Pg. No.

1
Broiler birds will have diseases
manifestations like ND, IB, IBD, CRD,
IBH, Coccidiosis & E.Coli and some of the
metabolic disturbances like Ascites, Gout,
leg weaks, etc., Diagnosis, Treatment
and Prevention is more important in
controlling the disease.
NO TREATMENT OR PREVENTION
WITHOUT A PROPER DIAGNOSIS. At
field level initial diagnosis based on Post
Mortem Lesion and Treatment based
on the initial diagnosis plays vital role
in reduction of mortality and in turn
disease occurrence.
The following basic details will
throw some light on PM lesions and
differentiation between important
diseases and the primary treatment to
be followed without any compromise
and delay:

Pg. No. 2
I. Bacterial Diseases
1. Colibacillosis
2. Chronic Respiratory Disease
(CRD)
3. Necrotic Enteritis

II. Viral Diseases

1. Newcastle disease (ND)/
Ranikhet Disease (RD)
2. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)
3. Infectious Bronchitis (IB)
4. Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH)

III. Protozoan Diseases

1. Coccidiosis

IV. Fungal Disease

1. Brooder Pneumonia

V. Metabolic Diseases
1. Gout
2. Heat Stroke
3. Ascites

Pg. No. 3
 Bacterial Diseases

1. Colibacillosis –(E.Coli)
• Caused by Escherichia coli
• Possible routes of infection were
–– improper shed cleaning;
Contaminated water & Feed
(MBM, Fish meal)
–– Improper cleaning of water
lines from Main tank, pipeline
and drinkers or nipples
–– Wet litter and improper litter
racking
–– Contaminated hatching eggs
–– Improper hatcher hygiene
• Infected chicks exhibit dullness,
diarrhoea, mortality, crackling
respiratory sound
• Post mortem of dead birds reveals
air sacculitis, Pericarditis &
perihepatitis (white slimy layer on
liver and heart) and unabsorbed
yolk.

Pg. No. 4
 Treatment:
• Antibiotics like Colistin sulphate,
Neomycin, levofloxacin,
Enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline,
Gentamicin, Amikacin & OTC LA
can be given.
• Add the water sanitiser with the
adequate contact time.

Pericarditis &
Perihepatitis
perihepatitis

Pericarditis & Perihepatitis

Pg. No. 5
2. Chronic Respiratory diseases
(CRD)
• Caused by Mycoplasma
gallisepticum (MG) & Mycoplasma
synoviae (MS).
• Possible routes of infection
–– Vertically transmitted from
infected parents
–– Horizontally transmitted
because of improper shed
cleaning
• The infected birds shows crackling
respiratory sound, Tracheal rales,
Ocular and nasal discharge,
swollen head and difficulty in
breathing
• Post mortem of initial phase of
diseases shows air sacs foamy with
specks (appearing like fat drop)
• Later phase of disease shows
air sacs and trachea are filled
with exudate/cheesy flakes in
air sacs & tracheal, airsacculitis,
perihepatitis & pericarditis

Pg. No. 6
 Treatment:
• Tylosin injection or in feed
• Effective anti-mycoplasmal
treatment in breeders.
• Disinfection spray in early
morning and late evening to
reduce the respiratory sound

Pericarditis &
Airsacculitis
perihepatitis

Airsacculitis Abdominal
airsacculitis

Pg. No. 7
3. Necrotic enteritis:
• Caused by Clostridium perfringens
of soil & gut inhabiting
• Predisposing factors - Intestinal
coccidiosis, Change of feed, litter
pecking, poor ventilation, poor
litter condition, over stocking
density, insufficient down period,
stress and immunosuppression.
• Birds not take feed, enteritis,
orange droppings, unevens more,
poor growth and FCR high
• Focal red spots or ulcerations in
intestinal mucosa
Treatment
• Neoguard/Neooxy – 0.5 g/lit in 24
hrs water for 3 days
• ProbioWS – 100 g for 1000
birds for 2 days after antibiotic
treatment.

Pg. No. 8
Turkey towel appearance of the
intestine

Pg. No. 9
 Viral Diseases
1. Newcastle disease (RD) or
Newcastle disease (ND)
• Caused by Paramyxovirus
• Infected birds shows Torticolis
(Twisted neck), star gazing, circling
movement and greenish diarrhoea
• Post mortem of the dead birds
reveals Tracheitis, Papillary pinpoint
haemorrhages in proventriculus,
Haemorrhagic caecal tonsils and
ulcers in intestinal mucosa.
Treatment
• Effective vaccination and good
bio security at farm level are the
preventive measures
• Disinfectant spray (Sugi Ox/Sugi TH
extra) should be done regularly.
• Sugi Ox (1g/lit) can be given orally in
drinking water in 12 hrs night water
once suspected ND outbreak.
• Immunostimulators like Sugi Vit SE,
Aloe Vera, Immuno care, etc., can be
given.
Pg. No. 10
 Papillary
pinpoint
haemorrhages in Tracheitis
proventriculus

