 Automatic Room Light Controller with Bidirectional Visitor Counter. ...

 PC Based Wireless Appliance Control. ...

 Solar Mobile Phone Charger Circuit. ...
 Finger Print Based Security System.

https://www.electronicshub.org/electronics-projects-ideas/

 Water Level Controller using 8051 Microcontroller: Here we are designing

the circuit which is used to detect and control the water level automatically in
overhead tank using 8051 microcontroller. It is used in industries to control the
liquid level automatically.
 Car Parking Guard Circuit Using Infrared Sensor: This circuit helps the
person in the driving seat in such a way that it gives an alarm if there is any
obstacle or a wall while parking or while driving in reverse. It is very useful in
our real life.
 Cell Phone Detector: This is a simple circuit which helps to detect the
presence of an activated cell phone by detecting the signals in the frequency
range of 0.9 to 3GHz. It helps in mobile phones tracking which are used for
spying.
 Bidirectional Visitor Counter using 8051: This Bidrectional Visitor Counter
Circuit is helpful to count the number of persons entering or leaving a room and
to display it on a screen.
 Password based Circuit Breaker: This password based circuit breaker
project is built using 8051 controller and is used to switch off the power supply
to the line by entering a password.
 Temperature Controlled DC Fan using Microcontroller: The main principle
of the circuit is to switch on the fan connected to DC motor when the
temperature is greater than a threshold value.This can be used in home
applications and in cpu to reduce heat.
 Auto Intensity Control of Street Lights: This is a simple circuit that
automatically controls the intensity of street lights which is designed using
microcontroller and LEDs.
 Line Following Robotic Circuit using ATMega8 Microcontroller: This line
follower robot is a basic robot that follows a specific path indicated by a line
having some particular width.
 Digital Tachometer using 8051 Microcontroller: Here we designed a simple
non contact tachometer using microcontroller which can measure speed with
an accuracy of 1 rev/sec.
 5 Channel IR Remote Control System using Microcontroller: This article is
aimed to design and demonstrate a simple 5 channel remote control system to
drive five loads. This circuit works on the principle of IR communication.
 Bipolar LED Driver Circuit: This bipolar LED driver circuit is very useful at the
places where flashing of light is required, as in beacon flashing. This circuit can
be mainly used for indication purposes.
 Celsius Scale Thermometer using AT89C51: This Celsius Scale
Thermometer circuit is designed using at89c51 and lm35. This circuit works on
analog to digital conversion principle. It can be used at homes, mobile places
like cars to keep a track of the temperature.
 Density Based Traffic Signal System using Microcontroller: In this system,
we use IR sensors to measure the traffic density. We have to arrange one IR
sensor for each road; these sensors always sense the traffic on that particular
road. All these sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller. Based on these
sensors, controller detects the traffic and controls the traffic system.
 Automatic Washroom Light Switch: This is a simple but very useful circuit in
our real life which helps to automatically turn On the lights when a person
enters the washroom and it automatically turns Off the lights when he leaves it.
 Automatic Door Bell With Object Detection: This automatic doorbell with
object detection circuit helps to sense the presence of a person or an object
automatically and rings the doorbell.
 Water Level Indicator: This Water Level Indicator project employs a simple
mechanism which helps to detect and indicate the water level in an overhead
tank or any other water container. It can be used in Hotels, Factories, Homes
Apartments, Commercial Complexes, Drainage, etc.
 Password Based Door Lock System using 8051 Microcontroller: This
system demonstrates a password based door lock system wherein once the
correct code or password is entered, the door is opened and the concerned
person is allowed access to the secured area. After some time, the door would
be closed. Read this post completely to get more information.
 Boolean Algebra Calculator: This Boolean algebra calculator is an interesting
project which is more useful in our real life by working as a portable calculator
to simplify the Boolean expression on the fly. In our circuit, we use Boolean
algebra simplification methods like the Quine-McCluskey algorithm to simplify
the Boolean expression and display the output on the display.
 Auto Night Lamp using High Power LED: This Auto Night Lamp is an
interesting circuit which helps to turn ON the LED lights interfaced to it at night
time and it turns OFF the lights automatically when it is day.
 Mobile Jammer Circuit: This circuit is used to block the signals of cell phones
with in the range of 100 meters. This circuit can be used in TV transmission
and also for remote controlled toys or play things.
 Unbiased Digital Dice with LEDs: This is a circuit diagram of digital dice
which is nearly unbiased. By using this circuit, there is no chance to cheat as
the circuit operates at such a high speed that the circuit is almost imperceptible
to the human eye.
 Metal Detector Circuit: This is a simple metal detector circuit which is very
useful for checking the person in shopping malls, hotels, cinema halls to
ensure that person is not carrying any explosive metals or illegal things like
guns, bombs etc.
 Panic Alarm: This panic alarm circuit helps us to intimate others regarding our
bad situation without any delay. It is more useful when an intruder entering our
house or bad health status at which we are unable to intimate to the people
around us.
 Wire Loop Breaking Alarm: This circuit works as a continuity tester device
which tests the continuity of the wire at hand. It is an indispensable tool to
check broken wires and undesired shorting of wires.
 Rain Alarm Circuit: Rain water detector will detect the rain and make an alert;
rain water detector is used in the irrigation field, home automation,
communication, automobiles etc. Here is the simple and reliable circuit of rain
water detector which can be constructed at low cost.
 Automatic Plant Irrigation System: This project circuit is more useful in
watering plants automatically without any human interference. It is more useful
when the owner is not present in the home for few days.
 Hot Water Geyser Controller Circuit: This circuit is made to turn OFF
geysers as soon as our water gets hot and are ready for bathing.
 Lead Acid Battery Charger Circuit: Lead Battery is a rechargeable battery
and is more useful in our real life as it will dissipate very little energy, it has
very low energy to weight ratio, it can deliver high current, can work for long
time with high efficiency and is very low cost.
 Motion Detector Circuit: The motion detector is not only used as intruder
alarm but also used in many applications like home automation system, energy
efficiency system, etc. The motion detector will detect the motion of the people
or objects and give the appropriate output according to the circuit.
 Digital Voltmeter Circuit using ICL7107: Here we designed a analog to
