Eco Tourism Yashraj Lad

SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AND CATERING
TECHNOLOGY, LONAVALA
PROJECT REPORT ON
A STUDY ON ECO TOURISM AND ITS IMPACT
SUBMITTED BY
YASHRAJ M. LAD
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
PROF. SHILPA BRANGER
SUBMITTED TO SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

IN FULFILMENT OF
BACHELERS IN HOTEL MANAGEMENT AND CATERING
TECHNOLOGY
YEAR 2018-2019
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “A STUDY ON ECO TOURISM
AND ITS IMPACT” submitted by ‘YAHSRAJ M. LAD, in the partial fulfillment of
their requirement for the award of degree of BHMCT with specialization in
‘ACCOMMODATION OPERATION of Sinhgad Institute of Hotel Management
and Catering Technology, Lonavala, affiliated to the Savitribai Phule Pune
University, is a record of his own work.
(Signature of Guide)
Name of the Guide: PROF. SHILPA BRANGER
Name of the Department: ACCOMMODATION OPERATION
Sinhgad Institute of Hotel Management

And Catering Technology, Lonavala.
Date:
Place: Lonavala
This Project report entitled
A STUDY ON ECO TOURISM AND ITS IMPACT
By
YAHSRAJ M. LAD
Is approved for the degree of
Bachelor of Hotel Management and Catering Technology with specialization in
ACCOMMODATION OPERATION
Sinhagd Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Lonavala
Examiners Name Signature
1. External Examiner
2. Principal Dr.(Mrs.)Ayesha Siddiqui
3. Internal Examiner Dr. Veena Tiwari
4. Guide Prof. Shilpa Branger
Place: Date:
DECLARATION
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will
be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has
not been taken when needed.
Date:
Place: YASHRAJ M. LAD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take immense pleasure in presenting my Project Report on the topic A

STUDY ON EO TOURISM AND ITS IMPACT
I take this opportunity to sincerely thank our Principal Dr. Ayesha Siddiqui
and express my deep gratitude to Dr. Veena Tiwari for her co-operation
and guidance throughout the course. I thank her for giving direction and
encouraging me to take this topic and providing constructive input towards
the completion of the project report.
I also thank Prof. Shilpa Branger for providing guidelines and kind
assistance that influenced me to learn and develop a better understanding.
Lastly I thank people who have contributed time, encouragement,
information and assistance for giving me information and help needed to
complete this report.
YASHRAJ M. LAD
Final year (BHMCT)
(2018-19)
A STUDY OF ECO TOURISM AND ITS IMPACT
CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
Sr.No. Title Page no.
1.1. Preamble 9
1.2. Need for the study 9
1.3. Objective of study 10
1.4. Scope of the research 10
1.5. Limitation 10
1.6. Methods 10
CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITREATURE
2.1. What is eco tourism? 12

2.2. Why eco tourism? 13
2.3. We & our environment 14
2.4. Important of eco tourism 14
2.4.1. Eco tourism is valuable for people & the planet 15
2.4.2. Sustainable tourism is a learning experience for everyone 16
involved
2.4.3. Eco tourism promotes economic stability 16
2.4.4. We become more sensitive through eco tourism 17
2.4.5. Eco tourism reduces our carbon footprint 17
2.4.6. Animals suffer when we don’t travel sustainable 18
2.4.7. Planning to travel sustainable is easier than ever before 18
2.5. Principle of eco tourism 18
2.6. Benefits of eco tourism 22
2.7. Impact of eco tourism 24
2.7.1. Environmental impact 25
2.7.2. Financial impact 26
2.7.3. Cultural impact 27
2.8. Guidelines and rules for eco tourist 28
CHAPTER-3 ECO TOURISM IN INDIA
YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 6

3.1. Eco region in India 29

3.2. Importance of eco tourism in India 30
3.2.1. North eastern state have immense potential for eco tourism 34
development
3.2.2. Forest, biodiversity and land used in India 35
3.3. Major eco tourism destination in India 35
3.3.1. Eco tourism in kerala 36
3.3.2. Sundarban eco tour 37
3.3.3. Goa eco tour 37
3.3.4. Himalayas 38
3.3.5. Andaman & nicobar islands 39
3.3.6. Coorg 40
3.3.7. Garhwali 41
3.3.8. Kodaikanal 41
3.3.9. Sikkim 42
3.3.10. Shimala 43
3.3.11. Uttaranchal 44
3.3.12 Corbett national park 44
3.3.13 Chennai crocodile bank 45
3.3.14. Bharatpur bird sanctuary 45
3.3.15. Gir national park 45
3.3.16. Keoladeo national park 46
3.4. Promoting eco tourism in India 46
3.4.1. Changing the eco tourism mantra in India 47
3.5. Forms of eco tourism 48
3.6. Recent initiatives in eco tourism in India 49
3.7. Eco tourism trends an policies in India 50
3.7.1. National eco tourism policy and guidelines of ministry of 52
tourism, government of India
3.8. Eco tourism in India : some major issues 54
3.8.1. Environmental issue 55
3.8.2. Socio-economic issue 55
3.8.3. Impact over locals 56
CHAPTER-4 FINDINGS, CONCULSION, SUGGESTIONS AND

RECOMMENDATION

4.1. Findings and conclusion 58

4.2. Suggestion an recommendation 58
4.3. Scope for further study 59
4.4. References 60

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. PREABLE:
The Ministry of Tourism has the specific agenda to promote tourism in the country in a
responsible and sustainable manner and as per this mandate promotion of ecotourism
assumes larger importance.
Eco-Tourism has been broadly defined as tourism which is ecologically sustainable. The
concept of ecological sustainability subsumes the environmental carrying capacity of a
given area. The general principal of ecotourism guiding the initiatives of the Ministry is
as under:
(a) The local community should be involved leading to the overall economic
development of the area.
(b) The likely conflicts between resource use for eco-tourism and the livelihood of local
inhabitants should be identified and attempts made to minimize the same
(c) The type and scale of eco-tourism development should be compatible with the
environment and socio-cultural characteristics of the local community, and
(d) It should be planned as a part of the overall area development strategy, guided by
an integrated land-use plan avoiding inter-sectoral conflicts and ensuring sectoral
integration, associated with commensurate expansion of public services.
1.2. NEED FOR THE STUDY:
Ecotourism is focused on uniting conservation, communities and sustainable travel.

There are several guidelines in place for those who partake in ecotourism. Namely,
ecotourism:

 Focuses on pristine, unspoiled natural environments

 Minimizes impact on the environment
 Builds environmental and cultural awareness and respect
 Provides positive experiences for both visitors and hosts
 Provides direct financial benefits for conservation
 Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people
 Raises awareness to host countries’ political, environmental and social climate
1.3. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

 To create an awareness of the impact of eco tourism on environment, economy and
culture
 To spread the importance of a eco tourism
 To encourage the eco tourism in India
1.4. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

 eco tourism and sustainable tourism
 Environmental, economic and cultural impact of eco tourism
 tourism and sustainability
 eco tourism in India
 challenges an solution of eco tourism
1.5. LIMITATIONS
 People are not aware about eco tourism and sustainable tourism
 Unwillingness of people towards eco tourism
 Changes in economical aspect
 Under developed eco tourism
1.6. METHODS:

 Data collection procedure from books, journals, magazines, Newspaper, videos and
official websites
 Primary data collected with questionnaire

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. WHAT IS ECO-TOURISM?
(Figure 2.1. eco tourism)
Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively

undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to
standard commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to natural areas,
conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people. Its
purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to
directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local
communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights.
Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of tourism that appeals to the
ecologically and socially conscious individuals. This influx of tourists can aid economic
growth. Generally speaking, ecotourism focuses on volunteering, personal growth, and
learning new ways to live on the planet; typically involving travel to destinations where

flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible ecotourism
includes programs that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the
environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to
evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is in the
promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and creation of economic
opportunities for the local communities.
Ecotourism (also called sustainable tourism) can be defined by a variety of travel

practices, but it all comes down to a general set of ideas. As an eco-tourist, you decide
to travel in a way that shows respect to nature and does not contribute to its
degradation.
Additionally, ecotourism is a part of environmental conservation, and understanding

what the needs of the people are who are local to the area so that you can help to
improve their quality of life. It also involves learning more about the history of other
cities and preserving the historical landmarks.
2.2. WHY ECOTOURISM?
Ecotourism, responsible tourism, and sustainable development have become prevalent

concepts since the late 1980s. Ecotourism has experienced the fastest growth of all
sub-sectors in the tourism industry. The popularity represents a change in tourist
perceptions, increased environmental awareness, and a desire to explore natural
environments
Ecotourism can promote biological and cultural diversity through ecosystem protection.
It can promote sustainable use of biodiversity by providing jobs to local populations
through sharing socio-economic benefits with local communities and indigenous people
by having their informed consent and participation in the ecotourism enterprises.
Ecotourism also minimizes wastage and environmental impact through sensitized
tourists. It can be one of the medium to preserve local culture, flora and fauna and other
natural resources.

