A Critical Review of Published Variants of Sarracenia purpurea L.

Author(s): D. E. Schnell
Source: Castanea, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Mar., 1979), pp. 47-59
Published by: Allen Press on behalf of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4032857
Accessed: 12-03-2016 15:45 UTC

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 47

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank E. Beverly for laboratory assistance. T. L. Melli-

champ and J. C. Travis provided helpful comments on the manu-

script. This work was supported by funds from the Foundation of

the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and from the State

of North Carolina, and by the Highlands Biological Station,

Highlands, N.C.

LITERATURE CITED

BARDEN, L. S. 1977. Self-maintaining populations of Pinus pungens Lam. in the

southern Appalachians. Castanea 42:316-323.

MCINTYRE, A. C. 1929. A cone and seed study of the mountain pine (Pinus pungens

Lambert). Am. J. Bot. 16:402-406.

SOKAL, R. R. and F. J. ROHLF. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.

776 pp.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 28223

A Critical Review of Published Variants

of Sarracenia purpurea L.

D. E. SCHNELL

ABSTRACT

Reports of the nine named infraspecific variants of Sarracenia purpurea L. are

critically reviewed and bibliography listed. The author concludes that at present, three of

these are acceptable: ssp. purpurea, ssp. venosa and f. heterophylla. "Horticultural vari-

ety Louis Burk" (Wherry) may also be a genetic entity sufficiently discontinuous for

separate designation but requires further study.

INTRODUCTION

Sarracenia purpurea L. has the widest geographical and

climatic range of any species of the genus, extending from

eastern British Columbia, across southern Canada and the Great

Lakes region into New England, south through Pennsylvania

and Ohio, the middle Atlantic states, and then along the

southern coastal plain to Mississippi. With such a range, one

would expect clinal genetic and phenetic variations to occur,

these likely related to quantum and founder effects as well as

selective response to habitat variance.

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 48

Over the years several named infraspecific variants have

been published in scattered sources. Most of these proposed

variants have been found in northern populations. The purpose

of this report is to briefly review these published variants, bring-

ing the available material and bibliography together in one re-

port. Critical comments may of course be amendable pending

future research.

Variation may be considered from two aspects for the pur-

poses of this report: 1) permanent genetic variation expressed

with some consistency in the phenotype and with little or no

reversion upon homogeneous environmental or reciprocal trans-

plant into the habitat of another supposed variant, and 2) varia-

tion as a conditional response that is genetically based through-

out the species. Of course, only the former would be worthy of for-

mal designation.

THE SUBSPECIES QUESTION

Wherry (1933) has presented an excellent nomenclatural

history of the species to the date of his report, and I will pick up

the story from that point. He quotes Rafinesque's division of the

original Linnaean species into two geographically: Sarazina(sic)

gibbosa in the north, and Sarazina(sic) venosa in the south.

Wherry then reworked these into two subspecies of S. purpurea,

ssp. gibbosa and ssp. venosa respectively. In 1972, he updated

the northern subspecies to ssp.purpurea to conform with modern

ICBN rules. I shall use the newer nomenclature throughout.

While Wherry's subspecific division was based on both her-

barium and field studies, the latter provided the most significant

impressions of the nature of the two populations. It is well known

that herbarium sheet specimens, because of their nature and

limited numbers, are always selected and biased to one degree or

another no matter how unintentionally. Further, subtle char-

acters of form and color often are not well preserved in dried

specimens while they stand out clearly in aggregate in living

plants. These comments are not intended to disclaim the impor-

tance and value of herbarium specimens but simply to emphasize

their limitations.

The author feels that as long as field populations are still

widely extant and in good habitats, direct study of such living

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 49

material in a large mass is far more useful for determining the

nature of populations. When one evaluates a set of criteria

developed to distinguish two or more populations, he must do so

from the viewpoint that variation is inherent to some degree

within any population. The criteria, if valid and properly drawn,

should aim for near discontinuity and thereby separate the

largest numbers of one population from the largest numbers of

another related population. One would expect some degree of

overlap of taxonomic characters at some point in adjacent

curves, as well as geographically if the populations met in a broad

zone at some point and are reproductively compatible. Overlap to

the extent of 5% would be expected statistically in closely related

populations, but this would not in itself negate the proposed

separation. Therefore, the citing of relatively few irregular

specimens occurring at the geographic junction or point of tax-

onomic character overlap between two closely related but ap-

parently distinct populations, as indicating that distinction of

the two populations is not valid seems totally out of perspective.

