Parametric Solution of Spur Gear Tooth under Tip Load

S. M. Mahbub Murshed, M. Arifeen Wahed and M. A. Salam Akanda

Mechanical Engineering Department, Bangladesh University of Engg. & Tech.,
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Abstract: This paper presents the stress analysis of
spur gear teeth for the variation of tooth parameters:
module, pressure angle and teeth number. Gear tooth
under tip loading as worst condition is considered for
this analysis. A new formulation of governing
equations in terms of displacement potential function
ψ has been used in modeling the problem of mixed
boundary values. This formulation has the capability
of the conventional formulations in terms of Airy’s
stress function φ . A computer program developed
based on finite difference method is used to solve the
spur gear tooth as a plane strain problem with mixed
boundary conditions. The numerical results obtained
by this program are discussed to analyze the
theoretical facts and compared them with the variation
of gear tooth parameters.
Keywords: Spur gear teeth, Mixed boundary
condition, Stress analysis
1. INTRODUCTION
With the emergence of computer, engineering
analysis is getting more dependent on computers day
by day. Computerized process involves in many
production system and engineering procedure. In a
product design process the engineering analysis
comes after geometric modeling. After a particular
design alternative has been developed in the
geometric modeling process, some form of
engineering analysis often must be performed as part
of the design process. The analysis may take the form
of stress-strain calculations or dynamic simulation.
The computations are often complex and time
consuming, and before the advent of the digital
computer, these analyses were usually greatly
simplified or even omitted in the design procedure.
Elasticity is now a classical subject and its problems
are even more classical. But somehow these stress
analysis problems are still suffering from a lot of
shortcomings and thus are being constantly look into
[1-8]. The gear tooth is assumed here to be isotropic,
extended its use [12-14] where he obtained finite-
difference solutions of a number of mixed boundary
value problems of simple boundary shapes.
In the present paper, the stress and strain analysis of
spur gear tooth with involute profile is studied by
using the numerical scheme of Finite Difference
Method [15-17], taking special care of the boundary
condition as well as the boundary shapes. Here the
stress analysis of the two dimensional involute profile
spur gear teeth under tip loading is done. The effects
due to change in module, pressure angle and number
of teeth have been analyzed and presented
graphically.
2. SPUR GEAR TOOTH AS AN
ELASTIC PROBLEM
Stress analysis of spur gear teeth was carried out to
observe the effect of different parameters. Gear tooth
under the compressive load near the tip is considered
for the analysis. Instead of solving the whole gear a
single tooth, as shown in Fig. 1 is selected for this
study. The boundary of the gear tooth inside the gear
stock, STUV is considered rigidly fixed with
negligible normal and tangential displacement, i.e.
u n = 0 , ut = 0 . At the location of contact of two gear
teeth only the normal component of stress have been
considered. Therefore, the boundary conditions at the
contact region are σ n = −3.0 × 10 −4 and σ t = 0 . The
y
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
0
σt= 0,
σn = -3 x 10-4
4 σn = 0,
σt= 0
8
σn = 0,
σn = 0,
12 σt = 0
σt = 0
16
x

homogeneous, elastic material. Here interest is 20

restricted to elastic materials in which the deformation
and stress regain to their original status with the 24 S V
Rigidly fixed

removal of internal forces, provided that the external

28 un = 0
forces do not exceed a certain limit. The formulation
ut = 0
of two-dimensional elastic problems used here was 32 T
first introduced by Uddin [9], later Idris [10,11] used U