2.3. WE & OUR ENVIRONMENT
The race for becoming the most advanced and most developed state in the world, has
led man to destruct the natural resource in our stock and our biosphere. Today, most of
the underground and above the ground resources are on the verge of finish, resulting in
abrupt climate, natural disaster and more. Now, man is facing two very extreme
dangerous conditions - 'Global Warming' & 'Greenhouse Effects', both of which will lead
to the total destruction of the Planet Earth. It is now high time, we should (the entire
Human Community) start our bit of job to save our Earth from complete destruction. It is
now every man's duty to do as much possible to save our Planet Earth.
Today, there are "Green Laws" of conservation, which are making people aware of how
man and the environment can live beneficially for more time to come and Eco-tourism is
one way to maximize the environmental and social benefits of tourism, not forgetting the
economic developments.
Everyone is a stakeholder in the process and we clearly need to avoid our past
shortcomings and negative impact. In India to the movement is gathering momentum
with more & more travel and travel related organization’s are addressing the needs of
the eco-tourists and promoting eco-tourism in the country.
2.4. IMPORTANCE OF ECOTOURISM

Various human activities have triggered an increase in the population of invasive
species which make the survival of other species difficult. This directly hampers the food
chain along with the habitat and leads to vulnerable existences in the ecosystem. Today
mother earth is screaming for protection and man is single-handedly responsible for
having put her in such a trouble. There is still time to put a full stop to this destruction by
those responsible for this vulnerable position we find ourselves in.
When we think of the joys that come with the adventures of traveling, we often envision
exciting trips to beautiful places fit for a perfect photograph, unique foods you won’t find

at home, and encounters with people who are much different from those we are
accustomed to. Tourism allows us to do more than just learn facts about various
locations. It allows us to immerse ourselves into the cultures and lifestyles of others and
leaves lasting impressions that aren’t likely to be forgotten.
(Figure 2.2. the need for eco-tourism)
2.4.1. ECOTOURISM IS VALUABLE FOR PEOPLE AND THE PLANET
The rewards that come with the newness and the satisfying learning experiences of
travel are irreplaceable, and these benefits can be enhanced through ecotourism. As an
eco-tourist, you travel with more than personal satisfaction in mind. You help the planet
and you enable people to lead a more fulfilling life.
Local communities, especially those that do not thrive by industrial means, could benefit
greatly from tourists who respect their lands while providing additional funding. In

unspoilt regions, we are offered a touring experience that reminds us of nature’s

enchanting qualities and we are commonly introduced to welcoming residents.
2.4.2. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IS A LEARNING EXPERIENCE FOR EVERYONE

INVOLVED
The more that we know about a place, our love and admiration grows and inspires us to
protect it. Tour guides and hosts are educated on a deeper level in order to share
knowledge with visitors while tourists come to appreciate the beauty of new
surroundings. Adding to the visual appeal is the new perspective that comes with
learning the historical and environmental significance of unfamiliar lands and buildings.
As we explore unknown places with a spirit of curiosity and kindness, we begin

important discussions with locals and other visitors. Through their stories, we have an
inside view of what the needs and desires of the people are.
Unfortunately, tourists are viewed by some as rude visitors who create inconveniences
for residents. Locals are often annoyed by the increased traffic, unreasonable demands
and the inability of tourists to understand and respect the cultural expectations and
dress codes.
When you meet people as you travel sustainably, mutual understanding allows all
parties involved to learn about one another. You are able to tell others where you are
from and to show them that you would like to tour the area without disturbing their way
of life or disrespecting their values. By showing strangers that you care about their
feelings and concerns, they view you as a representative of your home and as an ally.
This creates a sense of unity and cultural sensitivity.
2.4.3. ECOTOURISM PROMOTES ECONOMIC STABILITY
We live in a very diverse world full of eclectic people who live off the land and depend
on what nature provides. Commercial tourist attractions may be placed in a specific

area, but that doesn’t mean it gives back to these communities. Instead, large
corporations tend to change the way of living for some natives depending on what will
be most profitable. When this happens, locals often relocate and are devastated on both
a physical and emotional level due to the stresses that come with moving.
Many of these indigenous cultures have been deluded, or destroyed altogether, to set
up for tourism, but it doesn’t have to be that way. Traveling to local attractions offers
exciting experiences and the funding you provide to these places is shared amongst the
community, contributing to more jobs and a boost in the local economy.
2.4.4. WE BECOME MORE SENSITIVE THROUGH ECOTOURISM
Unfortunately, many of the travel experiences we take part in do not take into
consideration how it affects our planet and the well-being of people. There are many
popular attractions that are insensitive to the environment and animals. These places
continue to make a large amount of money because many people are unaware of the
harm and pain it causes, simply viewing it as amusement. On the other hand, lesser
known attractions may not be able to advertise or host a large number of guests at
once, but deserve the publicity and funding to help them move forward. When we visit
these places and tell others about the experience, we are helping to promote eco-
friendly businesses and keep them in operation.
2.4.5. ECOTOURISM REDUCES OUR CARBON FOOTPRINT
When you travel, commuting is a major part of the experience. Some choose to rent
cars and drive while others take planes or trains. Commuting is unavoidable when
traveling, but there are adventurous ways to cut back on transport that adds to pollution
in the air. While on a trip, explore guided areas that offer tours on foot. Have fun
discovering the unique types of shared transportation that each city provides, such as
trolleys and hybrid buses that offer comfortable means of travel for tourists and locals.

2.4.6. ANIMALS SUFFER WHEN WE DON’T TRAVEL SUSTAINABLY
Small companies are working to save species from extinctions and monetary support
helps them in this mission. At many major attractions, animals are unfairly caged or
forced to participate in performances that cause them stress and discomfort. Instead of
paying to view animals in captivity, go sightseeing to see them at play in their natural
habitats. There are also hiking trails waiting to be explored that offer colorful views of
nature and close encounters with diverse species.
2.4.7. PLANNING TO TRAVEL SUSTAINABLY IS EASIER THAN EVER BEFORE
Tourism is amongst, if not the, most popular industry in the world. The less sustainably
we travel, the more we allow for destructive habits that negatively impact the
environment. For example, there are large amounts of litter and waste often left behind
when a large number of people congregate at events that do not encourage the use of
recycling bins, contributing greatly to pollution.
Because of its ability to attract and connect people, travel can be especially powerful as
a way to preserve the environment instead. Proper planning and research allow tourists
to find eco-friendly alternatives that are enjoyable for both solo travelers and families.
There are lots of online tools and travel companies that can help you to book incredible
experiences that are kind to the environment. With so many advancements in
technology, you can easily plan your own trips to various destinations in a short amount
of time if a travel consultant isn’t a desirable option.
2.5. PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM
Ecotourism is about responsible travel to natural areas that promote conservation, bring
harmony among communities, and sustains well being of local people. People who
implement and participate in ecotourism activities should adopt the following ecotourism
principles:

 Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts
 Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
 Provide positive experiences for both visitors and local people
 Provide direct financial benefits for environmental conservation
 Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry
 Deliver memorable interpretative experiences to visitors that help raise sensitivity

to host countries’ political, environmental, and social climates
 Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities
In recent times, the quest for alternative forms of tourism to replace the traditional mass
tourism phenomenon has resulted in new forms of tourism being proposed. Since the
traditional mass tourism phenomenon was seen as being environmentally degrading,
lacks respect for local culture, causes leakages and encourages the use of natural
resources in an unsustainable manner, new forms of tourism were proposed to serve as
an alternative to mass tourism. Prominent among these alternative forms of tourism is
ecotourism.
The term ecotourism as the word suggest means tourism that deals with the ecology or
the environment. Thus, ecotourism is a form of tourism that mainly involves travelling to
natural environments. A lot of scholars have tried to define ecotourism in their own ways
but the underlying element of travel to natural environments and conservation of those
natural environments is common to all the definitions. According to the International
Ecotourism Society, “Ecotourism is the responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and improves the well-being of people”. This definition gives
a clear understanding of what ecotourism is really made up of. It states three main
important elements that need to be taken notice of. These include;

1. Responsible travel to natural areas

2. Conserves the environment
3. Improves the well-being of the people
The following paragraphs will try to explain the main elements of the definition given by
the International Ecotourism Society with reference to the seven (7) principles of
ecotourism, these are;
1. Ecotourism should involve travel to natural destinations.

