�/diY)
be built as a stainless steel box for heat water as shown in Fig. ...... � ... ..... : ..... ... : ..... .. : ....... + .. NORM:l00MS/s
Fig. 6 Two induction coil connected in parallel. Fig. 9 Output voltage and load current.
80 �------,
79
'*
-
>
u
<:
78 �I-----
- :-tl
�
Q)
'u
i:
77
LU
76 X
-+- 2.4 L/min _ 2.2 L/min
2.0 L/min � 1.8 L/min
7 5+-----�====�====�==�
22 % 24% 26% 28 % 30%
Duty cycle ( % )
Fig.13 Time 2 min. after turning on thermoscan.
Fig. 10 Efficiency vs. % duty cycle and a various pressure. Measure: stainless steel.
The rated output power is 2,000 W when time is passing 2 VII. CONCLUSIONS
min. at a water pressure of 2.4 liter per minute as shown in
Fig. 11. In addition, the thermoscan at time=O shown in Fig. This paper discussed a fixed frequency PWM induction
12 measures at the stainless steel box and the temperature shower using a duty cycle control. Voltage source inverter
from 27°C and 2 min. after the temperature by thermoscan is uses resonant capacitor in parallel to provide the resonant
41°C as shown in Fig.13. circuit and to improve the lagging power factor better. For a
fixed frequency PWM induction shower, handling desired real
2200 power is derived from the limited duty cycle control
S essentially. This paper described configurations and the
::- 2100 operation principle of the proposed a fixed high frequency
(])
:;: inverter that is used for this induction shower. Moreover, the
�2000 • • • • • • • •
I
... proposed configuration has the advantage of wide operating
:::J
a. duty cycle range with soft switching. In this paper, the parallel
� 1900 capacitor can reduce current rating of semi-conductor without
0
additional limitation on operating duty cycle range. A fixed
1800 switching frequency induction shower promising heating
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 method in industry and experimental results uses the
Time (min) developed device confirm the possibility of improving heat
Fig. II Output Power vs. time. control performance. However, the required large rating of
semiconductor switch is one of remaining challenges to
increase the rated output power.
VIII. REFERENCES
[I] P. Achara, P. Viriya and K. Matsuse, "Analysis of a Half- Bridge Inverter
for a Small-Size Induction Cooker Using Positive-Negative Phase-Shift
Control under ZVS and NON-ZVS Operation," Con! IEEE PED2007,
157-163.
[2] L. C. Meng, K.W.E. Cheng, K.W. Chan, "Heating Performance
Improvement and Field Study of the Induction Cooker," Corif. IEEE 3rd
Power Electronics Systems and Applications, 2009, pp.I-5.
[3] P K. Jain, I R Espinoza, and N. A. Ismail, "A Single-Stage Zero
Voltage Zero-Current-Switched Full-Bridge DC Power Supply with
Extended Load Power Range," IEEE Trans. Industrial Electron, Vol. 46,
No. 2, APRIL 1999, pp.261-270.
[4] X. Yang, Y.Wang, and W. Yan, "Simulation of induction heating with
double inductors for continuously heating up steel bars," Con! IEEE
Automation Congress, 2008, pp.1-5.
Fig. 12 Started Thermoscan while operating induction shower.
Measure: stainless steel