it for obtaining analytical solutions of a number of 36

mixed boundary-value elastic problems, and Ahmed Figure 1. The Gear Tooth Problem
boundary condition for free boundary i.e. the Further, the problem is reduced to the determination
boundary where no load is applied, is considered as of a single function instead of two functions u and v ,
σ n = 0, σt = 0. simultaneously, satisfying the equilibrium Equations,
(4) and (5). In this formulation, as in the case of
For studying the effects of module, pressure angle and Airy’s stress function φ [7], a potential function
ψ (x, y ) is defined in terms of displacement
teeth number on stress distribution, the selected
parameters of several spur gear teeth profiles are
shown in the Table 1. A computer program is used to components as
calculate and generate the involute profiles based on ⎫
∂ 2ψ
the parameters presented in Table 1. u= ⎪
∂x∂y ⎪
2 ⎤⎬
(6)
Table 1. Selected tooth profiles for the study ⎡ ∂ψ
2
∂ψ ⎪
⎢(1 − µ ) 2 + 2 2 ⎥ ⎪
1
v=−
Profile Module, Pressure Number of 1 + µ ⎣⎢ ∂y ∂x ⎥⎦ ⎭
Name m (mm) Angle, ϕ (º) Teeth, N
Profile A 10 25 25 When the displacement components in Equations (4)
Profile B 10 20 25 and (5) are replaced by ψ (x, y ) , Equation (4) is
Profile C 10 14.5 41 automatically satisfied and the only condition that ψ
Profile D 10 20 41 has to satisfy becomes
Profile E 10 20 23
∂ 4ψ ∂ 4ψ ∂ 4ψ
Profile F 10 20 32 +2 + =0 (7)
Profile G 12 20 32 ∂x 4 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y 4
Profile H 8 20 32 Therefore, the problem is now formulated in such a
way that a single function ψ has to be evaluated from
3. GOVERNING EQUATIONS IN the bi-harmonic equation, Equation (7), satisfying the
boundary condition that are specified at the boundary.
TERMS OF DISLACEMENT
POTENTIAL FUNCTION, ψ
For the above formulation the boundary conditions for
any shape of boundary in terms of direction cosines
l, m of the normal of the boundary are [15-17]:
For simplicity the gear tooth problem has been
considered as a two dimensional plane strain problem. u n = u.l + v.m (8)
In the case of the absence of any body forces, the
u t = v.l − u.m (9)
equations governing the three stress components σ x ,
σ y and τ xy under the states of plane stress or plane σ n = σ x .l 2 + 2.σ xy .l.m + σ y .m 2 (10)

strain are: σ t = (l 2 − m 2 )σ xy + l.m(σ y − σ x ) (11)

∂σ x ∂τ xy
+ =0 (1) where,
∂x ∂y
∂σ y ∂τ xy ∂ 2ψ
+ =0 ux = (12)
∂y ∂x
(2) ∂x∂y

⎛ ∂2 ⎞ ⎡ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ⎤
( ) ⎢(1 − µ ) 2 + 2 2
∂2 1
⎜ + ⎟σx +σ y =0 (3) vx = − ⎥ (13)
⎜ ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ⎟ 1+ µ ⎢⎣ ∂y ∂x ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
E ⎡ ∂ 3ψ ∂ 3ψ ⎤
Replacement of the stress components in Equation σx = ⎢ 2 −µ 3 ⎥ (14)
(1-3) by their relations with the displacement (1 + µ )2 ⎣⎢ ∂x ∂y ∂y ⎥⎦
components u and v makes Equation (3) redundant
⎡ ∂ 3ψ ∂ 3ψ ⎤
⎢ 3 + (2 + µ ) 2 ⎥
E
and transforms Equation (1) and (2) to σy = (15)
(1 + µ ) 2
⎣⎢ ∂y ∂x ∂y ⎦⎥
∂ 2u ⎛1− µ ⎞ ∂ u ⎛1+ µ ⎞ ∂ v
2 2
+ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ =0 (4) E ⎡ ∂ 3ψ ∂ 3ψ ⎤
∂x 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∂y 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∂x∂y τ xy = ⎢µ − ⎥ (16)
(1 + µ ) 2
⎢⎣ ∂x∂y
2
∂x 3 ⎥⎦
∂ v ⎛1− µ ⎞ ∂ v ⎛1+ µ ⎞ ∂ u
2 2 2
+⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =0 (5)
∂y 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∂x 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∂x∂y For the solution of the problem the gear tooth
geometry is divided into a rectangular mesh system.
The problem then reduces to finding u and v in a The governing Equation (7) has been discritized in
two-dimensional field satisfying the two elliptic finite-central difference formula and it is used for the
partial differential equations, (4) and (5). mesh points inside the tooth geometry. The boundary
equations (8-11) are discritized in forward or
backward difference formulae and are used in the rigid boundary. These distributions state that the tooth
boundary points. For the curve boundary, the function deflects like a cantilever with end bending force. In
ψ of the physical boundary point not matching with each section the displacement is more or less uniform.
the rectangular mesh points has been estimated by the The displacements on the left and right boundary
linear interpolation of four neighboring mesh points. within the gear stock are zero on account of the
The detail description of the boundary management rigidity of the boundary as assumed in this analysis.
has already been presented in our earlier papers
[15-17]. A computer program has been developed for 18
solution of the problem. The results are presented 16
Section 5
Section 16
below. 14
Section 23
Section 30
12
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
10