2. It should minimize impacts on the environment
3. Ecotourism should be built on environmental awareness
4. Ecotourism should provide direct financial benefits for conservation
5. Ecotourism should respect local culture
6. It should provide support for human rights and democratic movements
7. It should provide direct financial benefits for the local people.
A critical analysis of the seven principles shows that they can be divided into three main
parts just as the definition given by the International Ecotourism Society. The first part is
made up of the first principle which talks about travel to natural areas, the second part
consist of the second, third and fourth principles which talks about the conservation of
the environment, and the last part which is made up of the fifth, sixth and the last
principle talks about how the local people can benefit from ecotourism activity.
The first principle states that, ecotourism should involve travel to natural destinations.
This means that, the ecotourism activity should take place in a natural environment.
Natural environments include places such as wildlife sanctuaries, forest areas,
mountainous regions, ramset sites and others. Unlike mass tourism which mainly
involves travel to built up areas and sophisticated attractions such as theme parks,
ecotourism is based on the natural ecology where plants, animals, climates and

landscapes are the components. The Eco tourist in his quest to visit any destination
must consider the nature of the destination and also select destinations that are nature
based.
The second principle states that ecotourism should minimize impacts on the
environment. Since ecotourism involves travel to natural environments, the activities of
tourist and other stakeholders are likely to affect the environment. Activities such as
cutting down of trees for camping and building materials, littering, poaching, using
transportation that emits dangerous gases into the atmosphere can impact negatively
on the environment. It is therefore important for every stakeholder in the ecotourism
activity to take effective steps to minimize their impacts on the environment. For
example, a tourist can decide to ride a bicycle or walk to an ecotourism site instead of
taking a car to prevent the emission of carbon monoxide at the site.
The third principle by Martha Honey states that, ecotourism should be built on
environmental awareness. Every ecotourism activity or project needs to take the
environment into consideration since the environment is the reason for which
ecotourism thrives. Every stakeholder in the ecotourism activity, that is, the Eco tourist,
the local community, the service providers, the non-governmental organizations and the
government should be aware of the important role the environment is playing in the
ecotourism activity. This knowledge will help to prevent any negative activity that has
the potential of degrading the environment. A practical way in which all the stakeholders
can be made aware of the importance of the environment is by education.
The fourth principle states that, ecotourism should provide direct financial benefits for
conservation. This means that, ecotourism activities should generate the required
income for the protection and conservation of the resources on which they depend.
When tourists visit ecotourism sites, they pay gate fees and other service charges.
Businesses within the ecotourism industry such as travel agencies, tour wholesalers
and Eco lodges also pay taxes and some other charges. The funds generated from
these charges should be made available to be used to conserve the ecotourism sites so

as to sustain them for the future generations. Some practical ways of conserving
ecotourism resources can include; fencing the resource, employing guards to enforce
laws at ecotourism sites and providing alternative livelihood for the local people who
depend on the resource.
The fifth principle states that, ecotourism should respect local culture. Every ecotourism
resource is located in an area where other people are already occupying. These people
may have cultures and ways of doing things that are different from the way the Eco
tourist behave. It is therefore important on the part of the Eco tourist to accept the
culture of places they are visiting on its own term. Ecotourism is not only about enjoying
the natural resources that a particular destination has to offer. It also involves learning
new things, which includes the culture of the people living in the area being visited.
Some practical ways in which Eco tourists can show respect for the local culture
includes; asking permission before taking photograph of local people, dressing
appropriately, speaking at least a few words of the local language, avoid displaying
expensive jewelry or cameras particularly in very poor communities and asking
questions rather than assuming they have all the answers.
The sixth principle states that, ecotourism should provide support for human rights and
democratic movements. This means that, every ecotourism project or activity should
focus on the rights of the local people. It must be noted that, the local people living in a
particular ecotourism destination already have a life before the area has been
discovered for ecotourism. Therefore, it is important for all the stakeholders in the
ecotourism industry to accept the people as such and also to respect their basic human
rights as they develop and use the area for ecotourism. A practical way in which the
human rights and demands of the local people can be taken into consideration is the
adoption of the community participation and the bottom- up approach in decision
making. When the local people are involve in decisions concerning their area, they are
able to bring out their misfiling about the project and are also able to suggest ways in
which those misfiling can be avoided. This goes a long way to benefit them and also to
protect their rights.

Finally, the last principle of ecotourism as given by Martha Honey states that,
ecotourism should provide direct financial benefits to the local people. Ecotourism
should not only benefit the government, service providers and the environment. It
should also benefit the local people financially. The local people should be able to earn
income from the ecotourism activity or project. Through this, they can be able to fully
support the project and also prevent any form of hostility that may arise if they are not
gaining any benefit from the project. Ecotourism can provide financial benefits to the
local people by creating jobs or employment opportunities for the local people through
which they can earn income. The local people can sell crafts, sourvenirs, and foodstuffs
to tourists in return for income. Some can also serve as local tour guides. The local
leaders can also benefit from royalties payed to them by the government and other
service providers. These royalties can be used in the development of the area.
From the ongoing discussion it can be seen that ecotourism thrives on three main
issues. That is, it involves travel to natural environments; it seeks to protect the
environment and also seeks to provide benefits to the local people. This means that,
every ecotourism project or activity should take into consideration these issues and also
strive to maintain them in order to be regarded as an ecotourism activity.
2.6. BENEFITS OF ECOTOURISM
Ecotourism, being one of the best forms of travel, conceals many of the benefits
touching directly to tourists and local community. The benefits of ecotourism are
transmitted not only to tourists taking the tour, but also to local community and the
whole ecosystem.
 The very first thing that tourists can benefit from their eco tour is to enjoy plenty of
excursions. Recreational eco activities like wild animals spotting, birding, angling,
trekking, rock-climbing, mountain-biking, river rafting, para-gliding, hills and lakes
viewing, boating, nature walk and etc are worth making one's getaway full of
unforgettable fun.

 During the tour, there is immense possibility that you get wider opportunity to learn
from the local culture and historical significance of the places you are traveling.
Exchange of cultural, historical and geographical information is quite enriching
during one's eco tour.
 More the footfalls better the condition of resources is. Increase of eco traveler brings
funds to resources/places where one is visiting, which definitely helps making the
condition of resources (wildlife places, beaches, forests, and other eco places)
better.
 The innate intention of ecotourism is to involve the local business in itself.
Involvement of local business provides employment to local people, which ultimately
lead to building the nation's economy better.
 Ecotourism helps motivating the conservation policy of government and local
bodies. Better fund due to more eco traveler will tend to make government and local
bodies understand the true value of resources, which, consequently, will demand
better protection and strong conservation policy helping resources to live long.
2.7. IMPACT OF ECO TOURISM
(Figure 2.4. impacts of tourism)

The impacts of ecotourism can have both positive and negative effects on the
environment and local communities. This article is a discussion on how these effects
impact different areas of ecotourism.
Ecotourism is essentially a way of responsibly travelling to destinations. It is concerned

with lowering the impact tourism has on the environment. Improving the standard of
living for the local communities is also an important part of ecotourism.
2.7.1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ECOTOURISM:
Any ecotourism holiday must consider the environmental impact of tourism on the
natural surroundings.
Positive:
Ecotourism that is done right can have a good impact on the environment. It brings
money into natural areas by encouraging people to visit and pay for items. These
include:
 Entrance fees
 Concessions
 Licenses
This money goes back into the local communities. This then encourages them to keep
environmental projects going in order to bring more revenue to the area. In this way
conservation projects can continue for a sustained amount of time.
Negative:
Ecotourism is becoming a more important form of travel with the rise in eco conscious
tourists. However, this can have a damaging effect on the environment.
As ecotourism can operate in exotic and fragile places, an increased footfall of eco
tourists can damage these areas. This will also increase pollution and littering.

