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magnifying transmitter design is somewhat different from sometimes called the transmission line. Since the
the classic two-coil Tesla coil circuit. In addition to the transmission line operates at relatively high RF voltages,
primary and secondary coils it had a third "resonator" it is typically made of 1" diameter metal tubing to reduce
coil, not magnetically coupled to the others, attached to corona losses. Since the third coil is located some
the top terminal of the secondary. When driven by the distance away from the driver, it is not magnetically
secondary it produced additional high voltage coupled to it. RF energy is instead directly coupled from
by resonance, being adjusted to resonate with its the output of the driver into the bottom of the third coil,
own parasitic capacitance at the frequency of the other causing it to "ring up" to very high voltages. The
coils. combination of the two-coil driver and third coil resonator
The Colorado Springs apparatus consisted of a 53-foot adds another degree of freedom to the system, making
diameter Tesla coil around the periphery of the lab, with a tuning considerably more complex that for a 2-coil
single-turn primary buried in the ground and a secondary system. The transient response for multiple resonance
of 50 turns of heavy wire on a 9 foot high circular networks (of which the Tesla magnifier is a sub-set) has
"fence". The primary was connected to a bank of only recently been solved[2]. It is now known that a
oil capacitors to make a tuned circuit, excited by a rotary variety of useful tuning "modes" are available, and in
spark gap at 20 - 40 kilovolts from a powerful utility most operating modes the extra coil will ring at a different
transformer. The top of the secondary was connected to a frequency than the master oscillator[3].
20 ft diameter "resonator" coil in the center of the room, Modern transistor or vacuum tube Tesla coils do not
attached to a telescoping 143 foot "antenna" with a 30- use a primary spark gap. Instead, the transistor(s) or
inch metal ball on top which could project through the vacuum tube(s) provide the switching or amplifying
roof of the lab. function necessary to generate RF power for the primary
circuit. Solid-state Tesla coils use the lowest primary
III. MODERN-DAY TESLA COILS operating voltage, typically between 155 to 800 volts, and
drive the primary winding using either a single, half-
Modern high-voltage enthusiasts usually build Tesla bridge, or full-bridge arrangement of bipolar
coils similar to some of Tesla's "later" 2-coil air-core transistors, MOSFETs or IGBTs to switch the primary
designs. These typically consist of a primary tank circuit, current. Vacuum tube coils typically operate with plate
a series LC (inductance-capacitance) circuit composed of voltages between 1500 and 6000 volts, while most spark
a high-voltage capacitor,spark gap and primary coil, and gap coils operate with primary voltages of 6,000 to
the secondary LC circuit, a series-resonant circuit 25,000 volts. The primary winding of a traditional
consisting of the secondary coil plus a terminal transistor Tesla coil is wound around only the bottom
capacitance or "top load". In Tesla's more advanced portion of the secondary coil. This configuration
(magnifier) design, a third coil is added. The secondary illustrates operation of the secondary as a pumped
LC circuit is composed of a tightly coupled air-core resonator. The primary 'induces' alternating voltage into
transformer secondary coil driving the bottom of a the bottom-most portion of the secondary, providing
separate third coil helical resonator. Modern 2-coil regular 'pushes' (similar to providing properly timed
systems use a single secondary coil. The top of the pushes to a playground swing). Additional energy is
secondary is then connected to a topload terminal, which transferred from the primary to the secondary inductance
forms one 'plate' of a capacitor, the other 'plate' being the and top-load capacitance during each "push", and
earth (or "ground"). The primary LC circuit is tuned so secondary output voltage builds (called 'ring-up'). An
that it resonates at the same frequency as the secondary electronic feedback circuit is usually used to adaptively
LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are synchronize the primary oscillator to the growing
magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air- resonance in the secondary, and this is the only tuning
core transformer. Earlier oil-insulated Tesla coils needed consideration beyond the initial choice of a reasonable
large and long insulators at their high-voltage terminals to top-load.
prevent discharge in air. Later Tesla coils spread their In a dual resonant solid-state Tesla coil (DRSSTC), the
electric fields over larger distances to prevent high electronic switching of the solid-state Tesla coil is
electrical stresses in the first place, thereby allowing combined with the resonant primary circuit of a spark-gap
operation in free air. Most modern Tesla coils also use Tesla coil. The resonant primary circuit is formed by
toroid-shaped output terminals. These are often fabricated connecting a capacitor in series with the primary winding
from spun metal or flexible aluminum ducting. The of the coil, so that the combination forms a series tank
toroidal shape helps to control the high electrical field circuit with a resonant frequency near that of the
near the top of the secondary by directing sparks outward secondary circuit. Because of the additional resonant
and away from the primary and secondary windings. circuit, one manual and one adaptive tuning adjustment
A more complex version of a Tesla coil, termed a are necessary. Also, an interrupter is usually used to
"magnifier" by Tesla, uses a more tightly coupled air-core reduce the duty cycle of the switching bridge, to improve
resonance "driver" transformer (or "master oscillator") peak power capabilities; similarly, IGBTs are more
and a smaller, remotely located output coil (called the popular in this application than bipolar transistors or
"extra coil" or simply theresonator) that has a large MOSFETs, due to their superior power handling
number of turns on a relatively small coil form. The characteristics. A current-limiting circuit is usually used
bottom of the driver's secondary winding is connected to to limit maximum primary tank current (which must be
ground. The opposite end is connected to the bottom of switched by the IGBT's) to a safe level. Performance of a
the extra coil through an insulated conductor that is DRSSTC can be comparable to a medium-power spark-
International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering – ISEEE-2015, Galati, Romania
gap Tesla coil, and efficiency (as measured by spark currently resides in a private sculpture park at Kakanui
length versus input power) can be significantly greater Point near Auckland, New Zealand. The most powerful
than a spark-gap Tesla coil operating at the same input conical Tesla coil (1.5 million volts) was installed in 2002
power. at the Mid-America Science Museum in Hot Springs,
IV. APPLICATIONS Arkansas. This is a replica of the Griffith Observatory
conical coil installed in 1936.
Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in sparkgap
radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the B. WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION
1920s[1], and in electrotherapy and pseudomedical
devices such as violet ray. Today, although small Tesla Tesla used his Tesla coil circuits to perform the first
coils are used as leak detectors in scientific high vacuum experiments in wireless power transmission at the turn of
systems and igniters in arc welders[4], their main use is the 20th century[5], In the period 1891 to 1904 he
entertainment and educational displays, Tesla coils are experimented with transmitting RF power between
built by many high-voltage enthusiasts, research elevated metal terminals by capacitive coupling and
institutions, science museums, and independent between coils of wire by inductive coupling. In
experimenters. Although electronic circuit controllers demonstrations before the American Institute of Electrical
have been developed, Tesla's original spark gap design is Engineers[6] and at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in
less expensive and has proven extremely reliable. Chicago he lit light bulbs from across a stage. [35] He found
he could increase the distance by using a receiving LC
A. ENTERTAINMENT circuit[7] tuned to resonance with the Tesla coil's LC
circuit, transferring energy by resonant inductive
Tesla coils are very popular devices among coupling. At his Colorado Springs laboratory during
certain electrical engineers and electronics enthusiasts. 1899-1900, by using voltages of the order of 20
Builders of Tesla coils as a hobby are called "coilers". A megavolts generated by his enormous magnifying
very large Tesla coil, designed and built by Syd Klinge, is transmittercoil, he was able to light three incandescent
shown every year at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts lamps at a distance of about 100 feet (30 m). The resonant
Festival, in Coachella, Indio, California, USA. People inductive coupling technique pioneered by Tesla has
attend "coiling" conventions where they display their recently become a central concept in modern wireless
home-made Tesla coils and other electrical devices of power development, and is being widely used in short
interest. Austin Richards, a physicist in California, created range wireless transmission systems like cellphone
a metal Faraday Suit in 1997 that protects him from Tesla charging pads.
Coil discharges. In 1998, he named the character in the The inductive and capacitive coupling used in Tesla's
suit Doctor MegaVolt and has performed all over the experiments are "near-field" effects, meaning that the
world and at Burning Man 9 different years. energy transferred decreases with the sixth power of the
Low-power Tesla coils are also sometimes used as a distance between transmitter and receiver, so they cannot
high-voltage source for Kirlian photography. be used for long-distance transmission. However, Tesla
Tesla coils can also be used to generate sounds, was obsessed with developing a long range wireless
including music, by modulating the system's effective power transmission system which could transmit power
"break rate" (i.e., the rate and duration of high power RF from power plants directly into homes and factories
bursts) via MIDI data and a control unit. The actual MIDI without wires, described in a visionary June, 1900 article
data is interpreted by a microcontroller which converts in Century Magazine; "The Problem of Increasing Human
the MIDI data into a PWM output which can be sent to Energy", and he believed resonance was the key. Tesla
the Tesla coil via a fiber optic claimed to be able to transmit power on
interface. The YouTube video Super Mario Brothers a worldwide scale, using a method that involved
theme in stereo and harmony on two coils shows a conduction through the Earth and atmosphere[8]. Tesla
performance on matching solid state coils operating at was vague about his methods. One of his ideas was that
41 kHz. The coils were built and operated by designer transmitting and receiving terminals could be suspended
hobbyists Jeff Larson and Steve Ward. The device has in the air by balloons at 30,000 feet (9,100 m) altitude,
been named the Zeusaphone, after Zeus, Greek god of where the air pressure is lower[9]. At this altitude, Tesla
lightning, and as a play on words referencing thought, an ionized layer would allow electricity to be
the Sousaphone. The idea of playing music on the singing sent at high voltages (millions of volts) over long
Tesla coils flies around the world and a few distances.
followers continue the work of initiators. An extensive In 1901, Tesla began construction of a high-voltage
outdoor musical concert has demonstrated using Tesla wireless power station, the Wardenclyffe Tower at
coils during the Engineering Open House (EOH) at Shoreham, New York. Essentially a large Tesla coil
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The intended as a prototype transmitter for a "World Wireless
Icelandic artist Björk used a Tesla coil in her song System" that was to transmit both information and power
"Thunderbolt" as the main instrument in the song. The worldwide, by 1904 he had lost funding and the facility
musical group ArcAttack uses modulated Tesla coils and was never completed. Although Tesla seems to have
a man in a chain-link suit to play music. believed his ideas were proven, he had a history of
The world's largest currently existing two-coil Tesla making claims that he had not confirmed by
coil is a 130,000-watt unit, part of a 38-foot-tall (12 m) experiment, and there seems to be no evidence that he
sculpture titled Electrum owned by Alan Gibbs and ever transmitted significant power beyond the short-range
International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering – ISEEE-2015, Galati, Romania
VI. REFERENCES