Experiment Test Performed Expected Positive Principle of Examples of

Number Result Reaction Compounds that

provide positive
results
7 Solubility in No Precipitation Miscibility is the
Concentrated H2SO4 property of liquids to
mix in all proportions,
therefore forming a Hexane
homogenous solution. Hexene
By contrast, substances Cyclohexane
are considered Toluene
immiscible if in any Benzene
proportion, they do not
form a solution. In
organic compounds, The
miscibility is determined
by the weight
percentage of the
hydrocarbon chain.
7 Ignition Test Presence of a yellow A flame test is an
flame or soot analytic procedure used
in chemistry to detect
the presence of certain Hexane
elements, primarily Hexene
metal ions, based on Cyclohexane
each element's Toluene
characteristic emission Benzene
spectrum. The color of
flames in general also
depends on
temperature; see flame
 color.
7 Baeyer’s test Decolorization of a The Baeyer test for
purple solution and unsaturation is for Cyclohexene
formation of a brown determining the
precipitate. presence of carbon-
carbon double bonded
compounds, called
alkenes or carbon-
carbon trible bonded
compounds, called
alkyne bonds. An alkene
is replaced with a diol (a
compound with 2
hydroxy groups).
7 Bromine Test Decolorization of an In organic chemistry, the
orange solution bromine test is a
qualitative test for the
presence of Hexane
unsaturation (carbon-to- Hexane
carbon double or triple Cyclohexene
bonds) , phenols and Toluene
anilines. An unknown Benzene
sample is treated with a
small amount of
elemental bromine in an
organic solvent, being as
dichloromethane or
carbon tetrachloride.
7 Nitration Production of a yellow One of the most
globule or yellow oily important methods of Hexane
layer adding a nitrogen atom Hexane
 to an already existing Cyclohexane
organic substrate is a Cyclohexene
reaction called nitration. Toluene
Nitration is the process Benzene
of adding a nitro group
(NO2) to a benzene ring.
7 Basic Oxidation positive result in the An oxidation-reduction
test leads to a violet (redox) reaction is a
solution (MnO4) or type of chemical
brown precipitate reaction that involves a Toluene
(MnO2) transfer of electrons
between two species.
Redox reactions are
common and vital to
some of
the basic functions of
life, including
photosynthesis,
respiration, combustion,
and corrosion or rusting.
8 Beilstein Test: Copper A positive test is The Beilstein test is a
Halide Test indicated by a green simple qualitative
flame caused by the chemical test for
formation of copper halides. A copper wire is
halide. cleaned and heated in a
Bunsen burner flame to n-butyl chloride
form a coating of Sec-butyl chloride
copper(II) oxide. It is Tert-butyl chloride
then dipped in the chlorobenzene
sample to be tested and
once again heated in a
 flame. A positive test is
indicated by a green
flame caused by the
formation of a copper
halide. The test does not
detect
fluorine/fluorides.
8 Reactivity with Alcoholic slow formation of a A solution of ethanol
AgNO3 precipitate with some silver nitrate
added will provide the
weak nucleophile – the sec-butyl chloride
alcohol itself. A few tert-butyl chloride
drops of alkyl halide will chlorobenzene
be added. If an SN1
reaction occurs, the
alkyl halide will
dissociate to form a
carbocation, which will
then react with the
ethanol to form an
ether.
9 Solubility Test Turbid solution Miscibility is the N- Butyl
property of liquids to Benzene
mix in all proportions,
therefore forming a
homogenous solution.
By contrast, substances
are considered
immiscible if in any
proportion, they do not
form a solution. In
 organic compounds, The
miscibility is determined
by the weight
percentage of the
hydrocarbon chain.
9 Lucas Test 1 unreactive The Lucas reagent is an
2 cloudy within 5-15 aqueous solution of
min, but some 2 fail to strong acid (HCl) and
react zinc chloride (ZnCl₂). The
3 cloudy instantly alcohol starting material
must be sufficiently sec-butyl alcohol
soluble in aqueous tert-butyl alcohol
environments for the
reaction to take place.
The reaction that occurs
in the Lucas test is an
SN1 nucleophilic
substitution. The acid
catalyst activates the OH
group of the alcohol by
protonating the oxygen
atom. The C-OH₂+
bond breaks to
generate the
carbocation, which in
turn reacts with the
chloride ion
(nucleophile) to
generate an alkyl halide
product.
9 Chromic Acid Test clear orange  dark ppt The Chromic acid test
 (Jones Oxidation) indicates 1° or 2° alcohol (Jones oxidation)
distinguishes primary
and secondary alcohols
from tertiary. Chromic Tert-butyl alcohol
acid will oxidize a Acetone
primary alcohol first to Acetophenone
an aldehyde and then to
a carboxylic acid and it
will oxidize a secondary
alcohol to a ketone.
Tertiary alcohols do not
react. The OH-bearing
carbon must have a
hydrogen atom
attached. Since the
carbon atom is being
oxidized in primary and
secondary, the orange
chromium Cr6+
ion is being reduced to
the blue-green Cr3+ ion.
