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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195

1st International Conference Green Cities 2014 – Green Logistics for Greener Cities

5 cases in the last 100 meters of delivery of goods

Krzysztof Lewandowski*
Wrocław University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 5 Łukasiewicza St., Wrocław 50-370, Poland

Abstract

This article presents a methodology to develop parametric data for modeling deliveries in city logistics based on a study of 900
real sales points. This paper describes five specific cases of deliveries in the last 100 meters, when the vehicle is stopped. The
results are based on students' theses, realized on Wrocław University of Technology.
©
© 2014
2013 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Publishedby
byElsevier
ElsevierLtd.
Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Cities 2014.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Cities 2014
Keywords: city logistics, goods movement, field research, modeling.

1. Introduction

It is common for supply issues to be analyzed under the following topics:

arrangement of warehouses,
routing directions for vehicles using various methods such as the task of a Salesman, ants algorithm, the method
of the shortest paths in the network, the minimum spanning tree, zoning and other service areas, and
choice sequence transport to customers, using for example rule CRM, customer ratings.

The above issues are concerned with the transport to the client. However, the last phase of delivery-delivering the
goods is recognized as a delivery time. Very often, it is assumed that the value of this apriori delivery time is about

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +48-71-320-41-51.

E-mail address: krzysztof.lewandowski@pwr.wroc.pl

1877-0428 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Cities 2014
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.018
184 Krzysztof Lewandowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195

15 minutes for the all of the goods supplied. Meanwhile, this study investigated the actual conditions of delivery to
the customer at the center of the city on the basis of 900 sales points indicates that it is wrong.
These studies reveal very different values of delivery time depending on several governing conditions. This
article presents an analysis of five real cases to define the time of delivery in modeling supply in city logistics.

2. Paper Review

The area of city logistics often uses the term delivery. The delivery process is a part of supply chain at the last
link, from last warehouse to recipient. Here due to difficult conditions for delivery vehicles, problems with stopping
and obstacles with accessing time to city center, without possibility to stopping the delivery vehicle in a safety place
for carrier and for other users of road traffic [3], [17], [22]. Urban goods movement (UGM) is integrated approach
needed to address issues associated with congestion and air quality with respect to urban structure through the land
use transport interaction [22]. Goods movement is the last phase of the delivery process (Figure 1).

Figure. 1. Place of goods movement in supply chain and delivery process (own work)

The reliability of supply processes mainly encompass [15]:

delivery reliability – defined as the probability of in-full delivery being performed without any delay with respect
to the customer’s specified time,
transport reliability – the probability of fault-free delivery being performed on time, and
reliability of logistic support infrastructure – which includes performance parameters of support personnel and
support facilities (support and test equipment and support tools).

Reliability of the delivery process is regarded as the most important of the logistics processes with respect to
potential losses [16]. Service reliability for logistics networks is defined as [16]:

Rd = P (tdo < tdapriori) (1)

where:
tdo – reality time of delivery,
tdapriori – pre-specified time limit, assumed time.
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3. Problem Definition

In this article it is shown that delivery time Td is linked with technical and organizational conditions under
unloading process and goods movement when the vehicle is stopped. In this subject we analyze only the influence of
technical equipment of carriers to the pre-specified time limit, assumed time tdapriori. Here the proposition to is to
calculate tdapriori where we don’t add any influence of outside sources, such as road traffic, robbery or damage to
the cargo when performing the unloading process.

4. Conditions that determine the delivery time (tdo)

The basis for determining the value of the delivery time (tdo) are the result of the supplies launched under the
program DORED in the years 2004-2012 [1],[2],4],[5],[8],[9],[10],[12],[13],[18],[19],[20],[21],[23]. During this
program 900 sales points were examined. Field studies were conducted by students of the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering Wrocław University of Technology in the framework of the thesis.
The main elements that determine the actual delivery time are:

a) car type Rs:

- Maximum payload / tare weight limit,
- Whether it has a level floor over the entire width and length, this affects the whether it can use EUR pallet
without demoulding, if you need the goods spread out in the vehicle,
b) car equipment Ws
- Is equipped with buildings inside the cargo space, if the shelf goods before delivery must be spread, if not, the
goods can be loaded directly onto pallets as long as the floor is level over the entire width and length,
- Is equipped with a self-unloading device, tail lift or crane HDS,
c) the equipment driver unloads Wkpsr auxiliary equipment, platform trucks two or four wheels, etc.
d) the actual conditions of traveling to collect goods :
- Whether a dealer has its own place for the supply of goods,
- If access to the site for delivery of goods is always ensured,
- Whether the place of delivery for goods is not occupied by other vehicles,
- Is trading allows the use of pallets, ie whether its door openings are not too narrow for passing pallets 800mm
wide.
e) Equipment of recipient with the auxiliary unloading equipment, platform trucks two or four, etc. Wopsr
f) the size of the portion of delivery, Wd

Therefore can be said the delivery time tdo depends on the aforementioned variables:

(2)
Here, we consider a hypothetical delivery of goods with a total mass of 250 kg.