This is especially true if decisions are made on the basis of her-

barium specimens alone in many cases, or on plants growing in

abnormal situations.

In summary, Wherry sees the differentiation of the two sub-

species of Sarracenia purpurea as follows (1933, 1972):

ssp. venosa-short, wide pitchers of less than 3:1 length/width ratio, ex-

ternally covered by bristly hairs (rarely glabrous), wings of the hood large

and prominent and when pinched together often extending beyond the

adaxial lip of the pitcher. The range is from extreme southern New Jersey

and Delaware (where in some border regions it overlaps with the northern

subspecies) down through the Virginia coastal plain into the Carolinas

(where it also occurs at higher elevations in relict piedmont and mountain

bogs), rare to absent in southern South Carolina and southern Georgia,

and then moderately common along the Gulf coast from Florida to Missis-

sippi.

ssp.purpurea-longer, narrower pitchers of greater than 3:1 length/width

ratio, usually glabrous (rarely sparingly hirsute), much smaller hood

wings that when pinched together rarely extend beyond the adaxial lip of

the pitcher. These plants occupy the northern sector of the species range

with extensions down into Maryland, Delaware, and southern New

Jersey, the latter populations sometimes intermediate in character with

plants of the southern populations.

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 50

In his 1972 paper, Wherry further quotes a Dr. Harold R.

Dodge (no literature reference given) who in personal conversa-

tion mentioned that the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii breeds in

pitchers of the northern populations while W. haynei (named by

Dodge) breeds in pitchers of the southern populations. Allegedly,

mosquito larvae of the two species are consistent with mor-

phologic populations of the two S. purpurea sspp. at the point of

overlap in southern Delaware, suggesting that the mosquitos are

able to "recognize" their breeding subspecies. Anecdotally, I

have heard this concept questioned by entomologists twice, but

no elaboration has appeared in the literature to date. Since the

criterion of the Wyeomyia species is not detailed in Wherry's

argument either, I am inclined to set it aside for the time being

until further study is in.

Bell (1949) and McDaniel (1966, 1971) both disagree with the

concept of subspecies in S. purpurea, largely on the basis of her-

barium specimens and individual field plants found in one range

that fit the description of plants of the other supposed sub-

species in its range. McDaniel rejects the concept out of hand

while Bell sets it aside pending further studies, particularly

transplants.

Over the past twenty years, I have attempted such trans-

plants with mixed results. I have found that reciprocal trans-

plants are complicated by habitat and climatic adaptations.

Plants moved from southern locations into northern bogs do

poorly, probably on the basis of colder winters and longer, more

intense photoperiods in shorter summers. Likewise, northern

plants adapt poorly to the heat of southern summers in the field,

to the frequent alternate thaws and freezes of southern winters,

and frequently drying habitat in late summer in the south. My

rule on reciprocal transplant judgements is that no conclusion

can be drawn unless transplants are robust and adaptable. Only

then can meaningful morphologic comparisons be made. There-

fore, I have no decision on the basis of reciprocal transplants.

I have had much more success with plants of both regions in

homogenuous environmental transplants in my greenhouses and

in outdoor tub plantings here in piedmont North Carolina. In the

greenhouse especially, light, temperature and humidity can be

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 51

easily modified so that healthy specimens result. In the outdoor

tub plantings, water supply is no problem and light intensity can

be varied by means of various shading procedures or tub place-

ment. In both cases, however, plants from the two populations

were grown in pots or tubs side by side under identical conditions

in each comparison set. The plants were potted in both North

Carolina local sphagnum as well as in respective native soils for

comparison. Under these conditions, even marginally growing

southern plants native to savannahs with their tendency to sum-

mer drying grew as well as plants found in the more consistently

wet southern peat bogs and along roadside ditches. Comparisons

were made after a minimal growth adaptation period of three

years.

While pitchers of the northern populations tended to become

shorter and somewhat broader than they usually appeared in

native habitats, they never completely achieved the contours of

southern populations pitchers in the same conditions. Further,

characters such as hood wing size and external indumentum re-

mained consistent. I had no difficulty distinguishing the north-

ern and southern populations in cultivation.

