CLB20903 Engineering Statistics Tutorial

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CHAPTER 1 PROBABILITY

1. If S   0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and A   0, 2, 4, 6, 8, B  1, 3, 5, 7, 9, C   2, 3, 4, 5 ,

and D  1, 6, 7 , list the elements of the sets corresponding to the following events:

(a) A  C
(b) A  B
(c) C '
(d) (C '  D )  B
Solution::

2. Consider the sample space

S  {copper, sodium, nitrogen, potassium, uranium, oxygen, zinc}
And the events
A  {copper, sodium, zinc}
B  { sodium, nitrogen, potassium}
C  { oxygen}
List the elements of the sets corresponding to the following events:
a. A'
b. A C

c. B'  C '

d. ( A  B' )  C '

Solution::

3. If S   x 0  x  12, M   x 1  x  9, and N   x 0  x  5, determine

a. M  N

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b. M  N
c. M '  N '
Solution::

4. A ball is drawn at random from a box containing 6 red balls, 4 white balls, and 5 blue
balls. Determine the probability that the ball drawn is
a. white
b. Blue
c. not red
d. red or white.
Solution::

5. Determine the probability, p, for each of the following events:

a. An odd number appears in a single toss of a fair die.
b. At least one head appears in two tosses of a fair coin.
c. The sum 7 appears in a single toss of a pair of fair dice.
d. A tail appears in the next toss of a coin if out of 100 tosses 56 were heads.
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Solution::

6. A department store manager has monitored the numbers of complaints received per
week about poor service. The probabilities for numbers of complaints in a week,
established by this review, are shown in the table. Let A be the event "There will be at
least one complaint in a week," and B the event "There will be less than 10 complaints
in a week."

NUMBER OF COMPLAINTS 0 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 More than

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PROBABILITY .14 .39 .23 .15 .06 .03

a. Determine the probability of A.

b. Determine the probability of B.
c. Determine the probability of the complement of A.
d. Calculate the probability of the union of A and B.
e. Calculate the probability of the intersection of A and B.
f. Are A and B mutually exclusive?
g. Are A and B collectively exhaustive?
Solution::

7. A box contains 4 red balls, 6 green balls and 5 yellow balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. Determine the sample space for this experiment. Given the following events:
A : all balls are different colors
B : at least one yellow ball is chosen
C : no green balls are chosen
Determine the following events and its probability.

Solution::

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First, draw probability tree:
 How many branches? How many trees?
o 3 – based on colors of balls
o 2 – based on the total of balls to be taken
 How to determine the probability for each branch?
o Keyword – draw at random – without replacement
 the total of balls in the box will reduce by one after each draw

Probability tree:
Outcomes
3
14 R RR
6
14 G RG
R
4 5
15 14 Y RY
4
14
R GR
6
15 5
G 14 G GG
5
14 Y GY
4
14 R YR
5
15 6
Y 14 G YG

4
14 Y YY

Sample Space:
S   RR, RG, RY , GR, GG, GY , YR, YG, YY 

Events:
A   RG, RY , GR, GY , YR, YG

B   RY , GY , YR, YG, YY 

C   RR, RY ,YR,YY 

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Probability:
P  A   P  RG  RY  GR  GY  YR  YG 

 P  RG   P  RY   P GR   P GY   P YR   P YG 

P  B   P  RY  GY  YR  YG  YY 

 P  RY   P GY   P YR   P YG   P YY 

P C   P  RR  RY  YR  YY 

 P  RR   P  RY   P YR   P YY 

8. A bag contains 10 cubes which 4 of the cubes are black, 3 cubes are purple and the rest
are white. A student is supposed to draw two cubes from the bag with replacement.
Determine the probability where
a. all cubes are same colors
b. at least one white cube is drawn

Solution::
First, draw probability tree:
 How many branches? How many trees?

