05 DistanceProt-7SA8 Principles V02 PDF

Siemens Power Academy TD
Distance protection principles

SIPROTEC5 - Application and exercises of system protection
21
File: D:\Schulungen\SIPROTEC5\7SA8\englisch\21_Distance_protection_principles_7SA8_V01.odp
Contents
■ Short circuit
■ Distance measurement (principle)
■ All you need is X
■ Load- and short circuit impedance
■ Pickup
■ Directional measurement
■ Guideline for zone 1 setting
■ Redundancy
■ Signal transmission
Restricted © Siemens AG 2015 All rights reserved. Siemens Power Academy TD Seite 2
21 SIPROTEC 4 - Application and exercises of system protection
Folienmaster 20130305
Short Circuit
Example
Single phase diagram of 3 phase system, only X considered
■ Source VN (L-L) = 20 kV, Ik = 5,77 kA
■ Line 1 4 km zu 0,5 Ω/km
■ Line 2 33% of 3km at 0,5 Ω/km
■ What is the short circuit current?
■ Which voltages can be measured at the busbars?
XSource Xline1 k·Xline2
ISC ISC
VSource
ISC = VS/(Xsource+Xline1+k·Xline2)
Short Circuit
VLG = 11.54kV 0kV

2Ω 2Ω 0.5Ω 1Ω
VLG = 2.56kA∙(2Ω +0.5Ω) VLG = 2.56kA∙0.5Ω 2.56kA

= 6.4kV = 1.28kV
Xmeas = 2.5Ω Xmeas = 0.5Ω
XSet = 2Ω XSet = 1.5Ω
=> No Trip => Trip
Distance measurement (principle phase- phase)
IL1 ZL
ZL = RL + j XL
IL2
ZE = RE +j XE
IL3
IE ZE
UL1 UL2 UL3

6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and
3 phase- ground loops
phase- phase- loop UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)
Measured current
measured voltage
The same applies to the remaining loops
Distance measurement (principle phase- ground)
IL1 ZL
ZL = RL + j XL
IL2
ZE = RE +j XE
IL3
Phase- ground- loop
IE ZE
UL1 = IL1 · ZL - IE · ZE
UL1 UL2 UL3
IL1, IE measured current
This equation cannot be solved! Measured voltage
Thus ZE/ZL is used as setting value
XE/XL = 1/3 * (X0/XL – 1) The same applies to the

remaining loops
RE/RL = 1/3 * (R0/RL – 1)
Zero sequence impedance for cables
The zero sequence impedance for a cable is hardly to be calculated
• Z0 depends on enviroment conditions such as:

• Other parallel cables, pipelines, rails etc.
• At cables with steel band, Z0 depends on actual current flowing

• Magnatizing of steel band
For correct values:

Z0 should be measured on site at the cables!
All you need is X
■ The magnitude of the impedance is

simply calculated from the
magnitudes of current and voltage
X
■ Reaktance und resistance were then
calculated by angle measurement,
which can be critical
■ Errors in this angle measurement will
lead to big errors in R but only small
errors in X
■ Therefor only X is used for distance
measurement
Typical values for overhead lines and cables
R’L1 X’L1 jL1 R’L0 X’L0 jL0 R’LE X’LE R’LE/ X’LE/
R’L1 X’L1
W/km W/km o el. W/km W/km o el. W/km W/km
Overheadline 380 kV
earthing wire 0,018 0,25 86 0,17 0,94 80 0,053 0,23 2,94 0,92
4-times bundle
4´Al/St 435/55
Overheadline 220 kV
earthing wire 0,058 0,30 79 0,22 0,99 77 0,053 0,23 0,91 0,77
2-times bundle
2´Al/St 265/35
Overheadline 110 kV
earthing wire 0,071 0,38 79 0,22 1,10 79 0,050 0,24 0,70 0,63
Al/St 435/35
Overheadline 20 kV
Without earthing wire 0,31 0,37 50 0,53 1,58 71 0,073 0,40 0,24 1,08
95 mm2 Al
cable 400 kV
Single phase-oil isol. 0,020 0,22 85 0,049 0,11 66 0,01 -0,036 0,50 -0,16
Cable 3´1´1200 mm2 Cu
Cable110 kV
Gas pressure cablle 0,090 0,14 57 0,39 0,16 22 0,1 0,007 1,11 0,05
40 mm2 Cu
Cable 20 kV
3-phase lead isolated 0,16 0,12 37 1,4 0,25 10 0,41 0,043 3,42 0,36
3´120 mm2 Cu
Electromechanicle Relay R1Z23a
(application for high voltage feeder)
Electromechanicle
relays only provides
circle diagrams
I> pickup
L1, L2, L3, M
Time
measurement Alarm
indications ZL
X
circle
Moving coil relay RLB

D: Distance
N: Direction
R
direction
Load and short circuit impedance
X
Short circuit range
ZL
Distance protection characteristic
ZLF2 RF ZF2
ZL
ZLoad ZLF1
ZLF2
ZLF1 RF
ZF1
RF RF ZLoad
jL
j F1 F2
jSC1 SC2
D
R
Short circuit
in
reverse
Load
direction range
Distance protection: Adaptive measuring method
n Least Square estimator with

variance control
n Adaptive Zone reach
Z1
Estimator 1 (n=5)
Estimator 2 (n=6)
Estimator 3 (n=8)
Estimator 4 (n=10)
Estimator 5 (n=13)
Estimator 6 (n=15)
Normal 1 (n = 21)
Normal 2 (n = 26)
Normal 3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Jump detected ms
Distance protection,
Typical operating time characteristic
30
25
Operating time (ms) 20
15
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Short-circuit data: Fault location in % zone reach