Three other characters not mentioned by Wherry deserve

comment. One is that pitchers of the northern populations tend

to acquire a diffuse rusty-red coloration over winter, especially

prominent in exposed plants. The following spring, these

pitchers "green up" as flowering and new pitcher growth occur;

Lindquist (1975) has made similar observations. While pitchers

of some southern plants also turn red in winter, this is maroon

red, and some apparent strains of plants maintain prominent

venation throughout the winter. This leaf character holds true in

plants grown side by side in the greenhouse. Studies on pitcher

color variation in certain southern populations will be discussed

in a future report.

Two floral characters also seem important. In the northern

populations, petals are usually a deep maroon to occasionally red

while southern plants most often have bright red to pink petals.

Also, flower odor is distinctively different, being sweet in north-

ern plants, and mixed sweet-feline in southern stands (Schnell,

1979). These two additional flower characters also remain

consistent in cultivation.

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 52

Petal extract chromatographic studies of S. purpurea

populations have been reported as not helpful in the subspecies

question since there is considerable pattern variation in

specimens sampled throughout the species range, contrary to

rather striking uniformity within other species of the genus

(Schnell, 1978).

Presently, I am inclined to accept the two subspecies pro-

posed by Wherry. I do so with some reservations, however. I tend

to place greater weight on reciprocal transplant studies than

homogeneous environmental transplants, but the latter can be

very useful if their obvious limitations are considered. Secondly,

more detailed objective studies with appropriate measurements

and data are indicated. In the meantime, evidence would seem to

point to the subspecies concept being very useful and appro-

priate.

ssp. venosa variants

Variations of the southern subspecies have not been for-

mally reported or properly named in the literature. Even so, one

and possibly a second have been mentioned briefly and require

consideration.

Wherry (1933) mentions a plant seen and collected near

Theodore, Alabama in which the sepals were green, the umbracu-

late portion of the style disc nearly white, and the petals pale

pink. The plant was discovered by Frank Morton Jones in 1910,

and collected and grown by a Mr. Louis Burk. Wherry refers to

this variant as "horticultural variety Louis Burk." While

originally found in the shade, the plant apparently maintained

these characters in cultivation. Bell (1949) found a similar plant

in Florida, but does not report whether attempts were made to

observe it in cultivation. I have seen a good number of similar

plants northwest and south of Mobile in very wet bogs, often

shaded but frequently in full sun. In many locations in southern

Alabama and western Florida I have observed that this variant

is the predominant representative of the species. The pink petals

turn a peculiar lavender color when dried, and have a distinctive

chromatographic pattern as well (Schnell, 1978, 1979). So far,

plants grown in brighter (than shade) light in the greenhouse

have maintained these flower characters. Further studies are re-

quired to determine if the plants warrant varietal or other status,

although the flower characters seem consistently and genetic.

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 53

In this southern range of S. purpurea, there is more or less a

gap occurring from southern South Carolina into Georgia where

the species have been found only rarely. Anecdotally, some have

mentioned to me the possibility of the Gulf coastal populations

being sufficiently distinctive and disjunct from the Carolinian

Atlantic coastal plants to warrant formal recognition. We should

keep in mind during this discussion that an apparent majority of

the western Gulf coastal plain plants possess the peculiar flower

characters described above.

I think the range "gap" has weighed heavily in this argu-

ment, and the gap is only relative since the species does occur in

this zone but the locations are few and widely scattered. Plants

growing in extremely wet Gulf coastal sphagnum bogs do

become quite large with extremely broad and gibbous pitchers,

but in my observations no more so than plants growing in relict

sphagnum bogs of the piedmont and lower mountains of North

Carolina. The larger pitchers of the plants of ssp. venosa growing

in such apparently optimum habitats are particularly striking

when compared to pitchers of plants struggling in drying, open

coastal savannahs. Indeed, plants of the Gulf coastal savannahs

do appear much like those of the drier locations of the North

Carolina coast. Finally, when plants from both types of Gulf

coast habitats are brought together with plants from the North

Carolina mountains, piedmont and coastal savannahs in the

greenhouse, they become vegetatively indistinguishable over a

period of two to three years.

Besides the flower differences described previously in this sec-

tion, there are some flower size differences that remain constant.

Flower buds and flowers of the Gulf coastal plants most often at-

tain twice and one third more respectively the size of flowers of

plants from North Carolina. These differences also remain con-

sistent in parallel greenhouse culture.

Vegetatively, there would seem to be little basis for further

taxonomic separation or infrasubspecific designations within

ssp. venosa. However, the distinctive flower characters of many

Gulf coastal stands, consistent and apparently genetic, do de-

serve further study for possible varietal status. However, these

floral differences in themselves do not appear of sufficient

magnitude for separating S. purpurea into three rather than two

subspecies.