4.1 Detail Discussion on the Solution of Tooth 8

Profile B under tip loading 6

4
The distribution of the displacement component, u

4
u X 10
2
along x -axis, with respect to horizontal grid position, 0
y / k , for different sections of gear tooth as shown in -2

Fig. 2 is observed to be in good agreement with the -4

physical characteristics of the tooth. The displacement -6 Section

y

5
is positive everywhere in the right half portion of the -8
16
tooth and negative in the remaining half portion as the -10
23
displacement here in the x -direction is positive. -12
30
-14
The tooth loading as shown in Fig. 1 may be -16
x
considered as equivalent to an axial compression and 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

a transverse end load producing moment on a Distance, y / k

cantilever. The figure of axial displacement, u over Figure 2. Distribution of u along

the sections shows that the neutral axis of the Different Sections of Profile B
cantilever-tooth has slightly shifted towards the left
from the geometric axis of the tooth. This shifting of From the distribution of stress component σ x , with
the neutral axis is fully in conformity with the axial respect to grid position y / k Fig. 4, it is seen that at
compression and bending by transverse loading on the different sections the stress is positive at the left side
tooth. Further, the displacement pattern matches quite of the tooth and negative at the right side. At these
closely with that caused by a transverse end-loading sections the stress varies from maximum tension to
of cantilever. Over each section above the pitch-line, maximum compression as we move from left to right
the displacement changes from maximum negative to and the magnitude of these maximum tension and
maximum positive from left to right. This shows the compression increases from tip to root section. It is
similarity with cantilever action. As the loading is observed that the magnitude of the maximum
normally applied on left face near tip of the tooth, the
displacement will be maximum at top section and it
56 y
will gradually decrease as we move towards the Section
5
52
bottom section. This phenomenon is readily reflected 16
48
in the nature of distribution on different sections (Fig. 23
44
2). The displacement at the left end of section near the 40 Section 5 30
load shows the effect of local displacement due to the 36
Section 16
Section 23
loading on this section. The displacement effect also 32 Section 30
x

propagates under the root section, within the gear

4
v X 10

28
stock and finally vanishes to zero at far below the root 24
section. The displacements at both ends of the section 20
within the gear stock are also zero. This is due to the 16
fact that, at these points, they are specified rigidly 12
fixed. 8

The distribution of displacement component v , along 4

0
y / k presented in Fig. 3, shows that the displacement
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
is always positive. The displacement v is maximum
Distance, y / k
at the upper sections and gradually decreases towards
the bottom and vanishes completely at the bottom Figure 3. Distribution of v along
section which is inside the gear stock, specified as Different Sections of Profile B
compression at the right side is higher than that of The distribution of stress component τ xy at different
maximum tension at the left side. This conforms to
sections of the tooth with respect to grid distance
the loading on the tooth. The load is applied normally
y / k is shown in Fig. 6. The distributions of this
on the left surface of the involute tooth near the tip. It
has two components, the major one parallel to y that shear stress over the different cross-sections are
completely different from those observed in long
causes bending which produces compression at the
beams but in complete harmony with that found in
right side and tension at the left side, the other minor
deep beams by Ahmed [14]. The distribution at
component parallel to x that causes pure compression
sections close to the contact point resembles that
of the entire section. That is why in the left side of the
usually assumed for the case of direct shear. But, as
tooth the net tension is reduced and in the right side
the distance of the sections from the contact section
the net compression is increased. Therefore, the worst
increases, the distribution becomes similar to that
condition is at the right root region of the tooth in this
found by Filon, as reported in [18]. The distribution of
particular case. The stress magnitude just below the
shear stress on sections near the root is found to be
root section is less and gradually decreases to the
similar to that obtained by Ahmed et al. [13] at the
center of the gear but non zero on the bottom
fixed end-section of deep beams. As the root section
boundary which is specified as rigidly fixed. Root
of the gear tooth is similar to fixed end of beam, the
section is at the end of dedendum but, due to fillet
distribution of shear stress as obtained here on the
radius, the maximum stress develops just above this
section near the root is quite justified. The magnitude
section. The section immediately above the root
of shear stress becomes maximum at section before
section is subjected to the maximum stress at the
root, because of the effect of stress concentration due
compression side. In each section at centerline of gear
to high curvature change in the fillet. Beneath the
profile, the stress is negative. Therefore the
root-section, on the sections within the circular stock
compression zone is larger than the tension zone. This
is due to the same reason for which the compression is 3
Section
y