More tourists can also affect the mental well being of animals, changing their natural
characteristics. This can interrupt mating rituals and animals will scavenge our littered
waste, which can have health issues for them.
2.7.2. FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF ECOTOURISM:
Ecotourism can bring a source of revenue into a local economy helping to improve the
standards of living for the people.
Positive:
The financial benefits to a local community of ecotourism are numerous. National parks
and conservation projects bring revenue to the area. By involving the local people in
operating these facilities they receive an income.
This income can improve their standards of living. The financial benefits of ecotourism
also bring:
 Clean water supplies

 Better roads
 Health centers
 Retail opportunities
These benefits to the community help them to see the importance of conservation and
environmental protection. By continuing these projects they are receiving continued
revenue from ecotourism.
Negative:
Green-washing is a big problem for ecotourism. Hotel chains and tour operators can
label themselves as eco friendly by making very small changes.

For instance hotels that just use eco friendly cleaning products and recycle some of
their waste are nothing more than green-washing. However, this gives them the same
green credentials as a committed eco lodge or other ecotourism accommodation.
The issue with this is that the increased footfall of tourists trying to be environmentally
friendly by staying in ‘green’ accommodation, are actually contributing to a negative
impact.
Some eco tour operators may take a large chunk of the payment for visiting a
conservation project and not give this money back to the communities.
2.7.3. CULTURAL IMPACTS OF ECOTOURISM:
Ecotourism can help a local community build pride in their culture.
Positive:
Ecotourism can raise the self-esteem of a community. They understand that tourists
value their culture, knowledge and natural resources. This pride leads the people to
undertake education and training.
They can then use this education and training to continue cultural and conservation
projects.
Negative:
The rise in ecotourism can also devalue the culture of a local community. Turning
cultural symbols into retail commodities for tourists may bring money but will reduce the
value the symbol means to the people.
Crime will undoubtedly increase as wealthy foreigners come into an area.

2.8. GUIDELINES AND RULES FOR ECO TOURISTS
The tourists should be aware of the impact of their activities on the environment. An
environmental protection strategy should address the issues of awareness, sensitization
on environmental issues, and care about the places they visit. Tour guides are an
obvious and direct medium to communicate awareness. With the confidence of eco-
tourists and intimate knowledge of the environment, they can actively discuss
conservation issues. They should be given adequate information so that they can help
in preserving local environment and resources.
 Travel in groups of not more than four. Larger groups make a larger mess. Don’t
make a noise; remember you left the city to experience something different.
 View birds and animals from a distance. Animals find quick movements and loud
noises stressful. If you scare them by making a noise they will tend to avoid the
area, spoiling it for animal lovers.
 Camp wherever possible at campsites used by others instead of trying to clear
the ground for a new campsite. Make no open campfires and discourage others
from doing so.
 Where water is heated by scarce firewood use as little of it as possible. Avoid
carrying canned food and leaving tins behind.
 Leave camp sites clean and remember to take back all non-biodegradable litter
to the road head/town for proper disposal.
 Bury only biodegradable food waste. Proper disposal of tampons and napkins
requires that they be placed in plastic bags and taken out. Do not bury them
because they don’t decompose readily and animals may dig them up.
 Do not use detergents and soaps at streams and springs.
 Do not take away cuttings, seeds and roots of plants.

CHAPTER – 3
ECO TOURISM
3.1. ECO REGIONS IN INDIA
The diverse geographical structure of the country brings great delight for eco travelers.
Unlike other regions of the world, India with its thousands years old historical and
cultural significance is full of eco places, amongst some are believed to be the best eco
places of the world.
Eco regions of India are result of integration of different geographical structure and its
varied topography. Like other regions in possession of single or less diverse
geographical feature, India divides itself in many eco regions, each having their own
climate and physical structure. Whether it is Western Ghats, North-Eastern regions,
Western Himalayas, Gangetic plains or Eastern Himalayas, each of the eco regions are
different from one other. With their significant differences in their state and characteristic
of natural resources, vegetation and wildlife inhabiting, the eco regions of India conceal
in its lap great wonder to be viewed and offer to eco traveler what only few regions on
the earth have to show off.
Every part of the country is hoarded by heaps of eco regions full of natural sightseeing
locations. The great Himalaya alone is home to many of world famous eco sites and let
tourists avail eco excursion like trekking, wildlife viewing, orchid viewing, glacier
viewing, birding, mountain-biking, nature walk and etc. Besides renowned hill stations
like Munnar, Ooty, Manali and Darjeeling; popular wildlife parks like Corbett National
Park, Ranthambore National Park, Kaziranga National Park and Periyar National Park;
and famous rivers like Ganga and Brahmaputra are some of the richest eco places
known all over.

3.2. IMPORTANCE OF ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA
In the words of Mark Twain, ‘India is a fabulous world of splendor and

rags, the one country under the sun with an imperishable interest, the one land that
all men desire to see’. The diversity of wildlife in India is as rich as those of the
flora and fauna found only in Africa. The great wealth of Indian wildlife can be
imagined with the sight of the majestic elephants, the dance of the peacock, the
camel’s stride, the roar of the lion are unparalleled acts of beauty. The vastness of
the wildlife and wilderness in India is unparallel in the world. This accounts for
the immense opportunities for wildlife tourism in India. Ecotourism development
has entered an exciting phase in North India. The Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and
the Bay of Bengal offer a very large coastline.
India is one of the 12-mega bio-diverse countries of the world and has a
rich cultural heritage too. It has a vast potential for ecotourism that needs to be
tapped for healthy conservation and preservation of nature and bringing about
economic benefits to the local communities. Ecotourism in India has developed
recently, for the concept itself is a relatively new one. India has spectacularly
attractive natural and cultural tourist attractions. India offers enormous diversity in
topography, natural resources and climate. There are land-locked mountainous
regions, lush valleys and plains, white sandy beaches and islands. Central India
has numerous wildlife sanctuaries with countless varieties of flora and fauna.
The most significant feature of the ecotourism industry in India is its

capacity to generate large-scale employment opportunities, particularly in remote
and underdeveloped area. It offers enormous potential for utilizing natural
resources like landscapes, mountains, bio-diversity areas, rivers etc for the benefit
of people.
Ecotourism is not only a travel statement; it gives the message of our

relationship with nature and its own inhabitants. India became a very common
name for ecotourism, because of its natural resources and beauty. Ecotourism
focuses on Indian local cultures, wilderness, adventures, and environmental
protection. In India the movement is gathering momentum with more travel and
travel related organizations for addressing the needs of the eco tourists and
promoting ecotourism in the country.
As a concept ecotourism has gained momentum recently in India, but as a

way of life Indians has practiced ecotourism since times immemorial by their
traditional approach to nature and rich cultural heritage. The immense popularity
of ecotourism in India stems from the fact that people are becoming increasingly
conscious of the environmental hazards and the importance of the existence of
diverse flora and fauna. The ecological diversity of India is arguably the most
varied in the world. Ecotourism does not disturb or modify the actual biodiversity
of India; it only popularizes the secluded parts of India.
Ecotourism in India is a niche industry that has mainly developed in the

past few years. Ecotourism is largely based on the concept of sustainable tourism
or eco-friendly tourism. It has often been the case with the tourist destinations in
India where the ecological balance of a fragile area has degraded drastically due to
the pressure of tourism. Hence, the country is trying to promote tourism in a
manner in which it generates considerable revenue without disturbing the delicate
eco-system in the region. This type of tourism is extremely essential for India
considering that it has one of the richest biodiversities in the world.
The Indian topography boasts of an abundant source of flora and fauna.

India has numerous rare and endangered species in its surroundings. The
declaration of several wildlife areas and national parks has encouraged the growth
of the wildlife resources. Today, India has many wildlife sanctuaries and
protection laws.

There are numerous botanical and zoological gardens in India, which are
working towards the enhancement of the ecosystem. There are severe
punishments for poachers, hunters and illegal traders of animals and trees. There
are several animal and plant rights organisation, which fight for the rights of the
animals and plants. Numerous organisations and NGOs are coming forward to
provide environmental education to common people at the grass root level.
Ecotourism is an attempt for sustainable ecological development. India,

the land of geographical diversities and wonders offers excellent options for
ecotourism. No country in this world offers as much geographical varieties as
India. India provides an unmatched range and diversity, justifying several ecotourism
travel trips.
Ecotourism in India is gradually qualifying for attention of the tourists, the

government and entrepreneurs for obvious reasons. India has enough potential in
ecotourism to cater to the interests of the tourists. Ecotourism industry is one of
the leading employment generating sectors of India and it generates directly or
indirectly approximately 3.8% employment out of the total employment
generation every year in India.
India is full of topographical variations with amazing scenic beauty.