 How to determine the probability for each branch?

o Keyword – with replacement
 total of balls in the bag will remain the same after each draw

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Probability tree:
1st cube 2nd cube Outcomes

P
B

P P

W P

a. P(all cubes are the same colors) b. P(at least one white cube is drawn)
 P  BB  PP  WW 

 P  BB   P  PP   P WW 

 P  BW  PW  WB  WP  WW 

 P  BW   P  PW   P WB   P WP   P WW 

9. A bag of fruits contains 5 apples and 8 oranges. Three fruits are chosen at random from
the bag without replacement. Determine the probability that
a. no apples are chosen
b. exactly one apple is chosen
c. exactly two oranges are chosen
d. at least two oranges are chosen
e. two apples and one orange are chosen

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Solution::

10. Two fair dice, each having faces numbered 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3 are thrown. Draw up a
probability tree. Hence find the probability that
a. the total score is 4
b. the total score is less than 4
c.the total score exceeds 4
d. at least one die shows 2

Solution::

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11. Two chips are drawn without replacement from an urn containing five black chips and
three green chips. Calculate the probability that
a. the second chip drawn is green if the first one was green
b. the second chip drawn is black if the first one was black
Solution::

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12. If 10% of the rivets produced by a machine are defective, Calculate the probability that
out of 3 rivets chosen at random
a. none will be defective
b. 1 will be defective
c. at least 2 will be defective
Solution::

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13. A computer system consists of a keyboard, a monitor and the computer itself. The three
parts are manufactured separately. From past experience, it is known that, on delivery,
the probability that the monitor works correctly is 0.99, the probability that keyboards
works correctly is 0.98 and the probability that computer works correctly is 0.95. What
is the probability that
a. the entire system works correctly.
b. exactly two of the components works correctly.
c.at most two components works correctly.
Solution::

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14. Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch resistance and
shock resistance. The results from 100 disks are summarized below

Shock resistance
High Low
Scratch High 70 9
Low 16 5
resistance

Let A denote the event that a disk has high shock resistance, and let B denote the event
that a disk has high scratch resistance. Determine the following probabilities:
a. P (A )
b. P ( A' )

c. P (B )
d. P(A  B)

e. P ( A'B )

f. P A B

g. P  B A )

h. Are events A and B independent?

Solution::

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15. A company has made available to its employees (without charge) extensive health club
facilities that may be used before work, during the lunch hour, after work, and on
weekends. Records for the last year indicate that of 250 employees, 110 used the
facilities at some time. Of 170 males employed by the company, 65 used the facilities.

a. Set up a 2 x 2 table to evaluate the probabilities of using the facilities.

b. Calculate the probability that an employee chosen at random

i. is a male.

ii. has used the health club facilities.

iii. is a female and has used the health club facilities.

iv. is a female and has not used the health club facilities.

v. is a female or has used tlie health club facilities.

vi. is a male or has not used the health club facilities.

vii. has used the health club facilities OT has not used the health club facilities.

Solution::

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16. The probability distribution of Z, the number of imperfections per 10 meters of synthetic
fabric in continuous rolls of uniform width, is given by
Z 0 1 2 3 4
0.41 0.37 0.16 x
P(Z)
0.01

a. Determine the value of x.

b. Calculate the average number of imperfections per 10 meters of this fabric.
Solution::

17. The following table lists the probability distribution of the number of breakdowns per
week for a machine based on past data
Breakdown per week 0 1 2 3

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probability 0.15 x 0.35 0.30

a. Determine the value of x.

b. Calculate the probability that the number of breakdowns for this machine during a
given week is
i. exactly 2
ii. 0 to 2
c. Calculate the mean number of breakdowns per week for this machine
d. Compute the standard deviation of breakdowns per week for this machine
Solution::

18. An assembly consists of two mechanical components. Suppose that the probabilities
that the first and second components meet specifications are 0.95 and 0.98. Assume
that the components are independent. Let the random variable X denote the number of
components in the assembly that meet specifications.

a. Construct the tree diagram and list down the entire outcome.

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b. Complete the probability distribution table of X below.

X 0 1 2
P(X=x)

c. Compute the probability at least one component meet specifications.

d. Determine the expected number of component that is meet
specifications.
e. Compute the standard deviation of component that is meet
specifications.

Solution::

19. When a certain type of cell is subjected to radiation, the cell may die, survive as a single

1 1 1
cell or divide into two cells with probabilities , , respectively. Two cells are
2 3 6
independently subjected to radiation. The random variable X represents the total
number of cells in existence after this experiment.
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a. Show that P( X  2)  .
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b. Construct the probability distribution table for X
c. Evaluate E(X).
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d. Show that V ( X )  .
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Solution::

20. An optical inspection system is to distinguish among different part types. The probability
of a correct classification of any part is 0.98. Suppose that three parts are inspected and
that the classifications are independent. Let the random variable x denote the number
of parts that are correctly classified.
a. Construct the probability distribution table for X
b. Calculate the expected value of X.
c. Compute the standard deviation of X.

Solution::

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