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INSURED EDITOR
Director of Marine Geological Institute
EDITORIAL BOARDS
DR. Ir. Ediar Usman, MT.
Ir. Noor Cahyo Dwi Aryanto, MT.
Ir. I Wayan Lugra
Priatin Hadi Widjaja, ST., MT.
SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS
DR. Hermes Panggabean, M.Sc. (sedimentologist-fossil Fuel)
Prof. Ris. DR. Ir. Edi Prasetyo Utomo (exploration geophysicist)
Prof. Ris. I Gusti Ngurah Ardha, M.Sc. (mineralogist)
DR. Eng. Iman Ahmad Sadisun, ST., MT. (technique geologist)
DR. Ir. Khoiril Anwar Maryunani, MT. (Biostratigraphy & paleoclimatologist)
Prof. DR. Ir. Rachmat Heryanto Sutjipto (Sedimentologi), PSG
Prof. DR. Ir. Hardi Prasetyo (Geologi Kelautan), HAGI
Dra. Kresna Tri Dewi, M.Sc. (Mikropaleontologi)
PUBLISHER BOARDS
Asep Makmur, S.Si. (Chief)
Nazar Nurdin, ST.
Godwin Latuputty, ST.
Sutisna
Cover Figure : Outcrop of Kayan Sandstone at Temaju Coast, West Kalimantan Province (by: Godwin Latuputty, 2012)
PREFACE
Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia (MGI'S) responsibilities are to provide marine geoscientific map,
research and information to support sustainable development of Indonesian's mineral and petroleum industries,
mapping of Indonesian Coastal and Ocean Territory, identification of marine and coastal geological hazards,
and to provide marine and coastal geological and geophysical data base for marine and coastal landscape.
In this second edition of year 2014, the number of important information are highlighted involving: The
Correlation Between Benthic Foraminifera and Sediment Types of South Makassar Strait; Characteristic of
Shallow Subsurface Lithology Based on Ground Probing Radar Data Interpretation at Temaju Coast, Sambas
District, West Kalimantan Province; Suppressing Diffraction Effect Using Kirchhoff Pre-stack Time Migration
on 2D Seismic Multichannel Data at Flores Sea;Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of
Lontar Village, Serang - Banten; Indication of Hydrothermal Alteration Activities Based on Petrography of
Volcanic Rocks in Abang Komba Submarine Volcano, East Flores Sea.
From the desk of editors, thank to the authors who contribute their valuable papers for the readers.
Editors
ISSN 1410-6175
C O N TE N S
The Correlation Between Benthic Foraminifera and Sediment Types of South Makassar Strait
Sheilla Zallesa, Kresna Tri Dewi, Noor Cahyo Dwi Aryanto, and Riza Rahardiawan .................................................................. 53-59
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten
Semeidi Husrin, Joko Prihantono and Hadi Sofyan......................................................................................................................... 81-89
2Research and Development Center for Marine & Coastal Resources, Ministry of Marine & Fisheries
Jalan Pasir Putih I Ancol Timur14430 Jakarta – Indonesia, Email: prihantono@gmail.com
(Received 20 May 2014; in revised form 25 November 2014; accepted 4 December 2014)
A B S T R AC T : Marine sand mining activities in Lontar Village have been started legally since 2003 and
temporarily halted in 2013. The locals blamed the activities for severe environmental destruction in almost
every corner of the village such as low productivity ofaquaculture, coastal erosion, and habitat loss. This
paper has an objective to provide preliminary data and analyses for environmental impact assessment of
marine sand mining in Serang (Lontar Village). Field investigations were carried out in June 2014 to collect
primary data such as bathymetrical data and water quality parameters in the region to understand the
environmental conditions after 10 years of marine sand mining activities as well as the characteristicsof local
oceanography. Extensive interview with the locals were also conducted to collect information about the
socio-economic conditions of the village. Field findings showed that LontarVillage have experienced critical
environmental problems such as coastal erosion, high turbidiy and loss of marine lives. Moreover, we also
found that the abandoned aquaculture fields have also been converted as sand mining quarries.
Recommendations to reduce further environmental damage in Lontar Village are proposed considering both
socio-economy and physical aspects.
