How Animals

Reproduce?
Introduction
•Like plants, animals need to reproduce in order to
increase the chance of the perpetuation of their
species.
•Like plants, some animals also used asexual or sexual or
both methods of sexual reproduction.
How animals reproduce?
Maybe sexually or asexually
Viviparous or Oviparous
How animals reproduce?
Viviparous or live-bearing – animals which give birth
to live offspring
Oviparous or egg-laying – animals which lay eggs.

The difference is in the place where the offspring

develops before it is born.
Sexual reproduction
•The process of joining the haploid gametes (sex cells) to
form a diploid cell called a zygote.
•Produces offspring by combining the genetic material of
more than one parent
•Most animals and all human reproduce sexually
•Commonly involves 2 parents; male & female
•Female produces egg & the male produces the sperm
Asexual reproduction
•Reproduction is mainly through mitosis which creates
a clone of the parent.
•Occurs when body of the parent grows buds, which
eventually falls off and grown on its own.
•Happens to animals that are stationary
•Advantageous as animals produce numerous offspring
•Disadvantage as genetic variation does not occur.
Asexual Reproduction
METHODS OF REPRODUCTION IN SOME ANIMALS
1. Parthenogenesis
A female’s egg develops into a new organism without
being fertilized by a sperm cell.
E.g. Aphids, Hammerhead sharks.
Other species are exclusively asexual. E.g. desert
grassland whiptail lizard.
2. Budding
An offspring grows directly out of the body of the
parent that eventually develops and falls off.
E.g. Hydras
3. Fragmentation
A parent breaks into many fragments, and grows into a
new individual
E.g. Flatworms, sea stars
4. Binary Fission
Occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some
invertebrate, multicell organism. Organism splits into two
separate organisms.
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
•Lessens energy expenditure
•Increasing the chance of survival.
Sexual Reproduction
METHODS OF REPRODUCTION IN SOME ANIMALS
1. Hermaphroditism
Occurs in animals where one individual has both male and
female reproductive parts.
They may self-fertilize or may mate with another of their
species, fertilizing each other and both producing
offspring.
E.g. earthworms, slugs, tapeworms & snails.
2. Sequential Hermaphrotism
occurs when an individual reverses its sex during its
lifetime. There are two types of sequential
hermaphrodites. When individuals start out life as a
female and change sex to male, this is called
protogynous. E.g. Wrasse.
2. Sequential Hermaphrotism
If there is no male present, usually the largest, oldest
female changes and becomes the dominant male and
will begin to produce sperm within a week. When
individuals start out life as a male and change to
female, this is called protandrous. All oysters start out
life as males due to their small size. As the oyster grows
and attains a certain size, it will change into a female
and produce eggs.
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
•Genetic variation
•It allows organism to perpetuate in an unstable
environment where factors such as diseases can
decrease the survival rate of the population.
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
•Energy expenditure
Work in a group
Given the following scenarios, ask the class which
method of animal reproduction will best allow the
survival of a particular species:
1. In an area devastated by a level 5 Typhoon.
2. Rainforest
3. Dessert
4. After an earthquake
5. Antarctica