digital converter working as a digital voltmeter using a low power three and half
digit A/D converter ICL7107 having internal 7 segment decoders, display
drivers, a reference and a clock.
 8 Channel Quiz Buzzer Circuit using Microcontroller: We built the circuit
using a microcontroller which scans the input from push buttons and displays
the corresponding number on a display device.
 2 Digit Up Down Counter: The main principle of this circuit is to increment the
values on seven segment displays by pressing the button. This circuit can be
mainly used in scoreboards.
 Bike Turning Signal Circuit: The objective of this circuit is to indicate left or
right turn for bike/vehicle. Two identical circuits are needed, one is for left and
the other is for right. The main heart of this circuit is 555 timer.
 Automatic Changeover Switch: This is a simple automatic changeover circuit
in which DC load like a series of LEDs are driven either by a battery or an AC-
DC power supply.
 UP/DOWN Fading LED Lights: This is a simple up/down fading LED lights
circuit which can be used in shopping malls, home and security applications.”/>
 Police Lights using 555 Timer: This circuit simulates the police car lights by
alternate flashing. This circuit flashes red LEDs for three times and blue
LEDÂ’s for three times. This flashing action performs continuously. This circuit
uses 555 timer and a decade counter.
 PWM based DC Motor Speed Control using Microcontroller: Here is a
simple DC Motor speed control circuit designed using AVR Microcontroller.
Here we use a technique called PWM (pulse width modulation) to control the
speed of DC motor.
 Ding Dong Sound Generator Circuit: This is ding dong sound generator
circuit is designed using 555 timer IC in astable mode. It can be used as
doorbell. With some modifications, it can be used to produce different sounds.
Read this post for complete details.
 PIR Sensor Based Security Alarm: This article explains about PIR based
security system in which PIR sensor is used instead of transmitter or receiver.
 This saves the power consumption and is low cost. This circuit can be used in
the museums to protect the valuable things.
 TV Remote Control Jammer: This proposed TV jammer circuit confuses the
infrared receiver in a TV by producing the constant signal that interferes the
remote control signal. If you switch on the circuit once, the TV will not receive
any command from the remote. This allows you to watch your own program
without anyone changing the channel or volume.
 Super Sensitive Intruder Alarm: This circuit is designed to alert the user
when an intruder enters into the home. If there is any obstacle in front of IR
sensor, it generates an interrupt signal. This interrupt signal is given to the
speaker to alert the user.
 Remote Control Circuit through RF without microcontroller: Here we have
used RF434 MHz modules to make wireless remote. Using this remote, we can
control the appliances within the range of 100 meters. It is used for remote
control applications like burglar alarm, car door alarm, calling bell, security
systems, etc.
 High and Low Voltage Cutoff with Delay and Alarm: This high and low
voltage cutoff with delay alarm circuit is an advanced automatic voltage
stabilizer circuit and is used to protect our home appliances. It’s cost is less as
compared to voltage stabilizers.
 Solar Battery Charger Circuit: Here is the simple circuit to charge 6V, 4.5Ah
rechargeable Lead-acid battery from the solar panel. This solar charger has
current and voltage regulation and also has over voltage cut off facilities. This
circuit may also be used to charge any battery at constant voltage because
output voltage is adjustable.
 Car Battery Charger Circuit: This article aims to describe the principle of
operation, design and working of a simple car battery charger from AC mains
supply and a feedback control section to control the battery charging.
 Simple 100W Inverter Circuit: This is a small Inverter circuit which converts
the direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
 Fire Alarm with Siren Sound: This circuit alerts us when there is a fire
accident at home by ringing a siren sound instead of a buzzer.
 Construction of Basic Logic Gates using NOR Gate: Here, we have shown
how to construct the basic logic gates – NOT, AND, OR gates using NOR Gate
which is one of the universal gates.
 Police Siren Circuit using NE555 Timer: This circuit produces a sound
similar to the police siren. You may also get detailed information about pin
diagram and internal block diagram of NE555 timer.
 100W MOSFET Power Amplifier Circuit: A power amplifier circuit using
MOSFET has been designed to produce 100W output to drive a load of about
8 Ohms.
 Intelligent Unambiguous Night Lamp Switcher: This is the circuit diagram of
unambiguous night lamp switch, which turns ON our domestic lights
automatically when it is dark, without human interference. It also avoids
repeated frequent switching of the devices which is usually ignored in most
similar circuits but may have a detrimental effect on our operating devices.
 Automatic Railway Gate Controller with High Speed Alerting System: The
main aim of this project is to operate and control the unmanned railway gate in
the proper manner in order to avoid the accidents in the unmanned railway
crossing.
 LED Flasher Circuit: LED Flasher is a simple circuit which will blink the LEDs
in regular time period. This circuit can be used for decoration purpose or can
be used for a signaling purpose and many more.
 Dancing Bi-Color LED Lights Circuit: Generally we use small voltage bulbs
in the dancing bulbs. This circuit is mainly used in the occasions, decoration
articles or in visual indication sign boards etc. In this project, we use bi-color
LEDs for sequential running light.
 Thermistor Temperature Sensing Alarm: This circuit is a temperature
sensing as well as alarm circuit. The circuit raises an alarm whenever the
temperature crosses a certain limit.
 Pull Pin Security Alarm System: This circuit helps us to get alerted when
anybody picks our pockets or bags. The circuit is very helpful to prevent our
goods getting pick pocketed.
 Auto Turnoff Soldering Iron Circuit: This circuit helps the soldering iron to
turn off automatically when it detects overheating and thereby avoids it from
getting damaged.
 Remote Operated Alarm Circuit: This circuit rings an alarm when you point a
TV remote at it and press on any button. This can be used as a calling bell to
call your assistant.
 Battery Charger Circuit Using SCR: Here is the circuit diagram of battery
charger circuit using Silicon Controlled Rectifier. SCR can be used in half wave
rectifier, full wave rectifier, inverter circuits, power control circuits, etc.
 FM Bugger Circuit: Here is small circuit with which you can listen to another
people conversation from long distance using the normal FM radio set. This FM
bugger circuit is kept in room where you want listen the conversation. You can
listen to this conversation using the normal FM radio set.
 Battery Powered Portable Light: This circuit is more helpful in handling
unexpected and undesired darkness in our homes or offices. It provides
considerable amount of brightness required to do our daily tasks.
 IR Remote Control Switch: By using this circuit, we can control any house
hold appliance with the help of remote. In this project, there are two parts –