Keywords: sand mining, Lontar village, environmental damage, erosion
AB ST R A K : Aktifitas penambangan pasir laut di Kampung Lontar telah dimulai secara legal sejak 2003 dan
telah berhenti untuk sementara tahun 2013. Keberatan penduduk setempat terhadap aktifitas penambangan tersebut
adalah disebabkan oleh adanya gangguan lingkungan di hampir setiap sudut perkampungan seperti rendahnya
produktifitas budidaya perikanan, erosi pantai dan hilangnya. berbagai aneka ragam habitat. Tujuan penelitian ini
adalah untuk mendapatkan data awal dan analisis terhadap pengaruh lingkungan akibat aktifitas penambangan
pasir laut. Penyelidikan lapangan telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni 2014 yaitu untuk mengumpukan data
sekunder seperti batimetri dan parameter kualitas air di kawasan tersebut. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeahui
kondisi lingkungan setelah 10 tahun aktifitas penambangan pasir laut, begitu juga karakteristik oseanografi daerah
tersebut. Wawancara intensif dengan penduduk lokal telah dilakukan juga untuk mengumpulkan informasi tentang
kondisi sosial ekonomi perkampungan tersebut. Temuan lapangan menunjukkan bahwa perkampungan Lontar
mengalami masalah lingkungan yang kritis seperti proses erosi pantai, kekeruhan yang tinggi, dan hilangnya
kehidupan laut. Lebih lanjut lagi penelitian ini telah menemukan bahwa sekumpulan ladang budidaya perairan telah
beralih menjadi tambang pasir. Saran untuk memperkecil kerusakan lingkungan lebih jauh di Perkampungan Lontar,
diusulkan pertimbangan aspek sosial ekonomi dan aspek fisik.
Kata kunci : tambang pasir, Perkampungan Lontar, kerusakan lingkungan, erosi.
81
INTRODUCTION (Thornton,2007, Kusumawati, 2008), marine pollution
Rapid infrastructure development in large cities (Nasution et al., 2004), social conflicts (Kusumawati,
like Jakarta requires more spaces and large amount of 2008), hydrodynamics changes (Pranowo and Husrin,
construction materials. This condition has forced 2005) and severe environmental degradation (Young
authorities to find alternatives for spaces by reclaiming and Griffith, 2009) are some of them. For the case of
coastal areas. Sands, one of important construction Lontar Village, marine sand mining has also triggered
materials for the reclamation of coastal area have long the locals (fishermen and farmers communities) to mine
been transported to Northen Jakarta from neighbouring sands in the beach or in fish ponds due to higher
regions like Serang in Banten Province. Marine sand economic values than fishing or farming. This condition
mining in Java Sea of Serang has been started since has led to more damaging to the environment. This
2003. In 2003 – 2008, the activities intensified due high paper describes the latest conditions of coastal area in
demand from the reclamation project of Pantai Indah Lontar Village (physicalprocesses and social aspects)
Kapuk (PIK) in North Jakarta. Legal tools have also and the effects to the communities after 10 years of
been provided by the local government by releasing marine sand mining operation (2003 - 2013). The
local governmentregulation(or Perda) about marine objective of this research is to provide preliminary data
sand mining No.540/Kep.68/Huk/2003 and working and analyses (bathymetry, water quality and existing
permits for several dredging companies. Since sands environmental conditions) for environmental impact
from the Northern Sea of Serang have high economic assessment of marine sand mining in Serang (Lontar
values and the distance from the quarries to the Village) based on the latest observation and the
reclamation site (North Jakarta) is about 60 km, the collected primary data in the field.
marine sand mining will continue in years to come as
stated in the latest Local Regulation, Perda No. No. 2/ METHODS
2013 about zonation of coastal area and the sea of Literature study was first conducted to obtain
Serang Regency. Though marine sand mining activities information about the area, marine sand mining related
in Serang have been temporarily halted in 2013 through issues, coastal resources of the area, social and
local governmentregulation No. 540/02-Huk.BPTM/ economic conditions, and hydro-oceanographic
2013and because of the pressure from the coastal characteristics. We found many critical issues from the
village communities, the continuation of future mining media (online newspapers) involving coastal
is still wide open, particularly for the construction of the communities, NGOÊs, private companies, governments,
Jakarta Giant Seawall Project. Moreover, the Agency and politicians. This indicates that marine sand mining
for Environment(BLH) of Serang in 2013 have has drawn pubic attentions and be part of national
alsoreleased a list of eight companies eligible to mine issues. However, there were few scientific publications
the sands from the sea in the North of Serang. related to this issues especially in the research location
The impact of marine sand mining has been of SerangBanten. Based on the literature studies, field
discussed in many publications. Coastal erosion investigations in Lontar Village were carried out to
collect data on water
qualityparameters, bathymetry
and environmental conditions of
the village. Water quality
parameters consists of DO, pH,
Turbidity, Salinity, Temperature,
and Chlorophyll. The
parameters were measured in
situ using Multi-parameters
checker from TOA-DKK. The
bathymetry of Lontar Waters
were measured using a single-
beamechosounder (Echotrak
CVM Teledyne Odom
Hydrographic) with Real Time
Kinematic (RTK) GPS from
Trimble for positioning system.