Mountainous ranges of Himalayas, golden beaches, impenetrable forests and
plenty of water bodies along with rich blend of culture provokes people across the
world to tour India. Ecotourism is the best way to enjoy the nature’s charisma
without harming it and for the admiration of nature’s marvels.
The following factors may be considered for the potential of ecotourism

industry in India:

 To increase foreign exchange: - Ecotourism is one of the important

industries that earn foreign exchange for a country without actually
exporting any material goods. The income from ecotourism has tended to
increase at a higher rate than merchandise export in a number of countries.
 To help in the development of infrastructure facilities: - Development and

improvement of infrastructure facilities are another important benefit
offered by the ecotourism industry. A variety of secondary industries may
be promoted which may not serve the needs of ecotourism. Thus,
indirectly; tourist expenditure may be responsible for stimulating other
economic activities of a country.
 To help in balanced regional development: - Tourism development greatly

benefits underdeveloped regions of a country. These economically
backward regions mostly have places of high scenic beauty which if
developed for the tourism industry, will help to bring a lot of prosperity to
the local people.
 To help in generating employment: - Tourism industry is highly labour

intensive service industry that generates employment for highly skilled,
semiskilled and unskilled labour in sectors like hotels, restaurants, travel
agencies, tourism offices, shops etc.
 To help in maintaining peace and understanding: - Tourism plays an
important role in promoting international goodwill. It creates awareness
and appreciation of other countries culture and nature.
A fundamental requirement for ecotourism to be practiced is control on

access to an area. Various hill stations or beaches therefore do not get categorised
as ecotourism destinations because it is impossible to control access to them.
National parks and wildlife sanctuaries are on the other hand most amenable to

regulate access and thus most suitable as eco-tourist destinations. The Protected
Area Network in the country therefore becomes the most logical starting point for
development of ecotourism. Most eco tourists are from Europe, North America
and Japan.
But National parks and wildlife sanctuaries wherever established have

often displaced local communities, especially tribals or have in any case restricted
livelihood options of the original inhabitants. This left the poor local communities
still poorer and often without a viable recourse. The imperative of conservation
has therefore to be balanced with the primacy of economic development of local
communities within or on the periphery of a protected area. Ecotourism can be
made a most effective instrument in bringing about the balance where local
livelihoods actually benefit from improved conservation unlike in the past.
3.2.1. NORTH EASTERN STATES HAVE IMMENSE POTENTIAL FOR ECO-

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Government attaches great importance to the development of tourist

infrastructure in the northeastern region in view of immense tourist potential of
the region. The rich natural beauty, serenity and exotic flora and fauna of the area
in the eight states of the north eastern region are invaluable resources for the
development of ecotourism.
The national ecotourism policy and guidelines aim to preserve, retain and
enrich natural resources and to ensure regulated growth of ecotourism with its
positive impacts on environmental protection and community development. Under
these guidelines, the government has prioritised several projects in various parts of
the country. Assam has immense potentialities for the growth and development of
ecotourism.

The Tourism Ministry has taken several steps including the setting up of a
Chapter of Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management at Guwahati on
the basis of sound ecotourism principles
3.2.2. FOREST, BIODIVERSITY AND LAND USE IN INDIA
Great variation in climatic condition has given appearance to variety of

forest types including tropical and sub-tropical forests in the Western Ghats and
Eastern Himalaya, temperate and alpine forests in central and western Himalayan
and desert forests in the arid and semi-arid regions of the county. According to
Forest Survey of India (2003), about 6,78,333 km, constituting 20.64% of its
geographical area is under forest cover in the country. Very dense forest (VDF)
however accounts for only 1.56% while the moderately dense forest (MDF) and
open forest account for 10.32% and 8.76% respectively. The total forest and tree
cover of the country is estimated to account for 23.68% of the country’s land.
India contains a great wealth of biodiversity in its forests, wetlands and

marine areas. The country has 7% of the mammals, 12.6% birds, 62% reptiles,
4.4% amphibians, 11.7% fishes and 6% plants of the world. The Western Ghats
and Eastern Himalayas are biodiversity hotspots. The faunal species of India is
estimated to be about 81,000, representing about 6.4% world’s fauna. The number
of plant species in India is estimated to be over 45,000 representing about 7% of
world’s flora including 1228 bird, 428 reptile, 372 mammal, 204 amphibian and
2546 fish species. India is home to 14 biosphere reserves, of which 3 are in the
world network of biosphere reserve viz. Sundarbans, Gulf of Mannar and Nilgiri.
3.3. MAJOR ECO-TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDIA

A brief discussion of the important ecotourism locations in India comesunder the

following head:
3.3.1. ECO-TOURISM IN KERALA: A PARADISE FOR TOURIST
Kerala, which is known as ‘God’s Own Country’ is situated in the lap of southwestern
coast of India. Eco-visitors found Kerala as a green heaven. Sandy
beaches, tropical dense forests etc. enhance the natural attraction to the nature
lovers. Here we can witness several animal species and thousands of plant species.
The Nilgiri mountain range will definitely draw tourist’s attention. There are
many wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala. In Kerala, tourism activities are mainly based
on nature and its facilities. The first planned ecotourism destination in Asia was
the Thenmala Ecotourism Project in Kerala. Idukki is one of the districts in Kerala,
which has abundance of wide scale tourist attractions. There is wide scope for
ecotourism in Idukki.
(Figure 3.3.1.Thenmala eco tourism, Kerala)

3.3.2. SUNDARBAN ECO-TOUR: WORLD’S LARGEST NATURAL DELTA
In West Bengal, Sundarban is a place that introduces us the real meaning of

ecotourism. The world’s largest natural delta is a name of Royal Bengal Tigers. Wildlife
sanctuary, bird sanctuary, crocodile projects are the main attractions for the eco-visitors.
The tidal rivers, water channels, large mangrove trees etc. will give us the feeling of
adventure with the essence of freshness. The mangrove
swamp in the south of West Bengal is the place where the Royal Bengal Tigers
rule. These majestic big cuts are fascinatingly beautiful and extremely dangerous.
(figure 3.3.2. sundarban, West bangal)
Unfortunately these animals are now on the verge of extinction. This marsh land
has become a sanctuary for these magnificent creatures in yellow and black strips.
Deer, antelopes, gaur and wild pigs also have made this marsh land their home.
3.3.3. GOA ECO-TOUR

(figure 3.3.3. Goa eco tour )
Goa is a place where the visitors can have the real feeling of enjoyment
and fun with the package of ecotourism. Goa is a combination of natural resources
and our rich heritage. The churches, temples, monuments, forts will tell us the
story of history. The beaches, wildlife and national park will introduce us to the
natural magic of Goa. The carnival and cuisines of Goa adds the extra flavor to
the eco-visitors. Goa is making keen efforts to develop ecotourism by developing
interior green spots like waterfalls, sanctuaries and lakes.
3.3.4. HIMALAYAS
The whole mountain range of North India will give the tourists a perfect
picture of an eco-tour. Several places like Kulu, Manali, Ladak, Dharmashala,
Dalhosi etc are specially known for its natural beauty to the nature lovers. The
eco-visitors can witness the magical glow of sunrise and sunset from the different
corner of mountain range. Himalaya ranges are famous for trekking and camping.

In different colours, shapes and heights, valleys of mountains impress the ecovisitors by
their inherent qualities.
(figure 3.3.4. Himalaya eco tourism )
3.3.5. ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the garden of natural beauties and
an attractive spot for nature lovers. The animals, marine life, plants make
themselves alive in the deep water of the Bay of Bengal. The fresh and clean
environment, well-maintained road attract all the eco tourists from all over the
world to this place. These Islands are covered by dense jungles and surrounded by
several coconut trees. Here adventure plays the key role to buildup the relation
between the nature lovers and nature.

(figure 3.3.5. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands )
3.3.6. COORG
The scenic beauty of this hill station is unmatched. Exploring this hill
station and its natural possession, world famous waterfalls, Iruppu and Abbey and
Nagarhole National park are worth making one’s ecovacation extremely
enjoyable.

(figure 3.3.6. Coorg tourism, Karnataka )
3.3.7. GARHWALI
Snow capped mountains, beautiful meadows, serene lakes and dense forests
offering amazing wildlife view are some of the embedded geographical features of
this Northern region of country.
3.3.8. KODAIKANAL
The whole beauty of this small place is assembled in its beauty of

untouched serene and virgin lakes and caves, which are full of offering diverse
range of eco-adventure. This place is situated in Tamilnadu.