one is in transmitting section and the other is in receiving section. Receiving
section will be in a stable position which is connected to any load and
transmitter will act as a normal remote.
 Cell Phone Controlled Robotic Vehicle: This is simple DTMF based
Cellphone controlled robotic vehicle circuit without using microcontroller. It can
be used in industries and surveillance systems.
 Human Detection Robot using 8051 Microcontroller: The main principle of
the circuit is to detect the human using human detection sensor. The wireless
robot is operated manually using PC. The wireless technology used here is
Radio Frequency technology. The data is transmitted to receiver through RF.
 SMS Controlled Robot: GSM controlled robot or SMS controlled robot is a
wireless robot which performs the necessary actions by receiving a set of
instructions in the form a Short Message Service (SMS).
 Remote Password Operated Electronic Home Appliances: This circuit
explains you how to control the electrical appliances using an Android device.
Here, Bluetooth module is interfaced to 8051 microcontroller. This Bluetooth
receives the commands from the Android application device using wireless
communication.
 Metal Detector Robotic Vehicle: Land mines buried under the ground causes
threat to the lives and affect the economy of the nation. Detection and
removing of these mines manually is a dangerous task. So, we use a metal
detection robot which works on RF technology.
 Water Level Alarm Using 555 Timer: This is a simple and low cost hardware
project using a 555 timer circuit. The aim of this project is to design a water
level detecting alarm with simple and low cost hardware without compromising
on the performance of the device.
 Speed Control of DC Motor Using Pulse Width Modulation: This pulse
width modulation technique is the more efficient way to proceed to manage the
speed of our DC motor manually.
 Sun Tracking Solar Panel: This article describes about circuit that rotates
solar panel. This Sun tracking solar panel consists of two LDRs, solar panel,
stepper motor and ATMEGA8 Microcontroller.
 Touch ON and OFF Switch Circuit: This Touch ON/OFF Switch circuit is
more useful in such a way that we can automatically ON or OFF any switch by
touching a device without moving from our place.
 USB Mobile Charger Circuit: This circuit is useful in charging the mobiles
through USB outlet present in our laptops and PCs. For the charging of your
mobile phone, this circuit provides you a regulated voltage of 4.7 volts.
 Security Alarm Circuit: This circuit helps you to guard your precious
documents as well as jewellery from intruders or theft. All you need is to just
place this circuit in front of the locker or below the mat so when any unknown
person come and walk over the switch, the circuit will trigger and sound of
alarm comes.
 Mosquito Repellent Circuit: Here is the simple electronic mosquito repellent
circuit which can produce ultrasound in the frequency range of 20-38 kHz,
which can scare away mosquitoes.
 Simple FM Radio Jammer Circuit: This is a Jammer circuit which is used to
block the signals. Jammer circuit produces the high frequency signal which will
confuse the receiver of particular system from receiving the signal, even
though circuit is working properly, user of the system feels that circuit is not
working properly.
 Automatic Street Light Controller Circuit Using Relays and LDR: This
circuit helps in automatically turn ON/OFF the street lights using relays and
LDR. The whole circuit is based on IC CA3140.
 Battery Charger Circuit: This battery charger circuit works on the principle of
controlling switching of an SCR based on charging and discharging of battery.
 PWM LED Dimmer Using NE555: The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) plays
an important role in controlling the circuits. We use this PWM to dim the
intensity of light of the LED.
 Simple Fire Alarm Circuits: Here are two simple fire alarm circuits which are
used to detect the fire automatically and inform to the people immediately with
an alarm.
 Wireless Switch Circuit using CD4027: This is a simple circuit which needs
no physical contact with the appliance. In this circuit, all you need is to pass
your hand above LDR to ON or OFF the switch.
 Electronic Letter Box: This is a simple circuit which helps in finding out any
letter dropped in our box by stopping the LED lights attached in this circuit.
 Clap Switch Circuit for Devices: This is another simple but very useful circuit
which helps to ON or OFF a device without moving from you place and also
helps to control the speed of the electric devices like fan, etc.
 12v DC to 220v AC Converter Circuit: Here is a simple voltage driven
inverter circuit which converts 12v DC signal to single phase 220v AC using
power transistors as switching device.
 FM Transmitter Circuit: Here we built a wireless FM transmitter which uses
RF communication to transmit the medium or low power FM signal. The
maximum range of transmission is around 2 km.
 100w Subwoofer Amplifier Circuit: Here is the circuit diagram and working of
100w subwoofer amplifier circuit. A Subwoofer is a loudspeaker which
produces audio signals of low frequencies.
 DTMF Based Home Automation System Circuit: This is a simple and very
useful circuit in our real life named DTMF controlled home appliances system.
It helps to control the home appliances using DTMF technology.
 Street Lights that Glow on Detecting Vehicle Movement: This article
describes about the circuit that switches the street lights on detecting vehicle
movement and remains off after fixed time. This system controls the street
lights using light dependent resistor and PIR sensor.
 555 Timer IC Testing Circuit: This is a simple 555 IC testing-circuit which
tests your entire 555 timer IC. So before using your IC, you may check whether
your IC is good or bad by using this circuit.
 Curtain Opener/Closer Circuit: This circuit will open and close the curtain of
your home and office just by pushing a switch. So with the help of this unique
circuit, we do not need to move from one place to open and close the curtain.
 Variable Power Supply and Charger: This is a circuit which helps to check or
test your electronic projects and also to charge the Mobile phone batteries.
This circuit can also work as an emergency light.
 LED Running Lights Circuit: This is a simple circuit consists of 9 LED lights
in knight rider scanner mode. It will present an eye catching look as the LED
initially travel in the one way and then travel reverse in the similar direction.
 Luggage Security Alarm: This is a simple alarm circuit which helps in ringing
a warning alarm when someone tries to steal the luggage.
 9 Way Clap Switch Circuit: This circuit helps you to manage your appliances
in your home by just clap without moving from your bed.
 12V to 24V DC Converter Circuit: This is another kind of circuit which helps to
convert 12V DC current to 24V DC current.
 230V LED Driver: Here we design a simple circuit driving a series of LED from
230V AC. This is accomplished using a capacitor based power supply. This is
a low cost and efficient circuit and can be used at homes.
 3X3X3 LED Cube: This is a simple a simple LED cube circuit designed without
using microcontroller. It is based on the principle of driving LEDs using the
clock pulses.