Papillary pinpoint
haemorrhages in
proventriculus

Caecal tonsil haemorrhage

Pg. No. 11
2. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)
• Caused by Birnavirus
• Infection mostly seen between 3 to
4 wks of age
• Infected birds go off feed, dullness,
ruffled feathers, whitish diarrhoea
• Post mortem of dead birds reveals
the following lesions
–– Muscular haemorrhages in
breast & thigh
–– Bursa - Enlarged or atrophied,
Haemorrhagic, mucus, gelatinous
exudates or cheesy mass
–– Haemorrhages between
proventriculus & gizzard
junction.
Treatment:
• Sugi Ox orally - 1 g/lit. in 24 hrs
water
• Sugi Ox spray - 5-10g/lit.of water
• Aloe vera- 250g for every 1000
chicks in 8 hrs water
• Immunostimulants like Sugi Vit Se,
ImmunoCare, etc... can be given.
Pg. No. 12
 Muscular Bursa - Enlarged
haemorrhages in
thigh

Bursa - mucus,
gelatinous
exudates or
cheesy mass

Haemorrhagic Haemorrhages
between
Bursa proventriculus &
gizzard junction.

Pg. No. 13
3. Infectious bronchitis (IB):
• Caused by Corona virus and affects
both Respiratory and Kidney.
• All ages are susceptible but most
severe in young chicks.
• Kidney form leads up to 30%
mortality in broilers.
• Marked depression, respiratory
signs with high mortality
• Lesions - Excess mucus in the
respiratory tract, air sacs cloudy,
thickened, yellow cheese like mass
and in severe cases, caseous plug
in the lower trachea or bronchi.
• Kidney - Swollen, pale and
distended tubules are white with
urates.
Control:
• IB live vaccination at hatchery and
at 18 days of age based on lesions
and symptoms.
• Administration of electrolytes in
drinking water

Pg. No. 14
Mucus deposit in the
bronchiole

Tracheitis with
mucus deposit

Pg. No. 15
4. IBH/ Hydropericardium
syndrome
• Caused by Fowl Adeno virus
• Inclusion Body Hepatitis - Serotype
2 & 11 of Adeno virus after 3 wks of
age
• Hydropericardium - Serotype 4 of
adeno virus less than 3 weeks of
age
• High temperature, IBD &
Coccidiosis are predisposing
factors
• Dullness, Off feed, ruffled feathers
and uneveness
• Post mortem of the dead birds
reveals the following
–– Clear, yellow tinged fluid in the
pericardium around heart
–– Pale yellow (icteric), friable
and enlarged liver with
haemorrhages
–– Yellow Kidney (icteric) enlarged
and haemorrhagic
–– Yellowish tinged subcutaneous
and peritoneal fat deposition.
Pg. No. 16
 Treatment:
• Keezhanelli powder + Jaggery -
250g + 250g for 1000 birds in 8
hrs water + Aloe vera - 250g for
1000 birds in 8 hrs water, Jaundex-
100ml for 1000 birds in 8 hrs
water.
• Other liver supplements like
Hepatocare, Hepaprime, Liv 52.
• Strong disinfectant spray to
contain the spread of disease.
• IBH killed vaccination at hatchery
or within 5 days of age at farm
level as preventive measure

Pg. No. 17
Yellowish tinged
subcutaneous fat
deposition.

Pale yellow, friable

and enlarged liver

Pale yellow, friable

and enlarged liver
with haemorrhages

Pale yellow, friable

and enlarged liver
with haemorrhages

Pg. No. 18
 Protozoan Disease
1. Coccidiosis:
• Caused by Eimeria Sp.
• Mostly seen between 4-6 wks of
age
• Predisposing Factors – Improper
shed cleaning, Wet litter,
immunosuppression, reduced feed
intake, feed control
• The infected shows Bloody
droppings and huddling in severe
outbreaks
• The dead birds reveals the
following lesions in post mortem
–– Caeca - Enlarged and clotted
blood noticed.
–– Ballooning of the intestine and
lumen filled with blood.

Pg. No. 19
 Treatment:
• Sugi ampro - 1.2 g /lit in 24 hrs
water for 3 days
• Sugi Menacon - 0.6 g/lit in 24 hrs
water for 3 days
• Sugi VitA forte – 100 ml/1000
chicks in 24 hrs water for 3 days
• Racking of litter and replace wet
with new litter

Caeca - Enlarged and

clotted blood

Pg. No. 20
 Fungal Disease
1. Aspergillosis
(Brooder Pneumonia)
• Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
and affects both Respiratory and
Nervous System
• Mostly noticed in chicks – Within
1-3 days after hatch
• Common in warm humid climate;
improper shed cleaning; hatchery
contamination and poor quality
litter material
• Laboured breathing, gasping,
whistling rales, lateral recumbency
incoordination, tremors and
paralysis
• Whitish/Yellowish white nodules
in lungs & air sacs.
Treatment:
• Copper Sulphate - 1g/2L of
drinking water for 8 to 10 days
(1:2000 concentration)
• Spray on litter & shed - 1g/lit. of
water
Pg. No. 21
 Gasping – Open
mouth breathing
with extended