5
higher. Moreover, the stress distribution on section
near load is completely different from that on other 2 16

sections. The local compressive stress developed here 23

1 30
is much higher, which decreases at a very fast rate as
the distance from it increases. This phenomenon
σy X 104

x
0
conforms to the Saint Venants' principle.
6 y
S ec tio n -1
5

16
4 Section 5
23 -2
Section 16
30 Section 23
2 Section 30
x
-3
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
σ X 104

0 Distance, y / k
x

-2 Figure 5. Distribution of σ y along

Different Sections of Profile B
-4 S e ctio n 5
S e ctio n 16
S e ctio n 23
S e ctio n 30 3 y
-6 Section
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 5

D ista n ce , y / k
2 16
Section 5
Section 16 23

Figure 4. Distribution of σ x along 1 Section 23

Section 30
30

Different Sections of Profile B x

0
τxy X 104

The distribution of stress component σ y with respect

-1
to y / k at different sections is shown in Fig. 5. The
maximum stress is developed on the stock surface -2

near the root of the tooth and its value changes from
maximum tension at the left to the maximum -3

compression at the right of the gear-stock material by

-4
the tooth near its root. At section near the load, the 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
stress is due to the local action of applied load at the Distance, y / k
left of this section. At other sections, σ y is nearly
zero, as expected intuitively. Figure 6. Distribution of τ xy along
Different Sections of Profile B
 0 2e-4
1e-4
1e-4
6e-5
8e-5
1e-4
0 -6e-5
-4e-5
-2e-5
-8e-5
-1e-4
-1e-4
-2e-4
-2e-4 -2e-4 0 2e-5
0-2e-4 0 4e-5 3e-4
2e-5 2e-4
3e-4
3e-4
3e-4
3e-4
2e-4
-3e-4 -6e-5 1e-42e-4
2e-4 2e-4
1e-4
1e-4
-7e-4
-6e-4
-6e-4
-5e-4
-5e-4
-5e-4
-5e-4
-4e-4
-4e-4
-4e-4
-4e-4
-3e-4 -3e-4 3e-4 8e-5 6e-5
0 -2e-4
-2e-4
-2e-4 5 0 3e-4
2e-4
6e-5 4e-5
-1e-4
-1e-4
-1e-4 1e-4 2e-5
5 -8e-5 -8e-5
2e-5 0
0-4e-5 4e-5 4e-5
-2e-5 0 -8e-5 2e-5
0 10 0 6e-5 0
10 -1e-4-4e-5
-2e-5 2e-5
0 0 6e-5 2e-5
4e-5
-1e-4
-6e-5 4e-5 4e-5
-8e-5 0
0 15 6e-5
-1e-4

Height, x/h
15 0 -6e-5 -1e-4
-4e-5
Height, x/h

0 -2e-5 -1e-4
-1e-4
0 -2e-4 8e-5
0
-2e-4
-2e-4 1e-4 1e-4
-3e-4
-2e-4 20 1e-4 1e-4
3e-4
2e-4
0-1e-4 -2e-4
-2e-4-3e-4 2e-4
2e-4
20 -8e-5 -5e-4
-4e-4
-4e-4
-3e-4
-3e-4 6e-5
8e-5
1e-4 2e-5 1e-4
-6e-5
-4e-5
-2e-5 2e-5
4e-5
2e-41e-4 6e-5
1e-4
2e-4
0-2e-5 2e-4
0 2e-4 2e-5 2e-4 2e-5
2e-4 0
0 0 -8e-5 -3e-4-8e-50 2e-4 6e-5
4e-5
4e-5 -4e-4
-4e-4 -2e-5
-4e-5
-6e-5
-1e-4
-1e-4 6e-5 2e-4
3e-4
2e-4
3e-4 8e-5
1e-4 3e-4
3e-4
-8e-5 -3e-4
-3e-4 2e-4
2e-4 3e-4
2e-4
2e-4
2e-4 6e-5
-6e-5
-2e-5 -1e-4
-4e-5 -1e-4
-1e-4 -4e-4 25 6e-5 1e-4
25 -8e-5
-4e-5
-6e-5 -4e-4
-3e-4-2e-4
-3e-4
-3e-4
-3e-4 6e-5 1e-41e-4
-2e-5 2e-5 -2e-4
-2e-4
-2e-4 8e-5
-1e-4
-2e-4
-1e-4 4e-5
-1e-4
0 0 4e-5
30
30
-8e-5
0 -6e-5 2e-5 2e-5
34 34
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Width, y/k Width, y/k