 Monostable Multivibrator Circuit Operation: Here is the monostable
multivibrator circuit diagram and working. Multivibrator is an electronic circuit
which will work as two stage amplifier operating in both stable and astable
mode.
 Interfacing16X2 LCD with PIC Microcontroller: This is a circuit which helps
in interfacing 16×2 LCD to PIC18F4550 microcontroller which is of family
PIC18F.
 555 Timer in Monostable Multivibrator Mode: The circuit is triggered by a
falling edge, that is, by a sudden transition from HIGH to LOW. The trigger
pulse, produced by pressing the button, must be of shorter duration than the
intended output pulse.
 555 Timer as an Astable Multivibrator: In this circuit, There are three
resistors named R inside it and all have equal values. These form a voltage
divider having reference voltages of 1/3 and 2/3 of Vcc (the power supply). The
logic state of the flip flop is controlled by the reference voltage which is given to
one of the inputs of both two comparators.
 Mains Operated LED Light Circuit: This is a simple circuit which is more
useful to save our resources, energy and money by installing in your homes.
 LED Lamp Dimmer Circuit: In this circuit, at the starting LED glows slowly,
then grown brighter and once again slowly it became dim. The basis of the
whole circuit is an operational amplifier IC named LM358.
 Variable Voltage Power Supply from Fixed Voltage Regulator: This Voltage
regulator circuit is used to get fixed voltage at the output without depending on
the input voltage.
 LED Christmas Lights Circuit: This is a simple circuit used to decorate your
house by building christmas lights using LEDs. The lights will get ON at night
and OFF in morning time.
 Audio Equalizer Circuit: The circuit is used to change the tune/melody into a
different pitch level by devoid of loss in the tune. It is mainly useful to music
lovers.
 Air Flow Detector Circuit: This Air flow detector circuit can be used to detect
the flow of air in areas like car engine. It can also be used as temperature
detector.
 150W Power Amplifier Circuit: Here we designed a power amplifier circuit
using push pull class AB configuration to derive a power of 150W to drive a
load of 8 Ohms (speaker).
 7 Segment LED Display Decoder: This is the circuit diagram of display
decoder which is used to convert a BCD or binary code into a 7 segment code
used to operate a 7 segment LED display.
 Digital Temperature Sensor: The main principle of this circuit is to display the
digital temperature value. These are mainly used in environmental applications.
 Digital Stopwatch Circuit: This is a simple circuit that displays count from 0 to
59, representing a 60 second time interval. It consists of a 555 timer to produce
the clock pulses and two counter ICs to carry out the counting operation.
 Toy Organ using 555 Timer IC: This is the circuit diagram of simple Toy
Piano using 555 Timer IC. It produces different tones or sounds depending on
the frequency range.
 RFID based Attendance System: This simple RFID based attendance system
is designed using ATmega8 Microcontroller and is mainly used in educational
institutions, industries, etc. where authentication is needed.
 Low Power Audio Amplifier using 555 Timer: This is a simple low power
audio amplification circuit designed using 555 timer. It can be used to develop
low power music systems used in vehicles.
 Interfacing 16X2 LCD to AVR Microcontroller: This is a circuit which helps in
interfacing 16X2 LCD with AVR Microcontroller. The Atmega16 belongs to the
AVR microcontroller family.
 Polarity cum Continuity Tester: With the help of this circuit, we can also
identify whether the components we are using in our circuit are good or bad
before mounting them on the PCB.
 Reaction Timer Game Circuit: This is a simple and funny game circuit which
contains 10 LEDs that are moving in an arbitrary fashion and we have to target
a particular LED given by your challenger.
 Understanding 7805 IC Voltage Regulator: This is a circuit diagram of 7805
IC which is a 5v DC regulated IC. It is very flexible and is employed in many
circuits like a voltage regulator.
 Basic Logic Gates Using NAND Gate: We are all well known that NOT, AND,
OR are the basic logic gates. Here we have shown how to design these basic
logic gates using one of the universal gates – NAND Gate.
 Dummy Alarm Circuit: The main principle of the circuit is to flash an LED for
every 5 seconds. The circuit consists of 7555 timer IC as main component.
 Reverse Parking Sensor Circuit: If you are a new driver then it is very difficult
to judge the distance while parking the car. Reverse parking sensor circuit
solves this problem by indicating the distance with the help of three LEDÂ’s.
We can easily arrange this system at the back side of the car.
 Automatic LED Emergency Light Circuit: This is the simple and cost
effective automatic emergency light circuit with light sensing. This system
charges from main supply and gets activated when main supply is turned OFF.
This emergency lamp will work for more than 8 hours.
 One Transistor Electronic Code Lock System: The main principle of this
circuit is that the door lock opens only when the buttons are pressed in an
order. The transistor and diode plays a main role in the circuit.
 Automatic Battery Charger: This charger automatically shut off the charging
process when battery attains full charge. This prevents the deep charge of the
battery. If the battery voltage is below the 12V, then circuit automatically
charges the battery.
 Light Activated Switch Circuit: The main principle of this circuit is to switch
ON the light when the LDR is illuminated. This circuit can be used in security
applications like when there is darkness on the LDR, it stops lighting.
 Remote Operated Spy Robot Circuit: This is a simple spy robot circuit which
can be controlled by the remote. The maximum controllable range is 125
meters. It is used to observe the behavior of wild animals where human beings
cannot reach.
 Digital Voltmeter using 8051 Microcontroller: This is a simple digital
voltmeter circuit designed using 8051 microcontroller. This circuit measures the
input voltage from 0V to 5V. Here, the input voltage should be DC voltage to
get the accurate output on LCD.
 Ultrasonic Rangefinder using 8051: This circuit explains you how to measure
the distance using 8051 microcontroller. This ultrasonic range finder system
measures the distance up to 2.5 meters at accuracy of 1 cm.
 Stepper Motor Interfacing with 8051 Microcontroller: The main principle of
this circuit is to rotate the stepper motor step wise at a particular step angle.
The ULN2003 IC is used to drive the stepper motor as the controller cannot
provide current required by the motor.
 Frequency Counter Circuit: Here we design a simple frequency counter
system using two timers and two counters. While one of the Timer IC is used to
 produce clock signals, the other is used to produce the time limited signal of
one second.
 Interfacing 7 Segment Display to 8051: This article describes you how to
interface seven segments to AT89C51 microcontroller. This system displays
the digits from 0 to 9 continuously with a predefined delay.
 LC Meter using 555 Timer: This is a simple LC Meter circuit designed using
555 Timer and 8051 microcontroller. It is mainly used to measure value of a
reactive element like a capacitor or an inductor.
