State the component parts of hill road with their function
1. Road Pavement: - The main function of pavement is to carry vehicular load and distribute it evenly. In other words it resists the stresses cause due to moving loads of traffic. 2. Parapet wall :- Parapet wall is to provide protection to the traffic against falling down in valley . it constructed as a continuous wall but with small gaps in between rather than a continuous wall to achieve economy. 3. Breast wall :-.Breast wall is provided at the upslope side of the road to prevent Lateral pressure of earth. In other words ,It is constructed when hill side is steep and there is tendency of its sliding down towards the roads. 4. Retaining wall: - This wall is constructed at the downslope side to resist pressure from earth filling of pavement due to traffic load and other load. This is constructed when the hill road is to be made in partly cutting or whole embankment . 5. Catch water drain :- These drains are provide on hill slope to collect or intercept the rainwater and divert them to nearby cross drainage work 6. Side Drainage :- These drains are provided at the foot of hill slope to collect rainwater from carriageway and from hill slope and divert it to the nearby cross drainage work 7. Cross drainage works: - Cross drainage works are provided at regular intervals in hill road to drain off rain water across the road. State necessity of cross drainage work.
Cross drainage work: An efficient drainage system for disposing off the surface water collected in side drains or that of the natural streams across a road or railway track or across a hill road is called cross drainage.
Necessity of CD work:
1. Helps to maintain the continuity of a road or a railway track while going across the river, streams, nala, depressions and valleys.
2.Maintain the gradient in undulating area in case of railway.
3.Provides continuous access to the surrounding villages and towns even at the time of flood and heavy rain.
4.Maintains continuous communications.
5.The provision of cross drainage structure at frequent intervals also helps in reducing the size of side drains as well as of catch water drains .
6.An efficient cross drainage system is essential for disposing off the surface water collected by catch water drains and side drains across the hill road .
7.An effective cross-drainage system prevents side drains from overflowing and flooding the road surface .
Draw a cross section of National Highway in hilly area.
State the difference between alignment of hill roads and alignment of plain roads.
Alignment of hill roads Alignment of plain roads
1) Sharp curves are to be provided. 1) Sharp curves are not to be provided.
2) The minimum radii of such sharp curve should 2) As curves are not to be provided, radii of curve be required to take into consideration while should not require to be taken into account. fixing alignment of hill roads.
3) Cost per kilometer length is much higher in 3) Cost per kilometer length is less in case of case of hill roads. plain roads as compared to hill roads.
4) Proper care is required to be taken for 4) In case of plain roads drainage does no causes drainage. that much problem.
5) Stability is very important factor in case of hill 5) Stability is not that much important in case of roads due to problem of land slide. plain roads as there is no land slide.
6) Curves and bends are not easy for all types of 6) In spite of curves and bends the gradient vehicle to negotiate the route. should be easy for all types of vehicle.
7) Not economical as compared to plain roads. 7) Economical as compared to hill roads.
Explain the Difference between Hill road and Roads in plain.
Hill Road Roads in plain
The roads which are constructed by cutting hillThe road which are construed on fairly leveled rocks is known as hill roads ground without cutting (but with embankment) is known as road in Palin Catch water drain and side drains are provided Side gutters are provide on both sides of on hill top side only for drainage. alignment for effective drainage Retaining wall with parapet is necessary for itsSide slope or side embankment with shoulder stability. are required for its stability The types of hill roads curves are hair pin bendThe types of curves for roads in plain area are curve , salient curve and re- entrant curve horizontal and vertical curves Construction of hill roads tedious and required Construction of roads a plain is comparatively more time simple and quick More maintenance is required for hill roads Periodic maintenance is throughout the year sufficient for road in plain areas Hill roads may pass through tunnels and Ordinary machines are sufficient to complete hence required special cutting machines road construction Landslides, settlements, cracks are the No such common problems occurred in well- common problem in hill roads constructed plane roads Q. Describe the alignment survey for hill roads. W16 The alignment of hill road is fixed and translated on ground through following operations- a) Reconnaissance – It is done through aerial and ground mediums to know physical ground features of proposed alignments of hill road. Aerial photographs taken are verified physically through site visit . The various probable alignments and its data is collected separately . b) Preliminary Survey- In this each alignments are studied very carefully to get information of traffic , construction materials, slope , drainage conditions. This information is taken such that design features like length , width , slope etc. for all alignments will be helpful. Trace cut 1 to 1.2 m wide are made by pegging the boundaries , the permanent features are marked using offsets and maps are prepared of larger suitable scales c) Determination of final center line – in this l/s and c/s contour maps of alignment are studied for satisfying aesthetic, engineering, economic and environmental requirements. Earthwork , curves , obstructions , protective works are considered simultaneously . the grade line is marked on ground using Abney level and control points are marked for horizontal and vertical curves for alignment d) Final location of alignment- The marked center line on prepared map is then studied in office for estimate and theodolite survey. It is then marked by pegs at 20 m intervals along center line and cross sections. Sometimes the said marking are made with paints . the stakes are marked using theodolite at 10 m at curved alignment of hill road
State and explain factors controlling alignment of hill road. ( refer same question in w18) The factors controlling the alignment of hill road are as follows.
