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Materials

Techniques of Mineral Exploration  Today

Seismic Methods  Seismic waves
 Wave Propagation

 Reference:
Dr. Rizwan Ahmed
Department of Nuclear Engineering (P&D Cabins)
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Contacts: Extension # 3313,
email: rizwanahmed@pieas.edu.pk, rahmed.ne@gmail.com
 Chapter 3
 P. Kearey, M. Brooks, and I. Hilll, An Introduction to
Geophysical Prospecting, 3rd edition,
Blackwell Science Ltd., USA, 2002.
 F. H. M. Jones, and D. W. Oldenburg, Geophysics for
Practicing Geoscientists, University of British
Columbia, 2017.
 URL:https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/courses/eosc350/content/in
dex.htm

Materials Seismology

 This Lecture  Earthquake

 Seismic Refraction and Reflection Methods  An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by
 P. Kearey, M. Brooks, and I. Hill, An Introduction to the rapid release of energy.
Geophysical Prospecting, 3rd edition,
Blackwell Science Ltd., USA, 2002.  Seismology
 Chapter 6 and 7  Study of vibrations of earth is called seismology
 F. H. M. Jones, and D. W. Oldenburg, Geophysics for  Earthquake Seismology
Practicing Geoscientists, University of British Columbia,
 Exploration Seismology
2017.URL:
https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/courses/eosc350/content/index.h  Reflection
tm  Refraction

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Seismic Waves Seismic Wave Propagation

 Body Waves  Reflection

 P Waves  Refraction
 S Waves
 Attenuation
 Transmission
 Surface Waves
 Rayleigh waves
 Love waves

Seismic Wave Propagation (cont’d) Seismic Wave Propagation (cont’d)

Snell’s Law Critical Refraction Huygen’s Principle

Fermat’s Principle

sin i1 sin i2

v1 v2

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Seismic Wave Propagation (cont’d) Seismic Wave Propagation (cont’d)

 Attenuation  Transmission
 Geometrical Spreading

H Dispersion
H
r
 Absorption
 Conversion
r
H  H e

H  r
H e
r

Seismic Velocity Earthquake Seismology

Porosity  Seismic Networks

1  1  Global
  Incorporated Research
Vb V f VM 

Institutions for
Density Seismology (IRIS)
USGS
 b   f    M (1   ) 

 Swiss Seismological
Service (SED)
Depth and age of Rock (Faust, 1957)  Local
VP  L( Az ) 1/ 6 VP=Velocity  Micro-seismic studies
z= depth programme
L=Lithologic Factor  Pakistan Meteorological
A=age of formation Department

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MSSP Seismic Network Seismogram

Seismograms are the record of the

ground motion as a function of time.

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Seismogram (cont’d) Seismograms (cont’d)

 Let’s watch a video Explosions and Earthquakes

Reference: Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology,

http://www.iris.edu/hq/
Reference: J. D. Rogers, and K. D. Koper, Some Practical
Applications of Forensic Seismology, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, 2017.

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Seismogram (cont’d)
Seismogram-Data
Data Collection at MSSP

Locating the Epicenter

 1 1 
TS  TP  X   
V
 S V P 

Exploration Seismology Seismic Sources

 Seismic Refraction

 Seismic Reflection

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The Time Distance (t-x) Diagram Seismic Refraction

Horizontal Layers

x sin ic 2h1 cos ic

t 
v1 v1

Refraction Data Refraction Data (cont’d)

x sin ic 2h1 cos ic t

x 1 1 h1 
t  t  2h1  2 1 1
v1 v1 v2 2
v1 v2 2 2
 2
v1 v2

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Refraction Data (cont’d) Multiple Layers

Two Horizontal Layers

x n1 2hk cos ik

tn  
vn k 1 vk

Multiple Layers (cont’d) Dipping Layers

x 1 1
t  2h1 2
 2
v2 v1 v2

1 1
tint1  2h1 2
 2
v1 v2
t t
h1  
Solve for h1… 1 1 2 2
2 2  2 2 2  v1
v
v1 v2 2 2
v1 v2

1 1 1 1
tint 2  2h1 2
 2  2h2 2
 2
v1 v2 v2 v3

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Dipping Layers Dipping Layers (cont’d)

Calculation of Dip angle and critical angle

Travel times for down dip direction

Travel times for up dip direction

Faulted Interface Seismic Reflection

Horizontal Layers

x2 4 h12
t 2  t 02  t 02 
v12 v12

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Seismic Reflection (Data) Seismic Reflection (Data)

x2
t 2  t 02 
v12
2
2 x 2
t  t 0   t   h12    t  t 0   t  
2 x
h12   
v1 2 v1 2

Multiple Layers Multiple Layers

Layer Velocity and RMS Velocity

 v
n 2
i 1 i i
vrms 
 
n
i 1 i

τi = the one-way travel time for vertical reflection in ith layer

vi = the interlayer velocity of the ith layer

v layer 
v 2
t  v rms
rms . B n
2
.T t n 1 
t B  t T 

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Multiple Layers Dipping Reflectors

Layer Velocity and Average Velocity

(xm, tm)

i 1 vi i
n

vavg 

n

i 1 i

τi = the one-way travel time for vertical reflection in ith layer t

x 2
 4h 2  4 xh sin  
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V
vi = the interlayer velocity of the ith layer
x m  2 h sin  
v layer 
v t  v avg ,T t n 1 
avg , B n 2 h cos 
tm 
t B  tT  v

Dipping Layers Reflection Surveys

Calculation of Dip angle

Td  t x  t x

2 x sin 
Td 
V

 VTd 
  arcsin  
 2x 

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Seismic Data Processing Seismic Data Processing

 Normal Moveout (NMO)

x2
t 2  t 02 
v12

x2
 t  t  t0 
2 v12 t 0

x
v1 
2t 0  t

Seismic Data Processing Seismic Data Processing

 Corrections  Multiples
 Elevation Static Correction  Ghost
 Weather Correction

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Reflection Seismogram Reflection Data

 Synthetic Seismogram

Reference: P. Kearey, M. Brooks, and I. Hill, An Introduction to

Geophysical Prospecting, 3rd edition, Blackwell Science Ltd., USA, 2002.

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