 TV Transmitter Circuit: The main principle of this circuit is to transmit the
audio and video signals. Here audio signals are frequency modulated and
video signals are PAL modulated. These modulated signals are applied for the
antenna.
 DC Motor Interfacing with 8051 Microcontroller: Here is a simple but very
useful circuit in our real life named interfacing DC motor with 8051
microcontroller. It describes you how to control the DC motor using AT89C51
controller.
 Stun Gun Circuit: This Stun gun circuit is mostly used as a weapon to stun or
send shock waves to the target with the intention to weaken or paralyze it.
 Transistor Intercom Circuit: This transistor intercom circuit is a simple two
way intercom circuit which is used for the dual purpose of sending as well as
receiving signals.
 LED Interfacing with 8051: The main principle of this circuit is to interface
LEDs to the 8051 family micro controller. Commonly, used LEDs will have
voltage drop of 1.7v and current of 10mA to glow at full intensity. This is
applied through the output pin of the microcontroller.
 Wailing Siren Circuit: The main principle of this circuit is to produce a wailing
siren. The 555 timer IC is operated in astable mode. When the switch is
pressed, speaker produces high pitch siren and when it is released, its pitch
decreases and is switched off after 30 seconds.
 Audio Tone Control Circuit: This article explains you how to design an audio
tone control circuit with the gain of around 25. This design needs less number
of components and it is cost effective.
 FM Remote Encoder/Decoder Circuit: This is a simple post which shows you
how to design FM remote encoder and decoder circuit using RF600E and
RF600D ICs. This pair of encoder and decoder ICs establishes the
communication with high level security. The operating voltage of these ICs is
from 2V to 6.6V DC.
 Wireless Mobile Battery Charger Circuit: This circuit mainly works on the
principle of mutual inductance. This circuit may be used as wireless power
transfer circuit, wireless mobile charger circuit, wireless battery charger circuit,
etc.
 Battery Level Indicator: This article explains you how design battery level
indicator. You can use this circuit to check car battery or inverter. So by using
this circuit, we can increase the lifetime of battery.
 FM Radio Circuit: FM Radio circuit is the simple circuit that can be tuned to
the required frequency locally. This article describes the circuit of FM radio
circuit. This is a pocket sized radio circuit.
 LED Lamp Circuit using USB Port: This is a simple USB LED Light circuit
which produces an output of 5v. It may be used as emergency light and also as
a reading lamp.
 Interfacing GPS with 8051 Microcontroller: In this interfacing of GPS with
8051 circuit, GPS module calculates the position by reading the signals that
are transmitted by satellites.
 How to Interface Real Time Clock with PIC18F: Get an idea about RTC, PIC
Microcontroller pin diagram and how to interface RTC with PIC18F. RTC is an
integrated circuit which keeps track of current time.
 Random Number Generator using 8051: This circuit helps to generate a
random number in between 0 to 100 when push button is pressed and it may
be used in the games like monopoly, snake ladder.
 Active Audio Crossover Circuit: Audio crossover is an electronic filter used
in audio applications to send the appropriate signal to the speakers or drivers.
This circuit is used in HiFi audio systems to separate the frequency bands from
audio signal.
 IR Audio Link Circuit: This simple IR audio link circuit is used to transmit
audio signals wirelessly. This IR audio link is able transmit audio signals up to
4 meters.
 Cellphone Controlled Home Appliances: This mobile controlled home
automation system is designed without using microcontroller. We can also
control a robot using this technology by making some modifications.
 Variable Voltage Power Supply: This helps to design a variable power supply
circuit which will provide 0 to 28V at 6 to 8 amps. It can be used in various
power amplifiers and oscillators to provide DC supply.
 Digital Clock using 8051: This circuit displays the time on LCD. For this clock,
we can set the time at any instant. Here the clock works in 24 hour mode and
the RTC chip is configured by programming 8051 controller.
 GSM Interfacing with 8051: The main principle of this circuit is to interface a
GSM modem with the microcontroller. The microcontroller used is AT89C51
microcontroller.
 Multi Channel Audio Mixer Circuit: This audio mixing circuit has 2 MIC inputs
and 2 line inputs. If you want to increase the input channels according to the
application then add same circuit in parallel with the existing circuit.
 Puff to OFF LED Circuit: The main principle of the circuit is to turn off the LED
by a puff. The puff applied to the mic is converted into a voltage whose value is
very small. This voltage is amplified and applied to the circuit in order to make
the led turn off.
 Biometric Attendance System: The main aim of this circuit is to take the
attendance using biometric method and display when requested. This can be
used in educational institutions, industries, etc.
 Light Activated Alarm Circuit: The main principle of this circuit is to produce
sound depending on the light intensity falling on the circuit. As the light intensity
falling on the circuit increases, it produces pulses with more duration and thus
producing more sound. The main part of the circuit is 555 timer IC.
 Electronic Eye Controlled Security System: This is a simple electronic eye
controlled security system circuit designed using 7805 voltage regulator and
LDR. It is used in security applications.
 USB Sound Card Circuit: This USB sound card circuit is a device which
allows an embedded system to create and record real and high quality sound.
Read this post for more details.
 10 LED VU Meter Circuit: VU Meters are used in many applications like
discotheques to measure the level of audio signals. Here is the circuit diagram
and working of LED VU Meter.
 Hi-Fi Dx Bass Circuit: This Hi-Fi Dx Bass Circuit describes the design,
principle and operation of a two stage bass boosting circuit using simple high
and low pass filters.
 Wireless Electronic Notice Board using GSM: This wireless electronic notice
board using GSM Technology and microcontroller circuit is used to display the
data on LCD whatever we sent from the mobile.
 Working of light dependent resistor
 Wireless Remote to Control 255 Different Appliances Individually
 Wireless motor control through RF
 Wireless message Communication Between Two Computers
 Wireless Electronic Notice Board Using GSM
 Wireless Control Of Robotic Arm
 Wireless Audio Transmitter for TV
 Water Tank Overflow Alarm
 Water Sensor Circuit
 War Field Spying Robot with Night Vision Wireless Camera
 Voltage Doubler Circuit Using IC 4049
 Voltage boost by using a resistor with 78XX
 Voice Controlled WheelChair
 Visually Camouflaged Vehicles for Military Purposes
 Visual Monitoring and Alerting System for Restricted Areas
 Vision Operated Home Automation For the Physically Disabled
 Video Activated Relay to Control the Load
 Vibration Alert System for the Deaf
 Velocity Detector Using Ultrasonic Means
 Vehicle Indicator
 Variable power supply and charger with emergency light
 Using TV Remote as a Cordless Mouse for the Computer