Figure 1. The location of marine sand mining in Serang and its distance from Jakarta The impacts of marine sand
(Google Earth Image) mining to the communities in the
Mangroves
LontarVillage
Beachsand
miningarea
Figure 3. Existing environmental conditions of Lontar
Village (Google Earth Image)
b) c)
RESULTS
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten 83
Table 2: Water quality parameters measurements in
coastal waters of Lontar (see Figure 5)
Seaweeds
farms
7
9 8
6 5 Mangroves
12
10 11 1 4
2
3
3
2
1
5
4
Measurementpointsinland
Measurementpointsincoastal
waters
Bathymetry measurement
The measurement of bathymetry was carried out to
investigate the concession area of marine sand mining
offshore the Lontar Village. Figure 6 shows the
bathymetry of Lontar Village as well as the area
permitted for marine sand mining offshore the village.
It shows that the bathymetry of the area is generally flat
up to 2 km offshore. The Western part is steeper than the
Eastern part where River Ciujung is located. The
marine sand mining area started from the water depth of
6 m.
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten 85
Figure 8. Coastal erosion in the old and accretion in the new Ciujung Delta (Maps from Dishidros and
BIG)
environmental damage (lost of marine lives, high Studies in 1995 -2001 showed that the erosion rate
turbidity) directly felt by fishermen communities. of TanjungPontang have removed 3 km of wide beach
Decrease of catchedfish and operational disturbance of and caused high turbidity in TelukBanten(Hoekstra, et
traditional fishermen have resulted in social conflicts in al., 2003). This occurs because dominant westward
many levels among fishermen, local government and tidal currentsand wave-driven currents transported
private companies. Poor law enforcement, unbalanced materials from the eroded TanjungPontang to the bay
CSR funds distribution and minimum supervision to the (TelukBanten). The report concluded that sediment
mining activities have worsen the situation in Lontar materials from TanjungPontang is apparently the main
Village during the mining project. Due to low source of sedimentation in TelukBanten. Reworking of
production of fish ponds (tambak), the locals started to physicalprocessesoccurring along the coastline from
mine sands in their own ponds in 2007. The activities the old delta of River Ciujung to the new one is clearly
has grown rapidly and now they are equipped with observed from the GIS analysis using the old official
hundreds of trucks (capacity 1.25 m3) to carry sands map of the navy (Dishidros) and the new marine map
from dead fish ponds. This situation worsen from the BIG (The Agency for Information
environmental conditions in the village. ofGeospatial). Fig 8 shows that the eroded area of old
GIS analyses showed that coastal erosion have run Ciujung Delta (where Lontar Village is located) has
3 times faster during the marine sand marine sand beenbalanced by the deposition (accretion) in the New
mining activities (2003 - 2007) than before the activities delta of Ciujung river. This findings make the analyses
(1991-2002) (Kusumawati, 2008). However, this of coastal erosion due to marine sand mining is rather
finding have not supported by both hydrodynamics and difficult to conclude.
sediment transport data. TanjungPontang has been The flow of sediment materials from
naturally eroded since 19 century due to diversion of the TanjungPontang to TelukBanten was qualitatively
old Ciujung River in the West to the new one in the East investigated by means of hydrodynamics simulation of
of the village (Ongkosongo and Wijonarko, 2004). This tidal currents around the area. Figure 9 shows tidal
situation have resulted in the decrease of sediment current circulation patterns during spring tide around
supplies in the area and reworking of the coastline by TanjungPontang using Hydrodynamic Model MIKE21.
marine processes have started (erosion). The bathymetry of the model was taken from the Navy
(Dishidros). The boundary conditions of the models
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten 87
Figure 10. The 3D Lontar bathymetry showing basins as the results of sand mining in the previous years (see also
Figure 6).
Figure 11. The flowchart impacts of marine sand mining in the Village of Lontar,
Serang
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten 89
90 Semeidi Husrin, et.al.
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Katili. .I.A., 1978, Past and present geotectonics position of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tectonophysics, 45 : 289-322.
• For edited symposia, special issues, etc., published in periodical
Silitonga. P.H., Pudjowaluyo, H. and Molat, H., 1981, Geological Reconnaissance and mineral prospecting on
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Tectonic of Eastern Indonesia, Pergamon Press : 373-381.
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