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 54

ssp. purpurea variants

The northern subspecies has been subjected to several

named variants as follows.

forma heterophylla. Originally described by Eaton in 1822

as a species (S. heterophylla) and reduced to variety by Torrey in

1839 (see summary in Wherry, 1933), this variant was finally

reduced to a form by Fernald (1922). Bell (1949) and McDaniel

(1966, 1971) concur with forma status, although Bell wondered if

higher status might not be warranted. The main characteristic of

this form is the complete lack of red pigment in the plant in any

growth stage. Petals are pale yellow (although the flower still has

a sweet odor identical to the northern red forms) and the pitchers,

sepals and bracts are yellow green. They often occur side by side

in the same bogs with red-pigmented forms, and presumably

hybrid intermediates can be seen. Originally described in Massa-

chusetts, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and one unconfirmed lo-

cation in New Jersey, bogs containing this form have now been

found in northern Michigan (Case, 1956), Ontario (Korolas, 1977)

and Minnesota (Griesbach, 1977). The latter three locations have

been confirmed. It is important to emphasize that shaded plants

of the subspecies sometimes have decreased red pigment in

leaves but do not qualify as f. heterophylla unless they lack red

pigment throughout when growing in full light. An herbarium

specimen reported in North Carolina has been properly dis-

qualified by Bell (1949) on this account, and the form has not been

found to date in ssp. venosa.

I agree that this is a genetically consistent variant deserv-

ing formal status, as supported by my own transplant and

reproductive experiments. Given the controversy over the sub-

species problem at present, I doubt that a higher status can be

justified.

forma incisa. Rousseau (1957) found these plants on a

dolomitic island in Quebec's Lac Albanel. The plants were ap-

parently abundant among more typical members of ssp. pur-

purea and were characterized by the flowers having very deeply

lobed or incised style discs, the lobes usually numbering five, but

occasionally varying from two to more than five. Sometimes

there were secondary lobes. The large number of plants having

this prominent character on one island led the author to conclude

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 55

that it is genetic and that it flourished there due to relative isola-

tion on the island, whose population of S. purpurea had appar-

ently been colonized according to the founder principle, so the

character would be expressed rather than swamped and sub-

merged.

The author's argument carries more weight than some

forms to be described, but further on site transplant, reproduc-

tive and morphologic studies are indicated before this form can

be totally accepted as genetic rather than a seasonal aberration

due to a temporary environmental disturbance. Wherry (1933)

has stated a range of disc incision from deeply incised to nearly

full is noted throughout the range of the species. I have observed

a range in style disc character in cultivated plants that varies

from year to year, deeply incised or filled discs appearing on a

plant one year, but not in previous or ensuing seasons. Still, the

Lac Albanel plants cannot be totally discounted until the loca-

tion (if still extant) is revisited and marked plants observed over

several seasons. At present though, given the year to year varia-

tion in disc character noted in particular plants from other loca-

tions, this form must be set aside.

formaplena. Klawe (1955) described a single plant he found

in a sphagnum bog near Wedgeport, Nova Scotia. The flower had

petal-like structures arranged in rosulate form, stamens and

pistil not being developed. Apparently no other specimens have

been found. Clearly, form designation cannot be accepted on the

basis of a single observation of a single specimen. Unless the

plant is observed from year to year (and it would be helpful if

more were found), the flower is probably an aberration. This year,

a plant of the hybrid S. minor x. S. purpurea ssp. venosa bore one

flower of similar character and several normal flowers as well,

and in previous years all flowers have been normal in this speci-

men in my greenhouse.

variety stolonifera. Macfarlane and Steckbeck (1933) pro-

posed this varietal designation for a population of S. purpurea

found in a New Jersey pond formed by a railroad embankment

crossing and partially obstructing a pine barrens stream. The

masses of plants grew on sphagnum mats floating around the

edge of the pond, with the roots extending down into the silty

muck of the pond bottom. The plants were characterized by ex-

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 56

treme clonal growth; that is, very long, many-branched woody

rhizomes extending over large areas. The petiolar portion of the

pitcher was elongated, pitchers were deep red when growing in

full sun, green in the shade. Several such plant masses have been

seen by others and me in various pine barrens, lakes, ponds, and

streams. They appear to be ecophenes and all pine barrens plants

of the species seem capable of such growth habit.