 User Defined String Display and Marquee Scrolling using LED Array
 UPFC Unified Power Factor Control
 Unique Office Communication System Using RF
 Understanding Decade Counter CD4017
 Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator
 UM3561 IC Based Security Alarm
 Ultra Fast Acting Electronic Circuit Breaker
 Turn ON at Night Light Controller with Single Sensor Ambiguity Elimination
 Tsunami Detection and Social Broadcast System
 Transistor based Security Alarm
 Transistor Based Secret Bell
 Transistor as audio amplifier
 Transformerless Low Loss DC Converter
 Touch Screen Based Remote Controlled Robotic Vehicle for Stores
Management
 Touch Screen Based Industrial Load Switching
 Touch Screen Based Home Automation System
 Touch Controlled Load Switch
 Tone generator Circuit Diagram
 Toggle switch using CD4017
 Toggle flip flop using CD4013
 Timer Circuit using IC CD 4060
 Timer Circuit using IC 4026
 Timer Based Code Lock
 Timed Switch With User Defined ON and OFF Intervals
 Time Delay Based Relay Operated Load
 Thyristor Power Control by IR Remote
 Thyristor Controlled Power for Induction Motor
 Thumb Sized Adjustable Voltage Step Up Circuit
 Three Phase Solid State Relay with ZVS
 Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset on Temporary Fault and
Permanent Trip Otherwise
 Thermistor Based Temperature Control
 Theft Intimation of Vehicle Over SMS to Owner Who Can Stop the Engine
Remotely
 Text to Speech Conversion For Indian Languages
 Temperature Broadcaster to Twitter Using Arduino Ethernet Interface
 Tampered Energy Meter Information Conveyed to Concerned Authority by
Wireless Communication
 Synchronized Traffic Signals at Various Junctions Using PIC Microcontroller
 SVPWM Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
 Suitcase Security Alarm
 Step Up 6 Volt DC to 10 Volt DC Using 555 Timer
 Stamp Value Calculator for Postage Needs
 Staircase Light That Turns ON and OFF Automatically When Required
 Spell Effect Sign Display Circuit
 Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in Industries
 Speed Checker to Detect Rash Driving on Highways
 Sound Operated Switch
 Sound Operated LED
 Sound Generation using 555
 Sound generation in audio range
 Solar Powered LED Street Light with Auto Intensity Control
 Solar Powered Auto irrigation System
 Solar Power Charge Controller
 Solar mobile phone charger circuit
 Solar Energy Measurement System
 Smooth Start of a Single Phase Induction Motor
 Sleep Sensing and Alerting System for Drivers
 Single Wheeled Self Balancing Bot
 Single switch motor on/off.. Clockwise/anticlockwise
 Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
 Simple AC to DC converter using bridge rectifier
 Short Range Ultrasonic Radar With Distance Measuring Capabilities
 Shadow Counter Solar Powered Long Range Communication System using
Microwave Devices
 Shadow Alarm using LDR
 Self Switching Power Supply
 Seismic sensor
 Security System With User Changeable Password
 Security System Using Smartcard Technology
 Security Alarm for Doors, Almirah, cupboards using Opam
 Secure room access system
 Secret Code Enabled Secure Communication Using RF Technology
 SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) for Remote Industrial Plant
 Safety Alarm Circuit
 RFID security access control system
 RFID Based Passport Details
 RFID Based Paid Car Parking
 RFID Based Door Access Control
 RFID Based Device Control and Authentication Using PIC Microcontroller
 RF Electrically Directional Antenna Based Tracking System
 RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle With Laser Beam Arrangement
 RF Controlled Hovercraft
 RF based Wireless Remote Control
 RF based Intruder Alarm
 RF Based Home Automation System
 RF based Fire Alarm (Overheat Alarm)
 Remote Tester Circuit
 Remote Controlled Toy Car
 Remote Control For Home Appliances
 Reminder Alarm
 Relay operation using Darlington Pair
 Relay control through mic
 Relay control by sound
 Relay activation using TSOP 1738
 Refrigerator Door Alarm
 Raspberry Based Home Automation
 Random Number Generator Using 7 Segment Display
 Railway Track Security System
 Railway Level Crossing Gate Control through SMS by the Station Master or the
Driver
 Quadracopter with Video transmission Ability
 Quadracopter with Six Degrees of Freedom and Obstacle Avoidance Built in
Pulse Counter Fed with Infrared Pulses
 Programmable Switching Control for Industrial Automation in Repetitive Nature
of Work
 Programmable Load Shedding Time Management for Utility Department
 Programmable Energy Meter for Electrical Load Survey
 Programmable AC Power Control
 Pre-programmed Digital Scrolling Message System
 Predefined Speed Control of BLDC Motor
 Precision Current Source With Keypad interface to Select the current
 Precise Illumination Control of Lamp
 Precise Digital Temperature Control
 Pre Stampede Monitoring and Alarm System
 Pre Set Off Timer
 Power failure alarm
 Post Encryption Data Scrambling For Maximum Data Security random order
 Portable Programmable Medication Reminder
 Porch Light (Auto Turn Off Light) Circuit Diagram
 Pocket CRO using Android
 Pin-Pong Ball Board for Eye Catching Marketing
 Piezo sensor as output
 Piezo sensor as input
 Pick N Place with Soft Catching Gripper
 Phase Sequence Checker for Three Phase Supply
 Phase Preserving Image Denoising for Maximum Noise Removal
 Periodically Turning On & Off Mosquito Repellent Circuit Diagram
 PC Temperature Controller
 PC Controlled Scrolling Message Display for Notice Board
 PC Based Wireless Appliance Control
 PC Based Electrical Load Control
 Password Based Circuit Breaker
 Parked Vehicle Indicator
 Parallel Telephone Lines with Security System
 Parallel Port Based Home Automation on Linux
 Panic Sensing and Spontaneous Stabilization System for Cars to avoid
Accidents
 Overheat/Overcooling circuit breaker
 Over Voltage or Under Voltage Tripping Mechanism
 Optimum Energy Management System
 Opamp as comparator
 Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle
 Object Detection by Ultrasonic Means
 Object Counter with 7 Segment Display
 Number Guessing Game
 Notepad Lamp
 Non inverting amplifier
 Night Lamp with Timer for Stairs
 Networking of Multiple Microcontrollers
 Negative supply using 555 IC
 NE 555 Timer based Automatic Headlight
 Music (Data) transfer by IR
 Multi-Utility Flashing Light
 Multitone Generator Circuit
 Multipurpose Timer With Musical Alarm
 Multimeter Using Android Smartphone
 Multi Color Lighting
 Movement Sensed Automatic Door Opening System
 Motion Detector
 Mobile Phone Sniffer With Over 10 Meter Range Using An Ultrasonic Device
as Antenna
 Minimizing Penalty in Industrial Power Consumption by Engaging APFC Unit
 Miniature Photonic Rat Bot
 Miniature Disguised Location Transmitter for Military Spying
 Military Grade Video based Steganography
 Microscope Using A Smartphone
 Metal Detector Robotic Vehicle
 MATLAB based Landscape Surveillance System
 Magic Eye using 555 Timer IC
 Magic Eye Circuit Using 4049 IC
 Low pass filter
 Low Cost Touch Screen For Instant Drawing And Presentations
 Long range IR
 Long Range FM Transmitter with Audio Modulation
 Location Mapping Ariel Vehicle
 Location Mapping and Routing System for the Blind With GPS Support
 Location Broadcaster Using Arduino Ethernet Interface
 Liquid level Alarm
 Lighting Controller Counts How Many People are in a Room