1. Length of road – It should be less to reduce cost of construction per kilometre.
2. Number of curves- If no. of curves is more then it becomes difficulty in construction. 3. Excessive cutting of rock- If alignment results in excessive cutting of rocks then it should be diverted to another direction 4. Gradient of road- It should be always to lower side to maintain comfortness while driving. 5. Landslide prone area- The alignment in hilly area should pass through area of lesser chances of landslides. 6. Economy of project- The alignment is selected such that the transportation, construction and maintenance cost will be minimum to achieve overall economy of project. 7. Number of curves- If no. of curves is more then it becomes difficulty in construction. 8. Excessive cutting of rock- If alignment results in excessive cutting of rocks then it should be diverted to another direction 9. Gradient of road- It should be always to lower side to maintain comfortness while driving. 10. Landslide prone area- The alignment in hilly area should pass through area of lesser chances of landslides. 11. Economy of project- The alignment is selected such that the transportation, construction and maintenance cost will be minimum to achieve overall economy of project Landslide : The downward and outward movement of slope forming/consisting materials such as natural rocks, soils, artificial fills, etc. is known as land slide or land slip. OR The movement of the soil , rocks on the land caused by the finite shear failure .landslides moves along the surface of separation
State the various causes of Land Slide.
1. Increase in water content of soil during rainy season.
2. Undermining caused by erosion or excavation. 3. Vibrations and shocks caused by blasting or earthquakes. 4. Hair cracking due to alternate swelling and shrinkage of the soil mass. 5. Formation of faults in bedding planes of the strata due to vibrations 6. Due to seepage pressure of percolating ground water. 7. Due to failure of breast wall constructed for hill roads. 8. Increase in weight dur to accumulation of snow and external loads due to traffic . 9. If blasting at the hilly region is done , then the natural connectivity between particles of rock is weakened which may result in landslide . 10. Removal of a part of the mass by excavation and due to the increase in the angle of slope .
Explain various preventive measures that can be taken to avoid landslides.
1. Effective drainage system: - Landslides can be avoided by providing proper and effective drainage system that is by providing catch water drains, cross drains etc.to intercept and divert the water.
2. Slopes: - By providing proper slopes and their treatment to minimize the erosion due to which landslides may be avoided.
3. Support: - To support the earth fill by constructing retaining structure along with buttress at toe.
4. Soil stabilization: - Landslide may occur due to poor load bearing capacity of soil. By improving the stability conditions of soil by soil stabilization method the landslide may be avoided.
5. Angle of slope: - By reducing the angle of slope or by providing breast wall land slide which may occur due to increase in slope should be avoided.
6. Chemical treatment: - To enhance the properties of soil, chemical treatment may be adopted. It improves the load carrying capacity of soil and helps to avoid landslides.
7. Netting: - By providing jute netting or wire netting. It also help to avoid landslides in case of hilly areas. Net which is made up of fibres such as jute net are provided in hilly areas to prevent landslides. 8. Asphalt mulch treatment:- By asphalt mulch treatment of the slopes and growth of vegetation can also avoid the landslides
What are the various types of curves provided in hill road? Draw sketch of any one type.
1. Hair pin bend curve
2. Re-entrant curve 3. Salient curve
State the types of curves in hill roads. Explain anyone with neat sketch. 1)Hair pin curves: Definition : The curve in a hill road which changes its direction through an angle of 180 degree or so, down the hill on the same side is known as hair-pin curve. 1.this curves are safe from viewpoint of land slides and ground water . 2.this type of curve shall be provided on a hill side having the minimum slope and maximum stability . 3.these are difficult to negotiate and should therefore ,be avoided as far as possible . 4.minimum radius of the inner curve =14m Minimum length of transition =15m Maximum design speed =20 kmph 5 . For good visibility at the hair pin bend , the island portion shall be cleared of all the tress ,HIGH GROUND etc. refer ( 6-6) if needed more .
2)Salient curves: The curves having their convexity on the outer edges of a hill road are called salient curves. The centre of curvature of a salient curve lies towards the hill side. Re-entrant curve: The curves having their convexity on the inner edge of a hill road are called re- entrant curves.
Define:
(i) Land slide (ii) Re-entrant curve (iii) Salient curve (iv) Hair pin bend curve
Refer first line of above answer
Describe in brief drainage structure in hill road.
An adequate and effective drainage is very essential for better service and less maintenance cost of hill roads. The drainage of hill roads consists of the following structure: 1. Surface Drainage 2. Controlling Seepage flow 3. Cross drainage 1) Surface Drainage: In case of hill roads, surface water causes erosion to the road surface and hill sides and may result in landslides or slips. A proper arrangement for drainage of surface water is therefore, importance to prevent erosion and landslides. An efficient network of surface drainage system of a hill road consists of Side drains and Catch water drains or Intercepting drains. 2) Controlling Seepage flow: When the general ground as well as the impervious strata lying underneath are slopping, the seepage flow is likely to exist. If the seepage zone is at a depth less than 0.6 to 0.9 m from the surface of pavement, it is desirable to intercept the seepage flow. For controlling seepage flow, sub-surface drains are provided at foot of the hill slope. Cross drainage: An efficient cross drainage system is essential for disposing off the surface water collected by catch water drains and side drains across the hill road. It consists in providing cross drainage structure at frequent intervals. An effective cross drainage system prevents side drains from overflowing and flooding the road surface. Cross drainage is provided by constructing Small under drains, Scuppers, Causeways, Culverts and Minor or Major bridges
