Classification and Taxonomy Notes

Classification

 Biologists use classification to ____________ groups of living things

 Helps make sense of different groups similarities and differences
 _________________: study of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a
universally accepted name

Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)

 Created the system of naming we use today.

 In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or
______________.

Binomial Nomenclature
 “Bi” means ____
 “nomial” means __________
 Nomenclature means “the system of”

Defined:
In ______________ _______________, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.
(Genus & species)

Example of Binomial Nomenclature

 Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus
o Ursus: genus
 Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears
o maritimus: species
 The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.
 Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.

Problems with Linnaeus

 Linnaeus only named two kingdoms
 Plantae and Animalia
 He used what was known and available in the 18th century to classify organisms
 Based on observable characteristics only
 Classification and Taxonomy Notes
Taxons:
TAXON REMEMBER
Dear
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti

Definitions to know:
Genus: is a group of closely related __________.
Species: Group of similar organisms that can _____________ and produce fertile offspring
Family: Group of genera that share many _________________.
Order: Group of similar _____________.
Class: Group of similar ___________.
Phylum: Group of closely related _____________.
Kingdom: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related ____________.

Human Classification

TAXON Human
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Classification
 _______________ – particular group or level of organization
 Things to consider:
o Organisms that are in the same kingdom are not necessarily more similar than
those of the same species
o This applies to each taxonomic level
 Classification and Taxonomy Notes
Dichotomous Key
 Help in identifying unknown organisms
 Identifies features that are similar and different
 This helps assign organisms to a particular category

Modern Classification
 Now, we have evolutionary relationships, DNA analysis, and more complete fossil record
to establish relationships
 Not just by visible _________________ anymore
 Biologists now use 3 ____________ to classify organisms
 Biologist use 6 kingdoms to separate organisms

Domains
 Domains are larger than __________________.
 Modern classification has introduced 3 major domains that organisms are classified into.
 3 Domains are:
o __________________
o ___________________
o ___________________

The Three-Domain System

Domain Bacteria
 Kingdom ___________________.
 Unicellular/Prokaryotes
 Cell walls have ________________.

Domain Archaea
 Kingdom __________________________.
 Unicellular/Prokaryotes
 Cell walls withOUT __________________.

Domain Eukarya
 ______________________, multi/unicellular
 Kingdoms _________________, ______________________,
_______________________, _________________.
 Classification and Taxonomy Notes
Kingdom Classification
 Kingdom Archaebacteria
o Unicellular Prokaryote
o Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan
o Extremophiles – Love extreme environments like volcanoes, hydrothermal vents,
and hot springs
o ____________________: salt lovers
o ____________________: anaerobes
o ____________________: live in high temperatures

 Kingdom Eubacteria
o Unicellular ________________.
o Cell walls with ______________.
o All other bacteria you encounter everyday

 Kingdom Protista
o Unicellular or ___________________.
o Can live in colonies.

 Kingdom Fungi
o Unicellular or ______________________.
o Cell walls made of ___________________.
o Heterotrophs….they eat!

 Kingdom Plantae
o Multicellular
o Cell walls made of Cellulose
o Autotrophs….make their own food

 Kingdom Animalia
o ______________
o NO ______ _________.
o Heterotrophs….they eat

Classification Using Cladograms

___________________: A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group
of organisms.