 Light sensor using photodiode
 Light detector
 Light dependent frequency variation using LDR
 Life Cycle Testing of Electrical Loads by Down Counter
 LED Lamp Using CA3140 IC
 LED Based Pendulum Circuit
 LDR Based Automatic Lamp
 Lamp Life Extender by ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching)
 IR Obstacle Detection to Actuate Load
 IR Controlled Robotic Vehicle
 Invisible Image Watermarking in Python
 Inverting amplifier with signal feedback
 Inverting amplifier using 741
 Interfacing 4026 with 7 segment display
 Intelligent Bot Network for Area Monitoring and reporting
 Integrated Energy Management System Based on GSM Protocol with
Acknowledge
 Infrared (IR) sensor
 Industrial Temperature Controller
 Industrial Power Control by Integral Cycle Switching without Generating
Harmonics
 Industrial Battery Charger by Thyristor Firing Angle Control
 Induction Motor Protection System
 Incoming Phone Ring Light Flasher
 Image Watermarking Using Python
 IC555 based Multicolor LED Lamp Circuit Diagram
 IC 555 Based Message Display Circuit
 Humidity Detector Circuit
 Home Automation Using Digital Control
 Hit the Target Game
 High Voltage DC Upto 2kv from AC by Using Diode and Capacitors in Voltage
Multiplier Circuit
 High Voltage DC by Marx Generator Principles
 Hidden Active Cell Phone Detector
 H-bridge using transistor
 Hardware Level Bit tracing and Data Interpolating Forensic System
 Hardware Authentication Dongle with Fingerprint Recognition
 GSM Based Monthly Energy Meter Billing via SMS
 GSM Based Energy Meter Reading with Load Control
 GPS enabled Quadracopter
 Gesture Operated Wheel Chair
 Generating time delay with 555 IC
 Full range centigrade temperature sensor
 Frequency Counter Using Smartphone
 Four Quadrant DC Motor Speed Control with Microcontroller
 Four Quadrant DC Motor Control without Microcontroller
 Flip Flop based Staircase Switch
 Flash Memory with Self Destroy Master Lock
 Flash Flood Intimation Over GSM Network
 Fixed voltage power supply
 Fire Powered Mini Portable Power Supply
 Fire Fighting Robotic Vehicle
 Finger Print Based Security System
 Fastest Finger Press Quiz Buzzer
 FACTs by SVC (flexible ac transmission)
 FACTs (flexible ac transmission) by TSR
 Facebook Connected Arduino And Intelligent Event Reporting
 Fabrics That Generate Energy using Dye Based Solar Cells
 Electronic Timer Circuit
 Electronic Thermometer for Beverage Temperature Measurement
 Electronic Soft Start for 3 Phase Induction Motor
 Electronic Number Game
 Electronic Notepad
 Electronic Nose to Indicate gas Leakage in Underground Mines and Industries
 Electronic Eye Controlled Security System
 Electronic Dog to Sense The Proximity of a Specific Purpose
 Electronic Code Locking System
 Electronic alarm for cash box, lockers
 Electromagnetic Climbing Robots for Industries
 Easy to Use Automatic Light Controller to Turn ON Lights In Dark
 Dual converter Using Thyristors
 DTMF Decoder
 DTMF Based Load Control System
 DTMF Based Car Lock System
 DNA Based Mathematical Calculator
 Distance Measurement by Ultrasonic Sensor
 Display System used in Restaurant
 Display of Dialed Telephone Numbers on Seven Segment Displays
 Dish Positioning Control by IR Remote
 Discotheque Light Stroboscopic Flasher
 Differential amplifier
 Detecting Power Grid Synchronization Failure on Sensing Frequency or
Voltage Beyond Acceptable Range
 Darkness Detector Alarm
 Cyclo Converter Using Thyristors
 Continuous Speech to Text Conversion for Indian Languages
 Continuous Speech Processing Using Python
 Contactless Liquid Level Controller
 Comprehensive Threat Detection for Offices
 Combinatorial Digital Circuit Logic Determining Device
 Color distinguished using LDR/Color sensor using LDR
 Coin Toss/Flip Simulator Circuit
 Closed Loop Control for a Brushless DC Motor to Run at the Exactly Entered
Speed
 Clock with LED pendulum with tick tock sound
 Cell Phone Operated Land Rover
 Cell Phone Based DTMF Controlled Garage Door Opening System
 CD4049 Based LED torch
 CD4001 IC based Lighting System
 CD 4060IC based Message Display Circuit
 CD 4060 Based Security Alarm
 CD 4027 Based Emergency Lighting System
 CD 4013 Based Two Way Switch
 CD 4013 based Sound Sensing Module
 Car Reverse Horn
 Camouflaged Voice Recording and Transmitting System
 Burglar alarm based Home Security System
 Bluetooth Controlled Robot
 BLDC Motor Speed Control with RPM Display
 bidirectional Rotation of an Induction Motor with a Remote Control Device
 Beacon Flasher Using Microcontroller
 Bathroom Light Off Timer
 Background Interpolation for Selective Image Cancellation
 AVR based Heart Rate Monitoring System With Health level Indicator
 Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System in Hospitals for Patients
 Automatic Wash Basin Tap Controller
 Automatic Vehicle Image Capturing When Overriding traffic lights
 Automatic Threshold Detection System for Phase Preserving Image Denoising
 Automatic Surveillance Camera Panning System from PC
 Automatic Star Delta Starter Using Relays and Adjustable Electronic Timer for
Induction Motor
 Automatic Speed Regulation Depending On Incoming Vehicle On High Ways
(Fuel Injection)
 Automatic Solar Tracker
 Automatic solar street light controller
 Automatic Road Level Detection And Alerting System for Cars
 Automatic Power OFF timer for CD player
 Automatic light/dark indicator
 Automatic Light Lamp with Morning Alarm
 Automatic Light Beam Shifting Of Vehicles On High Ways
 Automatic Heat Detector
 Automatic Fan Speed Regulator
 Automatic Exhaust Fan Control Coupled To Gas Leak Detection
 Automatic Elevator Light and Fan Controller
 Automatic Dialing to Any Telephone Using I2C Protocol on Detecting Burglary
 Automated Vehicle Identification and Toll-Pass System.
 Automated Traffic Signal Controller
 Automated Car Parking System
 Auto turn off battery charger
 Auto Selection of Any Available Phase, in 3 Phase Supply System
 Auto Power Supply Control from 4 Different Sources: Solar, Mains, Generator
& Inverter to Ensure No Break Power
 Auto Metro Train to Shuttle Between Stations
 Auto charging grinding machine with solar power
 Auto Braking System For Cars Detecting Momentum and Road Irregularities
 Audio Amplifier using Opamp
 ATmega644 JTAG Debugger
 Ariel Red Herrings to Mislead Missile Tracking Systems
 Arduino Ethernet Interface for Industrial Automation
 Arduino Based World Intelligent Event Detection and Alert System with
Network Interface
 Arduino based Waveform Generator For Electronics Laboratory
 Arduino Based Swarm Bots
 Arduino Based Online Database Interfacing
 Arduino Based Earthquake Detection Social Network Broadcast system
 Anti Theft Alarm for Bikes
 Android Controlled Wheel Chair for the Physically Handicapped
 Android Based Waveform Generator
 Android Based Waveform Analyser
 Amplifier for Musical ICs
 AES256 bit Highly Encrypted Image Steganography
 AES128 Encrypted hardware Lock Using AVR ATMEGA-16
 Active high trigger for 555 in monostable mode
 Accident Detection and Avoidance System Using Doppler Radar Interfaced
with ATMEGA16
 A Swarm of Mutually Interacting Metal Detecting Robots For Scanning the Area
 A Multiple Bots Operated with a Single Base Station
 90 Second Timer
 555 Timer As Amplifier
Strain Meter
By Raj k. Gorkhali (https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/strain-meter
1/3/18
February 5, 2018
0
1469