5. Cases of delivery

5.1. The primary method of delivery of the goods by the supplier when the vehicle is stopped is by hand delivery.
Here the load is usually ordered in bulk packaging. Widely used in trade packs, boxes and bags for homogeneous
goods in packages of individual:

Sugar, flour and salt in a pack 1kg, in packs of 10 kg,

Drinks in baskets containing 9, 12 or 16 pieces, but with a mass of 10-12kg, and
Vegetables in bags and boxes weighing up to 10-15 kg, rarely are weight 25 kg, eg potatoes.

We assume that delivery trucks have a load in the form of packaging arranged in packets orders for each
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recipient. When the driveway to the next point need to add a delivery time of about 10 minutes to translate the load
in the vehicle. This time can be added in the analysis of delivery to the next step. This situation occurs when to
delivery uses vehicles that do not have a level floor over the entire width and length. In this study 900 points were
identified where 88% of deliveries were used cars without any self-unloading device. This way the load on the car
without any hardware to self-unloading was observed in 55% of the surveyed points.

Figure 2. Delivery truck equipment with taillift with packages of cargo on pallets for each recipient

In continuous operation which is cyclical and has a heavy reliance receiving cargo from a delivery truck to the
shop there are health and safety regulations [7].

These rules say that:

Lifting and carrying weights limits for an adult employee are [7]:

a) for men:
- 30 kg at continuous operation,
- 50 kg casual work,
- 30 kg to a height> 4m,
- 30 kg at a distance> 25m.
b) for women:
- 12 kg at continuous operation,, 3 kg for pregnant women and breast-feeding,
- 20 kg at a casual work (up to 4 times per hour during the work shift), 5 kg for pregnant and breast-feeding
women.
 Krzysztof Lewandowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195 187

In addition, it is unacceptable to move objects for a distance greater than 25m and weighing more than 500 kg,
keeping in mind that lifting and moving more than 50 kg objects by an employee is prohibited [15].
As a result of more than 900 actual sales points established [1],[2],4],[5],[8],[9],[10],[12],[13],[18],[19],[20],
[21],[23], 49% of delivery trucks parked up to 5m away from receivers, 32% at a distance of 5 to 20 m and 19% a
distance of more than 20 m.
Therefore based on real tests can be assumed that the probability that the distance of the place of delivery to the
receiving store is more than 5 meters, is:
(3)

Which in the case the test results gives a value of:

(4)

Therefore it can be assumed that the distance from the point of delivery to the receiver is:

(5)

Therefore it can be assumed that the duration of delivery time tdo is:

(6)
where:

to1 - the time of the supplier to the customer, checking invoices, an indication of the view loads in the shop or in
front of him, to1 = 2 min
n - number of complete cycles of cargo transfered from the car to the shop,
assuming that the mass delivery charge is 250kg and the load is divided by the packaging of mass 10kg, we get:

=25 (7)

vpzl10kg - the speed of the human walking with a load of 10kg

, (8)
(data obtained from observation)

vp – the speed of the human walking without a load

/m, (9)
(data obtained from observation)

l - distance between the delivery place and the receiving point

(10)

to2 - shutter load box car, retrieve the cargo, and the closure of the cargo box to2 = 0.5 min
– time to close the door load box van after delivery of the last batch, checking documentation, the passage of the
supplier to the cab driver, take a seat behind the steering wheel to check the next journey, setting driving directions,
starting the engine.
(11)
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Therefore substituting into the formula we get that the duration of delivery time tdo with a mass 250 kg with only
manual work is:

(12)

If the weight of the load supply is higher, the time will be longer. Therefore the probability of keeping a delivery
time compared to a model delivery time, a priori, to the calculated on the basis of real studies. Assuming that the
probability of satisfactory delivery time deemed made as technical fitness amounts.