(figure 3.3.8. kodaikanal, Tamilnadu )
3.3.9. SIKKIM
With the joy of trekking in the second highest peak of the world,
Kanchenjunga, exploring the Rhododendron trek and beautiful land of orchid,
Sikkim is unmatched anywhere else in the world.

(figure 3.3.9. Sikkim )
3.3.10. SHIMLA
Fine opportunity to enjoy excursion like Oak and Rhododendron forest

exploration, Sking and ice-skaling and Himalayan sightseeing make this small hill
station one of the most favourite vacationing spots for domestic as well as
international tourists.

(figure 3.3.10. Shimla )
3.3.11. UTTARANCHAL
Constituting the two naturally rich regions: Tumaon and Garhwal, this
Northern state is full of spots offering tourists many of the salubrious, pleasant
and adventurous activities like trekking, birding and river rafting.
3.3.12. CORBETT NATIONAL PARK
Corbett National Park is the first of its kind in India. This beautiful
sanctuary at the foothills of the Himalayas is a flourishing place for the flora and

fauna. The Corbett National Park is only 145km away from Lucknow and 51km
from Ramnagar. This 201 sq. mile Park is plenty of deer and wildboars. With 110
103species of trees, 50 species of mammals and 580 species of birds, the park is the
ultimate ecotourism destination for all the animal lovers across the world.
3.3.13. CHENNAI CROCODILE BANK
Chennai Crocodile Bank shelters seven species of crocodiles. Occupying

an area of 3.2 hectare, this is also the largest crocodile-breeding centre in India.
Located 42km away from the coast of Chennai, the sanctuary plays host to a
number of Indian and African crocodiles and alligators. This bank has produced
more than 6000 crocodiles. There is also a large reserve of venomous and
nonvenomous snakes. These fearsome predators need the wilderness to flourish and
this is just the place that is perfect for their habitation. The crocodile bank is 35km
south of Chennai and is situated besides the scenic East Coast Highway.
3.3.14. BHARATPUR BIRD SANCTUARY
Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary also called Ghana Bird Sanctuary is spread over
an area of 232sq.km.The place is a fantasy in feathers. The best time to visit this
place is between the months of August and October.
3.3.15. GIR NATIONAL PARK
Home of the Asiatic lion, this beautiful place on the west of India in the
state of Gujarat is one of the most popular tourist destination. It is a big game
watchers paradise. Home to one of the rare species in the world, Gir holds a
position of great importance in the ecotourism map of India because the fearsome

predators that it hosts. Sprawling over 3386 sq.km, Gir National Park has a
remarkable mix of deciduous forest along with teak acacia and banyan. This is a
protected area.
3.3.16. KEOLADEO NATIONAL PARK
Keoladeo National Park is situated in Bharatpur district in eastern

Rajasthan that lies in Indus-Ganges monsoon forest biogeographical province with
a total area of 2,873 hectares. The park is an unrivalled breeding site for herons,
storks and cormorants and an important wintering ground for large number
migrant ducks. There exist varied tourist facilities at the park. It includes visitor
center, forest lodge hotel, picnic areas, food services, rest room facilities, boating
platforms etc. The picnicker, casual tourists, adventure tourist, ornithologists and
photographers constitute the major types of the tourists. More than one lakh
tourists visit the park annually.
3.4. PROMOTING ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA
The key players in the ecotourism business are Government, local authorities,
developers and operators, visitors and local community. Each one of them has to
be sensitive to the environment and local traditions and follow a set of guidelines
for the successful development of ecotourism. In addition, governmental
organizations and scientific and research institutions also have to play key role in
development of ecotourism.
Special officers have been designated to coordinate activities regarding

ecotourism. The Forest and Tourism Departments of the states like Karnataka,
Kerala, Sikkim, Rajasthan and Andra Pradesh have specifically announced a

policy for the development of ecotourism laying special emphasis to the

involvement of the local communities.
A management plan for each ecotourism area should be prepared by

professional landscape architects and urban planners in consultation with the local
community as well as others directly concerned. Integrated planning should be
adopted to avoid inter-sectoral and cross-sectoral conflict. A first step should be to
prepare 20-year master plans for each state.
The architectural programme for ecotourism centers should include controlled access
points, roads, self-guided nature trails, transportation options, interpretation centers,
signs and adequate but unpretentious lodging and dining
facilities, docks, garbage disposal facilities and other utilities as needed. If
required, suitable living quarters and facilities for project personnel should be
provided.
3.4.1. CHANTING THE ECO-TOURISM MANTRA IN INDIA
The diverse geographical features of India are enriched with hundreds of

tourist destinations. No matter, which region you explore almost every part of the
country is laden with numerous spots giving tourists wide range of ecotourism
places to explore.
Whether one is exploring the monasteries and Himalayan glaciers of

Ladakh in Northern part or roaming through rich coffee plantation and world
famous Kerala backwater in south or enjoying the arduous trekking in
Kanchenjunga in North-East or taking a desert camel safari tour in their desert in
western part of the country, the ecotourism spots are pervaded everywhere. Many

of them lying still in the pristine lap of mother lap guarantee its visitors to fetch
them a unique view of their natural richness.
The diversity of the wildlife in India is as rich as those of the flora and
fauna found only in Africa. Traditionally, India has sought to protect its
biodiversity through a Protected Area Network (PAN) consisting of 590 protected
areas, including 90 National Parks and 500 Wildlife Sanctuaries spread over 4.7%
of the geographical area. India houses three-fourth of the world’s tigers in its
Tiger Reserves.
The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, has constituted two

awards in the field of ecotourism. One is the best eco-friendly tourism project/
organization, and the other is the most innovative unique tourism project.
3.5. FORMS OF ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA
There are various forms of ecotourism in India that attract an increasing

number of tourists each year. Some of the most prominent forms include wildlife
tourism, agro tourism, and village tourism and so on. Of this, wildlife tourism is
emerging as one of the most popular forms of ecotourism in India. India has an
unbelievable diversity with respect to flora and fauna and has some of the most
renowned national parks and tiger reserves like Kanha, Ranthambore, Kaziranga,
Corbett and Suderbans.
Apart from this, agro tourism is making its own mark and
tourists are flocking to India to get a taste of the rustic rural life of the countryside.
India is fortunate to have extensive mountain ranges and coastal areas in which
ecotourism can play a significant role. There are activities at various levels that
assure the future of ecotourism in India, but there is clearly some way to go before

ecotourism is fully integrated into public and private sector strategies and
activities.
In India, tourism related organizations addressing the needs of the ecotourism and
promoting ecotourism in the country. Though green travel in India is at
its nascent stages, several environments conscious tour operators have slowly
started developing eco-friendly travel and tour packages for India.
3.6. RECENT INITIATIVES IN ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA
 A project of ecotourism for development of Horsely Hill in Chittor district

of Andra Pradesh has been sanctioned.
 The project of development of Satkosi in Orissa (Rs.4.25 crore) has been
sanctioned in which interpretation centre; landscaping, elephant camps,
trekking park, watch towers and parking facilities etc. are proposed to be
developed.
 Ministry of Tourism (MOT) has sanctioned a project for development of
ecotourism in Morni-Pinjore Hills and Sultanpur National Park in Haryana
for which Rs 2.63 crore have been sanctioned.
 The project of integrated development of tribal circuit with special focus
on ecotourism in Himachal Pradesh has been approved for Rs.6.98 crore.
 Development of Wayanad in Kerala for an amount of Rs.2.01 crore.
 Development of Tourist Circuit (Western Assam Circuit) DhubariMahamaya-
Barpeta-Hajo has been sanctioned for an amount of Rs.4.97
crore.
 Development of Mechuka destination (Rs.4.41 crore in Arunachal
Pradesh).
 Development of tourist destination of Khensa at a cost of Rs 4.58 crore in
Nagaland Circuit-Udhyamandalam-Madumalai-Anaimalai, Tamil Nadu.