This strain meter shows whether the strain is compressive

(reducing the length) or tensile (increasing the length) when an object such as a strut
on a crane changes its shape. The strain is sensed by a strain gauge that is glued to the
object being tested. The change in resistance of the strain gauge produces a change in
the reading of the meter. For the purpose, an analogue or digital meter, such as a
voltmeter, can be used that has a full-scale deflection of 1V DC. But the use of a
digital multimeter would be better.

Strain meter circuit

strain meter circuit
The circuit shows how a single op-amp IC 741 (IC3) amplifies the output from a
network of three resistors (R1 through R3) and strain gauge SG1. Since the nominal
resistance of the strain gauge recommended for this circuit is 120 ohms, each of
resistors R1 through R3 should have a value of 120 ohms. The resistors should also
have a tolerance of better than 0.1 percent so that any change in the temperature
doesn’t cause unwanted changes in the reading of the meter.

Circuit operation

Working of the circuit is simple. When the strain gauge is unstrained, variable
resistors VR1 (coarse control) and VR2 (fine control) are set to give a zero reading on
the multimeter. (This zero voltage may instead be any convenient voltage, such as
1.5V, and not necessarily a zero voltage supply for the circuit.) If the meter reading
increases, it indicates that the strain gauge is undergoing an increase in length (tensile
strain). If the meter reading decreases, the strain gauge is undergoing a decrease in
length (compressive strain).

Using variable resistor VR2, you can adjust the sensitivity of the op-amp (IC3). It
enables the circuit to respond to different magnitudes of the strain. 5V and -5V supply
voltages provided by voltage regulators IC1 and IC2, respectively, assure stable
readings on the meter. The op-amp amplifies the output from the Wheatstone bridge.
Construction & assembly
Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB. Use appropriate PCB sockets to
terminate the wire ends for connecting the strain meter to the multimeter, battery and
strain gauge.

Use Araldite to glue the strain gauge to the surface of a 150×10×1mm3 strip of a
plastic pad. Plug the strain gauge into the strain meter. Use a digital multimeter to
measure negative voltages since this makes setting up easier.

The strain meter needs to be set up such that when the strain gauge is unstrained, the
output voltage is about 0.5V. If the plastic strip is bent such that the strain gauge
becomes slightly longer (tensile stress), the output voltage should increase. But if it is
bent such that the strain gauge becomes slightly shorter (compressive stress), the
output reading should decrease.

The setting is done by adjusting multiturn trimmers VR1 and VR2 using an adjusting
tool made for the job. Proceed as follows:

1. Set the multimeter to 0V to 5V DC range.

2. Keep S1 in ‘LO’ position.
3. Adjust VR1 and VR2 until the reading on the voltmeter is about +0.5V.
4. Check whether the reading on the voltmeter changes when you bend the plastic strip.
5. Switch the multimeter to its 1V range, bend the strip again and then mark the
response.

If the response is not sensitive enough, flip switch S1 to ‘HI’ position. Readjust VR1
to make sure that the reading is still within the range. You may increase the gain by
increasing the values of resistors R6 and R7.

The project was first published in September 2010 and has recently been updated.
Digital Pulse Tester
By Raju Baddi
February 5, 2018

2215

Here is a small digital pulse tester that can be used to test and
troubleshoot digital circuitry. The circuit is essentially a pulse generator activated by a
single press-to-on switch (pushbutton). Momentarily pressing the pushbutton once
generates a single pulse. Keeping the pushbutton pressed produces a train of pulses.

Digital pulse tester circuit

Shown below is the circuit of the digital pulse tester. The frequency and duty cycle of
the pulse train can be chosen as desired, as the oscillator is built around the standard
astable/monostable chip NE556 (IC1). IC 556 is a dual timer. The circuit comprises
a monostable built around IC1(B), a short-pulse-generating R-C circuit built around
gates N1 and N4, capacitor C5 and resistor R9, and an astable multivibrator built
around IC1(A).
Digital pulse tester circuit

Circuit operation

Working of the circuit is simple. When you press switch S1 momentarily, it triggers
monostable IC1(B), which goes high for about 1.1R3C2 seconds (where R3=4.7 M
ohm and C2=47 nF). The output of the monostable is inverted by the short-pulse-
generating circuit. LED1 flashes to indicate a single pulse. The single pulse lasts for a
short duration as compared to the time period of the monostable IC1(B). Alternatively,
you can also see this pulse on an oscilloscope connected between the probe tip and
ground. The output of gate N2 is fed to gate N3, which produces the pulse train at the
output of gate N4.

Pressing switch S1 enables the astable multivibrator (IC1(A)). Its output remains
masked until the output of the monostable (IC1(B)) goes low. When the output of
IC1(B) goes low and switch S1 is still kept pressed, the output waveform will be the
same as the astable multivibrator’s waveform. It can be seen on the probe tip with the
help of the oscilloscope. IC1(A) oscillates only when S1 is pressed. Otherwise, the
astable remains in reset state.

In short, the digital pulse tester produces the pulses at the probe tip in the order of
single sharp-lapse-train of pulses when switch S1 is pressed.

Construction & testing

The entire circuit can be housed in a glue-stick tube as shown in Fig. 2. LED1 is used
for pulse indication and incorporated in the probe to make the output visible.

Assembled unit

The project was first published in January 2011 and has recently been updated.

Laser Based Communication

System
By Raj K. Gorkhali
February 5, 2018

4666

Communicating with laser is not new. In this laser communication system, a laser
beam is used as carrier, which is modulated by the signal to be transmitted. On the
receiver end, the desired signal is separated from the carrier. A wireless laser link
(through a laser diode) is used to transmit information from one end to another in its
line of sight.

In this circuit, an electrical signal is transmitted from one place to another riding over
the laser beam. If you vary some parameters of the transmitted signal (such as
amplitude and frequency), the received signal changes accordingly.

Laser communication system

The entire circuit can be divided into two parts: transmitter and receiver.

The transmitter circuit is built around timer 555 (IC1). IC1 is wired as an astable
multivibrator generating a pulse train at its pin 3 that serves as the modulation input
for the laser diode. Set the frequency of this pulse train to around 1 kHz using presets
VR1 and VR2.
Transmitter circuit

The potential divider arrangement of resistors R2, R3 and pre-set VR3 is used to
reduce the peak amplitude of the pulse train. The driver circuit for the laser diode is
built around IC LM356 (IC2), transistor T1 and a few discrete components.

The transmitter circuit is powered by two 9V batteries that provide +9V, -9V and
ground supplies. These voltages are provided to the transmitter circuit through DPST
switch S1.

Receiver circuit
The receiver circuit (shown above) is built around IC3, IC4 and a few discrete
components. The gain stage is built around IC LM356 (IC3) with gain value of
(R6+R7)/R6. The output of IC3 drives a speaker through the emitter-follower
arrangement configured around transistor T3. The unity-gain buffer stage built around
IC4 facilitates viewing of the received signal on an oscilloscope if so desired.

The receiver circuit too is powered by two 9V batteries that provide +9V, -9V and
ground supplies. These voltages are provided to the receiver circuit through DPST
switch S2.

Circuit operation

Working of the circuit is simple. Align the transmitter and the receiver so that the laser
light directly falls on the phototransistor. The speaker connected between the emitter
of T3 and ground beeps to indicate that laser communication is taking place. You can
change the pitch of the audio beep by changing the frequency of the transmitted signal
through presets VR1 and VR2 in the transmitter.

Construction & testing

Assemble the transmitter and receiver circuits on separate general-purpose PCBs.
Now adjust presets VR1 and VR2 to get approximately 1kHz pulse signal at pin 3 of
IC1. Adjust preset VR3 to ensure that the desired current flows through the laser diode
during the transmission.

The project was first published in May 2011 and has recently been updated.