Figure 7. Contour Plot of Figure 8. Contour Plot of Maximum

Principal Stress σ 2 of Profile B Shear Stress τ max of Profile B
y (mm)
of the gear, the magnitude of shear is found very low
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
and the pattern of distribution is observed similar to
0
that on sections close to the root. Load

A contour graph shown in Fig. 7 is prepared, so that 4

the stress concentration can be easily observed for this

particular case. The graph indicates an increase of 8

stress contours at the fillet portion of the tooth root.

Due to the effect of compressive stress, concentration 12

of stress contours is most obvious in the right critical

x (mm)

fillet zone. This perfectly matches with the 16

phenomena that the right portion of the tooth suffers

20
the compressive component of the load.
The effect of maximum shear stress is also presented 24
using a contour graph Fig. 8. The figure shows that
the right portion of the tooth suffers little more shear 28 Original profile
stress state compared to the left portion. A region near Deflected profile (deflection 100 times magnified)

the load is noticeable, which occurs due to the local 32

shear stress at that point.

The graph of Fig. 9 shows the deflection due to the
Figure 9. Original profile vs. deflected profile
load on the gear tooth. As the deflection is very small,
with hundred time magnified displacement of
it was magnified hundred times and plotted in the
figure with the original profile to make it visible. The Profile B
effect of load can be easily seen in the figure. The
tooth tends to bend to the right. Moreover, it is clear In case of profile A and B as seen in Fig. 10, profile B
that the left half portion of the teeth is increased in with lower pressure angle has higher stress at the root.
length while the right half portion is decreased. The As well, for profiles C and D as seen in Fig. 11, C
phenomenon complies perfectly with the effect on with lower pressure angle has higher stress. Keeping
displacement component u and v as described aside the effect of pitch diameter, i.e. number of teeth,
earlier. Further zooming at the portion near the point for a while we can conclude that the lower the
of application of load may reveal the deformation pressure angle value the higher the stress and
caused by local stress. vice-versa. The stress varies from positive maximum
to negative minimum, with zero approximately center
4.2 Effect of Gear Tooth Parameter on the of the profile.
Solution
From Fig. 12, Profile B with lower pressure angle has
4.2.1 Effect of Pressure Angle lower shear stress, unlike previous effect. But Profile
C and D in Fig. 13 have approximately similar stress
 6 4.2.2 Effect of module
The Fig. 14 shows the comparison of stresses along
4 x -direction due to the loading at the tip of the tooth
with the change in the module. It is observed that σ x
2
is maximum when the value of the module is lowest
σx x 104

0
and decreases with the increase of the module value,
while the other parameters were unchanged. This is
-2
due to the fact that with increase of module, pitch
diameter of the gear tooth increases causing the tooth
-4 to become bulkier and stronger. Again, with the
ProfileB (m10, fi20, N25) increase of module, the fillet radius of the tooth
ProfileA (m10, fi25, N25)
-6 increases which would cause to have lesser impact in
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 the root region (critical region) of the gear tooth. The
Distance, y / k
increase of module means the increase of the tooth
Figure 10. Comparison on pressure angle variation width from top to bottom. As a result, the stress is
observed to be less in the wider tooth for the same
of σ x at root section of gear tooth Profile A and B loading.

condition. Although it can be generally concluded,
that with the decrease in the pressure angle the shear
stress decreases, but keeping in mind that the effects
of pitch diameter in not taken into account. Moreover,
the shear stress was found to be always negative for
each case.
4
An inverse characteristic can be found from Fig. 15,
for the effect of module variation on τ xy . Although,
when only the magnitude is considered, it is observed
that the profile with lower module number have the
2
ProfileC (m10, fi14.5, N41)
ProfileD (m10, fi20, N41)