 Jungle Lodges and Resorts, Karnataka (provides experiences of living in

the wilderness).
 Private Initiative in Kerala-Casino Group of Hotels, Tours India Ltd
(adopted 2 tribal villages in Periyar Tiger Reserve for growing indigenous
pepper-used as USP and financial gains to communities).
 GEF Project-Gulf of Mannar, Tamilnadu (ecotourism as an alternative
method of livelihoods and preservation of the bio-diversity of the region).
 Sikkim Biodiversity and Ecotourism Project (developing collaboration
between TAAS, local orgs, and communities for biodiversity, conservation
and income generation).
 Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala-India Ecodevelopment Project (promoting
participation of local communities in biodiversity conservation through
incentive based mechanisms).
 Corbett-Binsar-Nainital Ecotourism Initiative, Uttarakhand (promoting
 Great Himalayan National Park, HP-Eco Development Project (promoting
3.7. ECO-TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICY IN INDIA
The diversity in geography in India provides a wealth of natural areas that

could support ecotourism activities. There has been significant growth in tourism
sector, both domestic and foreign tourists, and the earnings being generated from
the tourism industry. Of the 2.35 million foreign tourists who came to India,
26.4% went for wildlife, adventure and beach tourism. The growing interest of the
domestic tourists- a phenomenon arising due to increased industrialization,
urbanization, disposable incomes and changing living styles and attitudes- to

nature based-tourism, bring more tourists to the natural areas. Resultantly, the
demand of the ecological areas as a product increased considerably. The Ministry
of Tourism is making all efforts to make India as more tourist friendly.
Ecotourism is a small-scale enterprise. The government through various policy
initiatives has acknowledged the significance of ecotourism. Both the Ministry of
Tourism and the Ministry of Environment and Forests have responded to the
development in the field of ecotourism with policy initiatives. Department of
Tourism issued policy and guidelines on Ecotourism in July 1998.The policy lays
down the objectives for ecotourism and contains operational guidelines for major
stakeholders. During 2000, Ecotourism in Protected Areas and Territorial Forest
Division was recognised as one of the fifteen thrust areas of the Ministry of
Environment and Forests. The Indian chapter of the Pacific Asia Travel
Association has formulated an action plan for National Ecotourism Policy, which
has been forwarded by Ministry of Tourism to state governments to review.
The outlook for travel industry in India looks extremely bright. Yet the
growth in market share to India still remains considerably lower than other
destinations such as Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Egypt. If the climate is not
conducive to ecotourism, it can never grow and flourish and which attributed to
some unfavourable factors.
The Ministry of Tourism is developing India’s first ecotourism model in

the valley of flowers in Uttarkhand with the assistance of UNDP (United Nations
Development Programme). In the south, Kerala has announced its eco drive
branding Kerala as an ‘environmental state’ to increase its international appeal.
The state’s department of tourism has presented hoteliers eco friendly guidelines.
‘Ever-green Kerala’ is the aim behind this drive. India houses three-fourths of the
world’s tigers in its tiger reserves. The government of Tamilnadu has announced
an ecotourism policy that will help to create awareness among the youth about the
importance of the state’s ecology. The ecotourism wing of the Tamilnadu Tourism

Development Corporation (TTDC) would set high standards of ecology to be

maintained by TTDC hotels, chalkout programmes for youth, so that adventure
tourism could be promoted along with ecotourism and recognise outstanding
organisations and give awards every year. The government of India is also
developing a nature and wildlife circuit in the central region, largely in Madhaya
Pradesh, and an ecotourism circuit in the Northeast region.
Several state governments have also taken policy initiative to promote

ecotourism. The government of Himachal Pradesh has announced a “Policy on
development of Ecotourism” in May 2001 with special focus on the involvement
of local communities. The government of Madhya Pradesh has announced an
“Eco and Adventure Tourism Policy” on 2001-2002 placing emphasis on the
involvement of the private sector. Forest Departments in Kerala, Goa, Karnataka,
Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim have designated officials to coordinate ecotourism
activities. Several state governments including Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Karnataka and Andra Pradesh have issued orders for recycling of entry fees from
protected areas for conservation and community development. The Forest
Corporation of West Bengal and Uttaranchal has initiated ecotourism activities
and the government of Kerala has launched The Thenmala Eco-Tourism
Promotion Society to develop a model for ecotourism. Recently, practioners and
interested individuals in Sikkim established the Ecotourism and Conservation
Society of Sikkim (ECOSS) with the objectives of promoting conservation and
ecotourism projects, research and advocacy. In the private sector there are
examples of eco-friendly concept hotels such as the Orchid Hotel and product
development by the Casino Group in Kerala.
3.7.1. NATIONAL ECO-TOURISM POLICY AND GUIDELINES OF THE MINISTRY OF

TOURISM, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
The National Ecotourism Policy and Guidelines of the Ministry of

Tourism after considering the national policy on tourism has identified the
following cardinal principles for the development of ecotourism:-
 It should involve the local community and lead to the overall

economic development of the area
 It should identify the likely conflicts between resource use for tourism
and the livelihood of local inhabitants and attempt to minimise such
conflicts
 The type and scale of tourism development should be compatible with
the environment and socio cultural characteristics of the local
community
 It should be planned as a part of the overall area development
strategy, guided by an integrated land use plan while avoiding inter
sectorial conflicts and ensuring sectorial integration, associated with
commensurate expansion of public services.
In the year 2002 the Government of India announced a New Tourism

Policy to give boost to the tourism sector. It has outlined the following policy
initiatives for the tourism sector:-
 The new policy is built around the 7-s Mantra of Swaagat (welcome),
Soochanaa (information), Suvidhaa (facilitation), Surakshaa (security),
Sahyog (cooperation), Sanrachnaa (infrastructure) and Safaai (cleanliness).
 The new policy envisages making tourism a catalyst in employment
generation, wealth creation, and development of remote and rural areas,
environment preservation and social integration. The policy also aims to
spruce up economic growth and promote India’s strengths as a tourism
destination that is both safe and at the same time exciting.
 The policy proposes the inclusion of tourism in the concurrent list of the
Constitution so as to enable both the central and state governments to
participate in the development of the sector.

 No approval is required for foreign equity of up to 51 percent in tourism

projects. Enhanced equity is considered on a case-to-case basis. NRI (Non
Resident India) investment is allowed up to 100%.
 Approvals for technology agreements in the hotel industry are available on
an automatic basis, subject to the fulfillment of certain specified
parameters.
 Concession rates on customs duty of 25% of goods that are required for
initial setting up or for substantial expansion of hotels.
 50% of profits derived by hotels, travel agents and tour operators in
foreign exchange are exempt from income tax.
 Approved hotels are entitled to import essential goods relating to the hotel
and tourism industry up to the value of 25% of the foreign exchange
earned by them in the preceding licensing year. This limit for approved
travel agents/tour operators is 10%
 Hotels located in locations other than the four major metro cities are
entitled to 30% deduction from profit for a ten-year period.
 The expenditure tax has been waived in respect of hotels located in the
hills, rural areas, and places of pilgrimage or specified place of tourist
importance.
The Indian tourism industry has not good since the early 1990s. With
global recession seeming to have waned decisively, Indian economy growing at
around 7% per annum and rise in disposable incomes of Indians, an increasing
number of people are going on holiday trips within the country and abroad
resulting in the tourism industry growing wings.
As already discussed, ecotourism has emerged as one of world’s largest

industries and the fastest growing sector of the economy. But in India, ecotourism is
plagued by a number of factors, i.e., Government apathy, poor infrastructure, lack of
professionalism, low priority accorded to tourism and so on. It is realized that because of
these factors, India has failed to explore its vast ecotourism Potential. With the efforts of

central and state governments, various problems such as poverty, unemployment,

foreign exchange earnings, international peace, regional imbalances, industrial
recession etc can be solved to a large extent if the existing ecotourism resources are
fully explored.
3.8. ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA: SOME MAJOR ISSUES
“Tourism has a tendency to become something like a steamroller wherever

it goes. It can completely destroy natural places. Ecotourism is about trying to
stop that”. The quotation tries to define loudly the scope of ecotourism in
comparison to mass tourism. Making a concept is much easier than its
implementation and it is quite practical if we say that achieving hundred percent
successes in any implementation program is inevitable. It is true with the concept
of ecotourism all over the world. Indian ecotourism industry is successful but
facing with number of problems, which are adversely affecting. There are number
of issues relating to ecotourism in India, which contradict the very principle of the
concept.
3.8.1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
One of the most disturbing facts about ecotourism

is that it is mainly promoting the expropriation of wilderness area, national parks,
isolated tribal areas and even the areas having no trace of any permanent
settlement. Tourists opting for such tourism often belong to the prosperous strata
of society and are capable and ready to pay for everything they wish, so
consumerism becomes focal theme here. Tour operators succumb to ever
increasing demands made by visitors and to facilitate and entertain them, they
build completely artificial landscape in the area, which have mega-resorts, luxury
hotels, and shopping centers. Such changes cost almost the entire eco system
dearly, many of flora and fauna species lose their natural habitat and in the long
run this may even lead to species extinction. Tourism competes with other forms