As the floating mats grade into relatively more solid peaty

bog margin, the plants assume a more typical appearance with

shorter pitchers and less extensive rhizome proliferation. Plants

extracted from these masses and grown in less wet sphagnum

pots in the greenhouse also become identical in appearance to

typical stands of S. purpurea. Finally, non-stoloniferous plants

taken from a bog habitat rapidly become so if grown in similar

wet, floating sphagnum mat conditions in tubs in the green-

house. Populations of S. purpurea intermediate between stolo-

niferous and non-stoloniferous habit can be seen in the typical

quaking sphagnum bogs of the far north where conditions are

somewhat intermediate. There, the plant clones average 0.5-1.0

meter across.

The stoloniferous populations described by Macfarlane and

Steckbeck appear then to be a reflection of habitat conditions

and not genetic entities. The formal designation var. stolonifera

does not seem warranted.

variety 7ipicola. Boivin (1951) has noted extensive popula-

tions of ssp.purpurea growing along sandy riverbanks or sandy-

clay lakeshores in the northern Great Lakes region, most of his

locations being on the Bruce Peninsula of Ontario, with a few in

Saskatchewan. The plants do not grow in sphagnum and there-

fore nearly all aerial tissue above the rhizome point is fully ex-

posed. The pitchers are short (5.9-14 cm), rhizomes are vertical

and also short with little or no branching. I have seen such popu-

lations in habitats of Bruce County as well as along sandy shore-

line bogs and pools of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, in

Michigan. To the descriptive characters might be added a deep

red color of pitchers nearly all year round, thickened and brittle

texture of pitchers which are quite small, and usually many more

pitchers per rhizome than noted in sphagnum habitat plants of

the species. Most of these shoreline locations are marly.

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 57

Apparently without knowledge of Boivin's assertions, Man-

dossian in 1966 conducted a rather thorough study of the com-

parative leaf morphology of S. purpurea plants growing in both

sphagnum and marl bogs of southern Michigan. Plants growing

in sphagnum bogs had typically robust, veined pitchers with

relatively few leaves per plant. Those growing in marl bogs had

far smaller, brittle pitchers that were deeply red-pigmented and

with many more per plant. The latter would seem to fit Boivin's

var. ripicola in both habitat and morphology. I have seen such

plants in a few remaining marl bogs in southern Michigan and

feel they are identical to those designated var. ripicola farther

north. Mandossian then did reciprocal transplant studies and

found that these differential characteristics were indeed habitat

related, the reciprocal changes occurring over a period of two

years with early changes noted the first year in newer pitchers. I

have grown plants from both northern sphagnum and marl or

lake shore habitats in native soils and pure sphagnum (the latter

after carefully washing the rhizome and roots) in the greenhouse

side by side and have noted a similar habitat relationship to mor-

phology, usually nearly complete under my conditions in three

years.

It would appear that var. ripicola is also an ecophene and

that formal statis is not applicable considering studies so far.

variety terrae-novae. In 1827, La Pylaie (see quote in

Wherry, 1933) described S. purpurea plants in Newfoundland in

which the pitchers were short with prominent red venation. The

flowers had narrow petals and the sinuses between the usual pro-

jections of the style disc were nearly filled with tissue. These

were growing in two types of habitat, marl areas and high

sphagnum hummocks which tended to dry. Wherry (1933) placed

these in his then ssp. gibbosa-now ssp. purpurea-and dis-

missed them as not significant since the pitcher morphology was

likely related to habitat, and the incomplete disc sinuses simply

representing an extreme of a graded variation from very deep

sinuses (cf. f. incisa v.s.), there being insufficient discontinuity to

consider style disc incision a useful character. In view of the fol-

lowing paragraph, one should note the similarity of La Pylaie's

description to Rafinesque's Sarazina (sic) venosa (see Wherry,

1933), although both descriptions are very brief and superficial.

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 58

In 1951, Boivin pointed out in his brief synonymy listing

that these plants were not S. venosa but were S. purpurea

venosa (sic) "sensu Wherry" (1933). I wonder if this is not an er-

ror and that Boivin may have meant S. purpurea gibbosa, or

perhaps Rafinesque's description and La Pylaie's did seem

synonymous! In either event, Boivin then went on to suggest

that this varietal designation (var. terrae-novae) applied to all

populations of the northern range that were not var. ripicola,

and that southern plants were S. purpurea venosa. The

paragraph appended to his var. ripicola description is but five

half-page lines and no further information is offered.