(13)

Figure 3. Graph probability of keep delivery times as technical fitness, at the recognition indicated by level 0.75, case 1
Own work

5.2. We assume that delivery vehicle collected load in the form of packages on pallets of cargo.
Loading is done in warehouses, and pallets are loads of packages in the form of homogeneous cargo that is on
each pallet are the same type of goods, the supplier shall supply realizing completion delivery charge consecutively
with each pallet individually.
 Krzysztof Lewandowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195 189

Figure 4. View load box overloaded delivery vehicle

Główny Inspektorat Transportu Drogowego: Przeładowane dostawczaki, 13/01/14,
http://www.gitd.gov.pl/content/przeladowane-dostawczaki

This manner of loading the car without any equipment to self-unloading was observed in 45% of the surveyed
points. This necessitates the adoption of time to2 - opening time load box on the delivery vehicle, retrieving the
cargo, and closing the cargo box is not to2 = 0.5 min, but larger, about 1.5 min, due to the additional time spent to
choose the load for the contract and move the load box out of the vehicle.

Figure 5. Graph probability keep delivery times as technical fitness of, at the recognition designated horizontal 0.75, case 2.

Thus, keeping delivery times tdo considered as delivered during the assumed time, the delivery time tdapriori
with the probability of recognition λzadtd ≥ 0.75 can be satisfied only for supplying up to 100kg, not more than 5m
from stopping place to delivery truck from the point of receipt of the delivery store. Do not interpret this graph that
190 Krzysztof Lewandowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195

reliability of supply is more than 100%. In practice, logistics managers interpret these data that the supply during the
assumed time, there is a certain probability of 99.9%, or 1, wide margin time for its realization.

5.3. We assume that the delivery vehicle collected the load in the form of packages on pallets of cargo. The supplier
uses a hand platform truck for delivery .
Loading is done in warehouses, and pallets contain loads of packages in the form of homogeneous cargo that are on
each pallet are the same type of goods, the supplier uses a platform hand truck with a capacity of 150kg (Figures 6a
and 6b).

Figure 6a. Suppliers with hand truck on a street of Wroclaw Figure 6b. Supplier with hand truck in the street of London
Own work Own work
Assuming that one hand truck can take a load of 150kg, the number of cycles for delivery weight of 250kg is 2
This necessitates the adoption of time to2 - opening time load box car, retrieving the cargo, and closing the cargo
box is not to2 = 0.5 min, but is larger, about 4.5 min, due to the additional time spent choosing the load of the
contract and moving inside the load box of the delivery vehicle. There must also be additional time discharging the
hand truck, then 2 * to2 = 9 min. This results from the measurements at 5 points that indicated that the need for
about 1.5 minutes load of 50kg per 10kg each pieces.

Figure 7. Graph probability keep delivery times as technical fitness of, at the recognition designated horizontal 0.75, case 3.
 Krzysztof Lewandowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195 191

The formula for the delivery time take the form:

(14)

vjzl150kg - the speed of the person pushing the truck with a load 150kg

(15)
(data obtained from observation)

– the speed of the person drawing an empty the truck:

/m, (16)
(data obtained from observation)

Thus (Figure 7), keeping delivery times tdo considered as delivered during the assumed time, the delivery time
(tdapriori) with the probability recognition λzadtd ≥ 0.75 can be met for the supply of up to 150kg, but not more
than 10 meters from stopping place to delivery truck from the receipt of the delivery shop. Platform hand trucks cost
about 270 zł (66 €). The life of such a truck is about 5 years. Thus, the monthly cost is 4.5 zł per vehicle (1.1 €).

5.4. We assume that delivery vehicle collected load in the form of packages on pallets of cargo. Supplier an
appointment with the customer and leaves their goods outside the shop.

Loading is done in a warehouse, and on pallets ie. each pallet is placed in packets for successive orders, the
supplier realizing supply uses a mechanical device for self-unloading and hand fork truck for pallets, with or no
self-propelled. This necessitates the adoption of time to2 - opening time load box car, retrieve the cargo, and the
closure of the cargo box is not to2 = 0.5 min, but is larger about 3.5 min.