Yellowish nodules
over the abdominal
airsacs

Miliary nodules over the lungs

Pg. No. 22
 Metabolic Disease

1. Gout
• Occurs because of increased uric
acid production or decreased
excretion of uric acid and leading
to deposition of urate crystals in
renal tubules, viscera and joints.
• Occurs at any age but mostly seen
at age - 1-3 wks
• Dehydration, Excess dietary
calcium, Vit. A deficiency, Excess
protein, Excess salt intake,
Infectious bronchitis, Excess or
deficient of electrolytes, high
brooding temperature and water
starvation
• White chalky coating - Kidney,
Heart, proventriculus & lungs
• White urate deposition on joints

Pg. No. 23
 Treatment:
• Providing additional drinkers and
avoid overheating of chicks.
• IB Vaccination on1st day if
infectious cause was suspected
• Anti-gout preparation - Nephrotec,
Nephrocare, Jaggery + Beetal leaf
juice, Sugi Renal care

White chalky deposition – Heart

White chalky deposition - Kidney

Pg. No. 24
2. Heat stress
• High temperature with high
humidity
• Panting, stretching the wings
• Reduced feed intake and increased
water intake
• High mortality suddenly at about
3-4 pm on a hot day.
Treatment./Prevention:
• Providing cool water during hot
hours of the day
• Frequent changing of water in the
tank
• Providing medicines like Summer
cool - 1g/lit. Of water, Paracetamol
- 1 tab/1 drinker, Herbal C / Vit C
/ Activ C - 100 ml for 1000 birds
during hot time.

Pg. No. 25
3. Ascites:
• Accumulation of fluid in
abdominal cavity.
• Causes – Excess body weight,
improper brooding, increased bird
density, improper ventilation, Salt
toxicity & hypoxia (insufficient
oxygen)
• Lesions - Enlargement and
dilatation of heart, yellowish
tinged water fluid in abdominal
cavity with liver small and
rounded edges.
Treatment/Prevention:
• Remove excess salt content in feed
• Improved ventilation
• Restricted feed or adding rice bran
to dilute the feed and decrease
energy level.
• Good brooding

Pg. No. 26
Straw yellow colour fluid in the
pericardial sac

Accumulation of fluid in the

abdominal cavity

Dilatation of the Right ventricle

(Left - normal)

Pg. No. 27
 Recommended
S.No Antibiotic Name Dose
(mg / Kg Bw)
1 Gentamicin 10
2 Amikacin 20
3 Ceftiofur Sodium 5
4 Mofloxacin 10
5 Amoxycillin 40
6 Enrofloxacin 10
7 Levofloxacin 10
8 Oxytetracyclin 10
9 Tylosin 110
10 Neomycin 10
11 Colistin sulphate 6 or 75000 IU
12 Ciprofloxacin 10

Antibiotic Dose Calculation:

Amount of antibiotic required (ml) =

Average Bw (Kg) x Dose (mg/Kg Bw) x

No.of Birds
Concentration of medicine (mg/ml)
Pg. No. 28
Dose Calculation for Gentamicin
injection:
For Example, we will see how to
prepare the amount of amikacin
antibiotic required for the following
broiler farm:
Average Body Weight - 250g (0.25 kg)
 
 Dose for Amikacin - 20 mg/kg B. wt.
 No.of Birds - 1000
Concentration of medicine in
 
1 ml - 250 mg
Amount of amikacin required =
0.25 x 20 x1000
ml
250
• Amount of amikacin required =
20 ml
• Amount of amikacin required
for 1000 birds @ 20 mg/kg B. wt.
dose is 20 ml. Now mix 20 ml of
amikacin with 180 ml of sterile
normal saline and inject 0.2ml/
bird.

Pg. No. 29
Dose Calculation for Gentamicin
injection:
• Average Body Weight of chick at
hatchery - 40 g (0.04 kg)
• Dose of Gentamicin - 10 mg/kg B.
wt.
• No. of Birds - 1000
• Concentration of medicine in
1 ml - 40 mg
Amount of gentamicin required =
0.04 x 10 x 1000
ml
40
• Amount of Gentamicin required =
10 ml
• Amount of Gentamicin required
for 1000 birds @ 10 mg/kg B. wt.
dose is 10 ml. Now mix 10 ml of
Gentamicin with 190 ml of sterile
normal saline and inject 0.2ml/
bird.

Pg. No. 30
Notes

Pg. No. 31
 SUGUNA FOODS
5th Floor, Jaya Enclave, 1057, Avinashi Road,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, Pincode - 641 018.

Toll Free: 1800 103 4343

www.sugunafoods.co.in