9 2,4- Rapid appearance of a The 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazone thick precipitate Dinitrophenylhydrazone
Test test serves as a Acetaldehyde
derivative formation. n- butyraldehyde
Both aldehydes and benzaldehyde
ketones react with 2,4- acetophenone
dinitrophenylhydrazine acetone
to form a solid 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazone
(DNP) derivative. The
color of this derivative
can also provide useful
structural information. If
the solid is yellow, this
most often means that
the carbonyl group in
the unknown is
unconjugated. A
reddish-orange color
most likely means that
the carbonyl group is
conjugated. In a few
cases, compounds in
which the carbonyl
group is not conjugated
produce orange
precipitates. Simply
having a double bon or
phenyl group
somewhere in an
aldehyde or ketone does
not necessarily mean
that the carbonyl group
is conjugated. The
double bond must be
separated from the
carbonyl by one single
bond only. If the double
bond is further away, it
is isolated from the
carbonyl and not
 conjugated with the
carbonyl.
9 Fehling’s Test reduction of the deep In Fehling’s test, the
blue solution of presence of
copper(II) to a red aldehydes and not
precipitate of insoluble ketones is detected by acetaldehyde
copper oxide reduction of the deep n-butyraldehyde
blue solution of copper benzaldehyde
(II)to muddy green
solution, and then form
a brick-red precipitate of
insoluble cuprous
oxide(Cu
2O). This test is
commonly used for
reducing sugars but is
known to be not specific
for aldehydes.
9 Tollen’s Silver Mirror Formation of a silver Tollens’ test, also known acetaldehyde
Test mirror as silver-mirror test, is
a qualitative laboratory
test used to distinguish
between and aldehyde and
a ketone. It exploits the fact
that aldehydes are readily
oxidized, whereas
ketones are not. Tollens’
test
uses a reagent known a
s Tollens’ reagent, which
is a colorless, basic, aqueous
 solution containingsilver ions
coordinated to ammonia
[Ag(NH3)2+]. Tollens’
reagent oxidizes an
aldehyde into the
corresponding carboxylic
acid. The reaction
isaccompanied by the
reduction of silver ions in
Tollens’ reagent into
metallic silver, which, if
the test is carried out in a
clean glass test tube,forms
a mirror on the test
tube. Ketones are not
oxidized by the Tollens’
reagent, so
thetreatment of a
ketone with Tollens’
reagent in a
glass test tube does not
result in a silver mirror.
9 Iodoform Test yellow ppt only for R- The Iodoform test
CHOH-CH3 indicates the presence
of an aldehyde or
ketone in which one of
the groups directly Acetaldehyde
attached to the carbonyl Acetone
carbon is a methyl acetophenone
group. Such a ketone is
called a methyl ketone.
In the Iodoform test, the
sample is allowed to
react with a mixture of
iodine and base.
Hydrogens alpha to a
carbonyl group are
acidic and will react with
base to form the anion,
which then reacts with
iodine in this way to
form the triiodo
compound, which the
reacts with more base
to form the carboxylic
acid salt plus iodoform,
a yellow precipitate.
Formation of a yellow
precipitate therefore
indicates the presence
of a methyl group
directly attached to the
carbonyl. The
mechanism of the
iodoform reaction is
that of alpha-
halogenation of a
carbonyl compound
under basic conditions,
followed by nucleophilic
displacement of the
resulting triiodomethyl
 group by hydroxide.
10 Hydrolysis of Acid The positive visible Acid halides,
Derivatives (Acyl halides result is the turbidity of anhydrides, esters, and Acetyl Chloride
and Acid anhydrides) the substance and its amides are all acyl
warming effect due to compounds of the
the presence of HCl general structure. These
compounds are also
known as acid
derivatives, because
historically they were
first derived from
carboxylic acids.
10 Hydrolysis of Acid plastic balloon-like odor Esters are of utmost Ethyl Acetate
Derivatives (Esters) importance to the
fragrance and flavoring
industry. The sweet
odors of fruits and
perfumes are usually
results of volatile esters.
10 Hydrolysis of Acid red litmus paper into Amides are found Benzamide
Derivatives (Amides) blue, an indication of throughout
presence of a basic biochemistry. It is the
substance amide group that
defines enzyme
structure, which in turn
defines us.
10 Alcoholysis: Schotten- strong plastic balloon- a reaction that occurs Acetic acid
Baumann Reaction like odor between an organic Acetyl Chloride
(Acetic Acid) molecule and an alcohol
of some sort, like when
tert-butyl chloride
 reacts with methanol to
give methyl tert-butyl
ether as the product.
10 Aminolysis: Anilide white precipitate with is any chemical reaction Acetyl chloride
Formation (Acyl halides an oily layer in which a molecule is Acetic anhydride
and Acid anhydrides) split into two parts by
reacting with a molecule
of ammonia or an
amine. Another
common example is the
reaction of a primary
amine or secondary
amine with a carboxylic
acid or with a carboxylic
acid derivative to form
an amide. This reaction
is widely used,
especially in the
synthesis of peptides.
On the simple addition
of an amine to a
carboxylic acid, a salt of
the organic acid and
base is obtained.
10 Hydroxamic Acid Test Deep burgundy color Hydroxamic acids are Ethyl acetate
usually prepared from
either esters or acid
chlorides by a reaction
with hydroxylamine
salts.