Figure 8. Light self-propelled hand pallet truck

Linde Material Handling: Eurostar selects new Linde CiTi-Truck as rail side delivery solution for palletised goods, 25-Oct-2011,
http://www.linde-mh.co.uk/en/country_site_uk/news_infoservices/news_info_services_details_1281.html

In studies 900 points were identified that 12% of deliveries used cars for self-unloading . In the middle of them
has been found that the pallet is supplied to the interior of the shop through the door and is involved in the
unloading. If the supplier does not wait to unload pallets, leaving the delivery of the remaining points, and then
doing reverse course collecting empty pallets.
192 Krzysztof Lewandowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195

Assuming that there is a pallet load of 550kg obtain that number of pallets for delivery by weight 250kg. is

(17)

vjzl250kg - the speed of the person pushing the truck with load 250kg

(18)
(data obtained from observation)

– the speed of the person drawing an empty the truck

/m, (19)
(data obtained from observation)

Figure 9. Graph probability keep delivery times as technical fitness of, at the recognition 0.75 designated the horizontal, case 4

Thus, keeping delivery times tdo considered as delivered during the assumed time tdapriori the delivery time
with the probability recognition λzadtd ≥ 0.75 can be fulfilled in order all shipments weighing up to 500kg, but at a
distance up to 30 meters from stopping place to delivery truck from the receipt of the delivery shop.
With using equipment to self-unloading as lifting equipment is mandatory periodic inspection of the Office of
Technical Inspection. Operation of this equipment without a valid certificate of technical test is punishable by a fine,
an administrative and stopping the vehicle registration document. The vehicle is permanently associated with the
device. Thus, if it is a tail-lift, it blocks the possibility of using a load box vehicle.
Price of hand pallet truck is about 1200 zł (203 €) without self-propelled, and self-propelled about 7000 zł (1708
€). Thus, the cost per month for 5 years is respectively 20 (5€) and 117 zł (29 €). The cost of using the side hopper is
about 500 zł (122 €) per month. In return, however, this shortens the delivery time of delivery.

5.5. We assume that the delivery vehicle collected load in the form of packages on pallets of cargo. The supplier
does not an appointment with the customer and is obliged to transfer the cargo across the threshold of the store.

Loading is done in a warehouse, and on pallets ie. each pallet is placed in packets for successive orders, the
supplier realizing supply uses a mechanical device to self-unload. Upon delivery to the shops it turns out that the
pallet load will not enter the shops door, and the recipient, shop owner, does not participate actively in the
 Krzysztof Lewandowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195 193

implementation of delivery, only controls. The supplier is obliged to transfer across the threshold of the store. It is
related to the liability of the load (Figure 10)
This necessitates the adoption of that time to 2 = 3.5 min. Such cases were found in half of the 12% of the 900
supply points, where they were used the cars equipment for self-unloading. When a pallet is not supplied to the
interior of the store through the door, because they are too narrow, shop personnel not involved in unloading. In this
situation, the supplier substitutes a palette under the door of the shop and brings the goods to the interior making it
in the place indicated by the staff.

Then the formula for the delivery takes the form:

(20)

troz pallets - the pallet unloading time at the threshold of the store. The transfer distance of 5 m from the
relationship can be used as for Case 1 (Formula 10).

Figure 10. Pallet on the threshold of the shop.

194 Krzysztof Lewandowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 183 – 195

Figure 11. Graph probability keep delivery times as technical fitness of, at the recognition 0.75 designated the horizontal, case 5

Thus (Figure 11) , keeping delivery times tdo considered as delivered during the assumed time, the delivery time
tdapriori with the probability recognition λzadtd ≥ 0.75 can be satisfied only for delivery to the 100kg weight and
distance of 5 meters from stopping place delivery truck from the receipt of the delivery store.

6. Summary

The easiest and cheapest solution to keep assumed delivery time tdapriori within 15 minutes and designated
horizontal recognition of 0.75 is the purchase of a platform hand truck for 270 zł (66 €). The second opportunity to
shorten the time of to provide supplies is to buy a pallet. It is more expensive, but significantly reduces the time to
deliver the goods. Therefore, to promote the use of auxiliary unloading devices in the course of delivery of supplies.
Note, however, that the possibility of the use of pallets in the delivery of the goods may depend on the geometry of
store of the recipient, if there's a narrow door opening.
Researching the real conditions of the supply relationship should be considered as a basis for modeling and
simulation. Often developers of simulation models, involve the generation of system states [16] – that are not
associated with reality but with a virtual city, eg. SIMCITY or model imitating the real operation processes /
systems occurring in real-time [6], for example in Poznań. If you create mathematical notation only without testing
reality it leds to only a theoretical simulation, which has no relation to reality, and therefore it has no practical
application. This article analyses data for the modeling of supply in the real world.

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