2
τxy x 104

0
σx x 104

-1

-2

-2
ProfileC (m10, fi14.5, N41) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
ProfileD (m10, fi20, N41) Distance, y / k
-4
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Distance, y / k Figure 13. Comparison on pressure angle
Figure11. Comparison on pressure angle variation variation of τ xy at root section of gear tooth
of σ x at root section of gear tooth Profile C and D Profile C and D

4
ProfileB (m10, fi20, N25)
ProfileA (m10, fi25, N25)
2

2
σx x 104

0
τxy x 104

-2

ProfileH (m8, fi20, N32)

-2
ProfileF (m10, fi20, N32)
ProfileG (m12, fi20, N32)
-4
-16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16
-4 Distance, y/k
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Distance, y / k
Figure 14. Comparison on module variation
Figure 12. Comparison on pressure angle variation of σ x at root section of gear tooth Profile F,
of τ xy at root section of gear tooth Profile A and B G and H
higher magnitude of shear stress. The end portions are
affected by the stress concentration controlled by the
fillet radius. The Profile F, with a module of 10 mm,
seems to have highest shear stress at the end portion.
4.2.3 Effect of No. of Teeth
The Fig. 16 shows the effect of teeth number variation
on σ x . From the figure it can be easily seen that the
stress increases with the decrease of No. of teeth. It
can be readily described from the fact that, with the
increase in the No. of teeth the pitch diameter
increases, hence the gear becomes bigger. With the
application of same load for all three gear teeth the
one with more teeth, i.e. the bigger one will be
stressed lesser. This effect is somewhat similar like
the effect of module as discussed earlier.
0
-2
-4
τxy x 104
then presents the comparison of gear teeth profiles
over the displacement produced and stresses
developed for the change of gear parameters. The load
may be considered as equivalent to an axial
compression, a transverse end load producing moment
on a cantilever. The general effect of the tip load of
gear teeth on the displacement is that the displacement
component u is higher on the right half portion of the
teeth. Moreover from a maximum positive value it
becomes gradually negative maximum. Also the
center of the effect shifted to the left from the center
of the gear tooth profile. The distributions of
displacement component v state that the tooth
deflects like a cantilever with end bending force. The
phenomenon observed in case of σ x also conforms to
the Saint Venants' principle. Other results also
conforms the existing theory relating to the subject
matter. The comparison shows that in case of pressure
angle variation the tooth with higher pressure angle
has lesser effect of stress. It was not possible to
compare all the standard pressure angle series keeping
the other parameters same. In this case a pair based
comparison was performed. The effect of module and

-6 No. of teeth can be considered singly as the effect of

-8 pitch diameter. It can be concluded from the result
and practical fact that the gears having higher module
-10
or more No. of teeth, that is gears having higher pitch
ProfileH (m8, fi20, N32)
-12
ProfileF (m10, fi20, N32) diameters will suffer less under load. It is evident
-14
ProfileG (m12, fi20, N32) from the fact that gears with higher pitch diameter
-16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 will be bigger in size thus stronger to sustain the same
Distance, y/k load.
Figure 15. Comparison on module variation
of τ xy at root section of gear tooth Profile F,
6. NOMENCLATURE:
G and H m Module
ϕ Pressure angle
N No. of teeth
6
u Displacement component along x
4 v Displacement component along y
un Normal displacement component
2
ut Tangential displacement component
σx x 104

0 σx Stress along x
-2
σy Stress along y
τ xy Shear stress
-4 ProfileF (m10, fi20, N32) σx Dimensionless stress along x , σ x / E
ProfileD (m10, fi20, N41)
ProfileE (m10, fi20, N23)
σy Dimensionless stress along y , σ y / E
-6
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 σn Normal stress
Distance, y/k
σt Tangential stress
Figure 16. Comparison on No. of teeth
σn Dimensionless normal stress, σ n / E
variation of σ x at root section of gear tooth
σt Dimensionless tangential stress, σ t / E
Profile D, E and F
σ1 , σ 2 Principal stresses
τ max Maximum shear stress
5. CONCLUSION l, m Direction cosines
This paper discusses the general effect of tip load as
observed in different gear teeth profiles. The paper
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