of development and human activity for natural resources, especially land and
water. The use of natural resources subsequently leads to the transformation of
ecological habitats and loss of flora and fauna. Land transformation for tourism
development can directly destroy ecological habitats. The use of resources for
tourism involves an ‘opportunity cost’ as they are denied to other sectors of
economic development.
3.8.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES:
Just because something is marketed as ecotourism, it does not necessarily mean that
the long-term motto of providing socio-economic benefit with protection of environment
to the host areas will be achieved. The fact that ecotourism business are often owned
and controlled by outside interests in just the same way as mass tourism means the
economic benefits often are not used for the protection of the areas or to support the
local community. Besides, the carrying capacity of host areas is not calculated. As a
result, there is a breakdown of civil amenities during peak season when the influx of
tourists is tremendous.
3.8.3. IMPACT OVER LOCALS:
One of the basic objectives of ecotourism is to

engage local communities so that they benefit from conservation, economic
development and environmental education. While nearby inhabitants are most
directly affected by the establishment of parks and protected areas, they also stand
to profit by their conservation. Ecotourism deceives the locals in two ways. First,
their traditional economic and social structure undergoes a transformation towards
tourism monoculture. Secondly, the promise made to them to provide perennial
source of income and rational distribution of profit made is highly insincere.
Those locals get jobs but only of low quality, low valued and seasonal in nature.
They serve mostly as tourist guide, food providers, or souvenir vendors in the
locality. The lion’s share of revenue generated goes only in hands of organizers.

So it can be said that the cost of ecotourism is borne by locals and big players like
organizers make profit.
Tax paid by the tourist in India is the highest in the world compared to the
other Asian counties where the tax rate is between 3-6%. Indian hotels charge
about 40% tax. Another important factor behind the limited exploitation of the
tourism potential of the country is the deterioration of macro-economic central
panning to the level of micro-planning. Other problems are poor service, poor
advertisement, lack of infrastructure, lack of security arrangements, poor
management, improper implementation of the government policies, lack of coordination
between the centre and the state governments in the promotion of
tourism, involvement of too many intermediaries, a big gap between policies and
practice and so on.

CHAPTER – 4
FINDINGS, CONCULSION, SUGGESTION, AND

RECOMMENDATION
4.1. FINDINGS AND CONCULSION
Considering the wide geographical and biological diversity, the scope of

ecotourism in India is very high. If these resources are tapped successfully we can
transform the face of ecotourism industry in India. What actually needed is careful
planning and a target oriented approach. Ecotourism in India has flourished
because of the immense bio-diversity that exists nowhere else in the world. It
must, however, be realized that there is immense potential still to be tapped in
terms of making optimum use of the available natural resources. Well-managed
ecotourism can be hugely beneficial for biodiversity. There are some factors that
have promoted ecotourism in India to a great extent. However, India’s full
potential is yet to be realized and in the future years the country can expect to reap
some great rewards. Looking at the tremendous potential the ecotourism industry
offers in the field of its employment generation and foreign exchange earning
capacity, it is the time that Government pays urgent attention to the needs of the
ecotourism industry. It is believed that by 2020, tourism industry would be a
single biggest industry in the world. In this way, the ecotourism in India requires
to be developed by amending laws for attaining the objectives of sustainability.
4.2. SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION
Objectives of eco-tourism cannot be met without a focused and concerted

approach. The identified gaps are interconnected and consequence of the

absence of a commonly accepted definition of Eco Tourism. National

policies and guidelines should be drawn for the proposed components of Eco
Tourism, within the purview of international environmental treaties and
related Indian legislations, incorporating equity and fair Trade principles.
State wise regulatory institutions and regulations can be based on these
guidelines but should reflect grassroots ecological and cultural integrity.
While all environmental legislations apply to these enterprises, the sector
cannot sustain without targeted regulations, as it's potentially significant
impacts on environment and social fabric.
4.3. SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
It is relatively new segment in India. It involves visiting natural areas without disturbing
the fragile ecosystem. Eco tourism generates wealth for the local people, who in turn
take measures to conserve and protect the environment and natural resources. India
with its natural diversity is one of the pristine places in the world for eco tourism. The
Himalayan region, Kerala, Northeast, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep
islands the Western and Eastern Ghats are some of the hot spots for eco tourism in
India. India has some of the best wildlife reserves in the world, rich in flora and fauna.
Ecotourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving travel and recreation. Eco-
tourism is consecrated for preserving and sustaining the diversity of the world's natural
and cultural environments. It accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is
minimally intrusive or destructive to the environment and sustains & supports the native
cultures in the locations it is operating in. Responsibility of both travelers and service
providers is the genuine meaning for eco-tourism.
Eco-tourism also endeavors to encourage and support the diversity of local economies
for which the tourism related income is important. With support from tourists, local
services and producers can compete with larger, foreign companies and local families
can support themselves. Besides all these, the revenue produced from tourism helps

and encourages governments to fund conservation projects and training programs.

Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural luxuries and forest life,
that's what eco-tourism is all about. Whether it's about a nature camp or organizing
trekking trips towards the unspoilt and inaccessible regions, one should always keep in
mind not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life cycle of nature.
Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal

growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as
travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary
attractions. Responsible Eco-tourism includes programs that minimize the adverse
effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural
integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural
factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water
reuse, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities are an integral
part of Eco-tourism.
4.4. REFRENCES
1. www.ecoindia.com
2. www.tourism.gov.in
3. www.ecotousimindia.com
4. www.indiawildlifeportal.com
5. www.indiatourismstate.com
6. www.tourisminindia.com

Eco Tourism Yashraj Lad

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SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AND CATERING

A STUDY ON ECO TOURISM AND ITS IMPACT

PROF. SHILPA BRANGER

SUBMITTED TO SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

Sinhgad Institute of Hotel Management

A STUDY ON ECO TOURISM AND ITS IMPACT

Is approved for the degree of

Bachelor of Hotel Management and Catering Technology with specialization in

Sinhagd Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Lonavala

Examiners Name Signature

2. Principal Dr.(Mrs.)Ayesha Siddiqui

3. Internal Examiner Dr. Veena Tiwari

4. Guide Prof. Shilpa Branger

Place: YASHRAJ M. LAD

I take immense pleasure in presenting my Project Report on the topic A

Sr.No. Title Page no.

CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITREATURE

Sr.No. Title Page no.

2.1. What is eco tourism? 12

CHAPTER-3 ECO TOURISM IN INDIA

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 6

Sr.No. Title Page no.

3.1. Eco region in India 29

CHAPTER-4 FINDINGS, CONCULSION, SUGGESTIONS AND

Sr.No. Title Page no.

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 7

4.1. Findings and conclusion 58

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 8

1.2. NEED FOR THE STUDY:

Ecotourism is focused on uniting conservation, communities and sustainable travel.

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 9

 Focuses on pristine, unspoiled natural environments

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1.4. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 10

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 11

2.1. WHAT IS ECO-TOURISM?

(Figure 2.1. eco tourism)

Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 12

Ecotourism (also called sustainable tourism) can be defined by a variety of travel

Additionally, ecotourism is a part of environmental conservation, and understanding

2.2. WHY ECOTOURISM?

Ecotourism, responsible tourism, and sustainable development have become prevalent

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 13

2.3. WE & OUR ENVIRONMENT

2.4. IMPORTANCE OF ECOTOURISM

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(Figure 2.2. the need for eco-tourism)

2.4.1. ECOTOURISM IS VALUABLE FOR PEOPLE AND THE PLANET

YASHRAJ M. LAD Page 15

unspoilt regions, we are offered a touring experience that reminds us of nature’s

2.4.2. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IS A LEARNING EXPERIENCE FOR EVERYONE

As we explore unknown places with a spirit of curiosity and kindness, we begin

2.4.3. ECOTOURISM PROMOTES ECONOMIC STABILITY

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2.4.4. WE BECOME MORE SENSITIVE THROUGH ECOTOURISM

2.4.5. ECOTOURISM REDUCES OUR CARBON FOOTPRINT

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2.4.6. ANIMALS SUFFER WHEN WE DON’T TRAVEL SUSTAINABLY

2.4.7. PLANNING TO TRAVEL SUSTAINABLY IS EASIER THAN EVER BEFORE

2.5. PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM

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