Coupling the lack of clarity and obvious confusion in the

above concepts with the serious points against the concept of

var. ripicola (v.s.), it hardly seems appropriate to designate all

other populations of the northern range as var. terrae-novae,

especially knowing how habitat and graded variation play a role

in the morphologic characters offered in evidence. Furthermore,

Boivin's use of the varietal designation seems historically in er-

ror. Present information would seem to dictate against accept-

ance of var. terrae-novae.

LITERATURE CITED

BELL, C. R. 1949. A cytotaxonomic study of the Sarraceniaceae of North America. J.

Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 65:137-166, PI. 8-14.

BoIVIN, B. 1951. Centurie de plantes Canadiennes-II. Canad. Field Naturalist 65:21.

CASE, F. W., JR. 1956. Some Michigan records for Sarracenia purpurea forma hetero-

phylla Rhodora 58:203-207.

FERNALD, M. L. 1922. Notes on the flora of western Nova Scotia. Rhodora 4:165-183.

GRIESBACH, R. 1977. Minnesota site for Sarracenia purpurea f. heterophylla (News and

Views item). Carnivarous Plant Newsletter 6:47.

KLAWE, W. L. 1955. Additions to the flora of Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. Canad.

Field Naturalist 69:129.

KOROLAS, J. 1977. Ontario site for Sarracenia purpurea f. heterophylla (News and Views

item). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 6:33.

LINDQUIST, J. A. 1975. Bacteriological and ecological observations on the northern

pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea L. Masters Thesis, University of Wisconsin,

Madison. x + 215 pp.

MAcFARLANE, J. M. and D. W. STECKBECK. 1933. Sarracenia purpurea var. stolonifera. A

noteworthy morphological and ecological type. Bull. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

(4)161-169.

MANDOSSIAN, A. J. 1966. Variations in the leaf of Sarracenia purpurea (pitcher plant).

Mich. Botanist 5:26-35.

MCDANIEL, S. 1966. A taxonomic revision of Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae). PhD disserta-

tion, Florida State University (University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, No.

67-345).

MCDANIEL, S. 1971. The genus Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae). Bull Tall Timbers Research

Station, Tallahassee, FL, No. 9.

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ROUSSEAU, J. 1957. Nouvelles entites botaniques de l'enclave dolomitique du Lac

Mistassini, Province de Quebec. Bull. Du. Jard. Bot. 27:378.

SCHNELL, D. E. 1978. Sarracenia L. petal extract chromatography. Castanea 43:107-115.

?. 1978. Systematic flower studies of Sarracenia L. Castanea 43:211-220.

WHERRY, E. T. 1933. The geographic relations of Sarracenia purpurea. Bartonia (15):1-6.

?------. 1972. Notes on Sarracenia subspecies. Castanea 37:146-147.

?------. 1973. Reminiscences on carnivorous plants. Carnivorous Plant Newslet-

ter 2:35-37.

RT. 4, BOX 275B

STATESVILLE, NC 28677

Notes and News

LEUCOTHOE AXILLARIS VAR. EDITORUM (FERNALD AND SCHUBERT)

AHLES, NEW TO MARYLAND-Taxa of the Leucothoe axillaris

complex occupy a large and distinct distributional area in the

southern Appalachians. Variety editorum, an inhabitant of mon-

tane cove forests, ranges from southern Virginia to Georgia and

Tennessee.

On May 8, 1977 while botanizing a sheltered ravine, I dis-

covered several shrubs of L. a. var. editorum in flower, growing

along a stream in ericaceous thickets, one mile north of Dulaney

Valley Road on Jarrettsville Pike. My collection (Riefner 77187)

from Baltimore County, Maryland (piedmont plateau) is believed

to be the most northern station in North America of the ever-

green Leucothoe, and represents an extension of the known

range of variety editorum of approximately 150 miles. This local-

ity is adjacent to the Loch Raven Reservoir on the Gunpowder

River. Initial flooding of the watershed may have destroyed addi-

tional plants and isolated this population. Voucher specimens

have been placed in the Towson State University Herbar-

ium.-RICHARD E. RIEFNER, JR., HERBARIUM, TowSON STATE

UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21204.

SPIRANTHES LUCIDA IN ARKANSAS-Spiranthes lucida (H. H.

Eaton) Ames was found growing along the edge of North Syla-

more Creek at the Gunner Pool Recreation Area, Sylamore Dis-

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