SIR = 26
f = 50 Hz
Fault: L1-E
5 shots per fault case Information: Trip times with high speed contacts
Fault inception: 0° ... 90° approx. 5 ms shorter
extension module IO209 required
Zone 1 - Setting guidelines
X
Line characteristic
X1
Recommendation for Zone 1 settings:
X1 » 80...90% of line reactance
0,5 * X < R < 2*X important!
R1
● R
1, R1E = half load impedance (if possible)
t1 = 0 ms
R1E
R
If the measured impedance is within the set characteristic

and the set time has expired, a TRIP command is issued
Redundancy
■ Locale redundancy
■ Z2 for faults of 80% … 100% of the line
■ Remote redundancy
■ Z2 … ZX für
breaker fail or protection fail
Zones can be added

in 7SA8
(function points needed!)
Fault detection techniques
Over- current fault detection

Voltage dependant X
overcurrent fault detection
U Voltage and
angle dependant
overcurrent
fault detection
R
Impedance
fault
detection
I> Ij> I >> I
Reach of overcurrent starter
ph-ph fault as an example
ISC(2) [kA]
110 kV
2,5 net SCC(3)" = 1500 MVA
40 MVA
uT = 15 %
2,0 20 kV
400/1 A D I >start = 1,5 · IN = 600 A

1,5
UN · 1,1
ISC(2) = ISC
OH-line
2 · (ZS + ZS + ZL' · l) 95/15 Al/St
N T
1,0
Z'L = 0,483 W/km
I >start = 600 A
0,5
10 20 30 40 50 60 l [km]
reach of OC starter
ca. 35 km
Determination of fault direction
Current area for Impedance area for

forward faults X forward faults
USC
ISC ZSC
jSC
jSC
R
ISC Z'SC
Current area for Impedance area for
reverse faults reverse faults
current / voltage diagram impedance diagram
Alternatives for the Directional Measurement
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
fault L1-E
~ ~ ~
Zgrid Relay Zline
VL1
Vf
VN If
VL3
VL3 VL2 VL2
fault-free VL1
faulty phase voltage
Vf
VN
If If
VL3 VL2 VL3 VL2

Vdir
healthy-phase voltage voltage memory
Teleprotection schemes
Why use teleprotection?
1 2
Faults in this area Faults in this area Faults in this area

are cleared after t2 are cleared without additional are cleared after t2
at line end 2 time delay at both line ends at line end 1
Faults on approximately 70% of the line length are cleared

without delay at both line ends
Faults in the remaining 30% of the line length

are cleared with a time delay.
Remedy: Exchange of information between the two line ends
Required: Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)

Tele- protection logic (dedicated device or internal
function in numerical protection devices)
Teleprotection scheme - Permissive Overreach
Z1 Z1B or Z2
A B
Z1B or Z2
Z1
Trip
Trip
Trip Z1 and ³1 ³1 Trip Z1 and

further zones further zones
& &
TS TS
& ³1 ³1 &
S S
R R
Z1B Z1B
T1B T1B
(A) (B)
Teleprotection scheme
What is different in setting of teleprotection system compared to SIPROTEC 4?
SIPROTEC 4 SIPROTEC 5
Zone Z1B must be used for Every zone (even more than one) can be
teleprotection schemes used for teleprotection schemes
Zone Z1B will trip only, in combination Each zone will trip with the set trip delay
with teleprotection schemes time
Therefore, typical trip time setting is Therefore, typical trip time setting for used
0ms for Z1B teleprotection zone should not be 0ms
Teleprotection scheme
How to set setting of teleprotection system in SIPROTEC 5 similar to SIPROTEC 4?
•Add new stage

•Rename new stage to Z1B
•Use this zone Z1B for teleprotection scheme
•Set delay time for Z1B stage to oo (infinite)

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Siemens Power Academy TD

Distance protection principles

VLG = 11.54kV 0kV

VLG = 2.56kA∙(2Ω +0.5Ω) VLG = 2.56kA∙0.5Ω 2.56kA

Xmeas = 2.5Ω Xmeas = 0.5Ω

XSet = 2Ω XSet = 1.5Ω

=> No Trip => Trip

UL1 UL2 UL3

phase- phase- loop UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

Thus ZE/ZL is used as setting value

XE/XL = 1/3 * (X0/XL – 1) The same applies to the

The zero sequence impedance for a cable is hardly to be calculated

• Z0 depends on enviroment conditions such as:

• At cables with steel band, Z0 depends on actual current flowing

For correct values:

■ The magnitude of the impedance is

Moving coil relay RLB

n Least Square estimator with

Short-circuit data: Fault location in % zone reach

If the measured impedance is within the set characteristic

breaker fail or protection fail

Zones can be added

Over- current fault detection

I> Ij> I >> I

400/1 A D I >start = 1,5 · IN = 600 A

Current area for Impedance area for

current / voltage diagram impedance diagram

VL3 VL2 VL3 VL2

Why use tele- protection?

Faults in this area Faults in this area Faults in this area

Faults on approximately 70% of the line length are cleared

Faults in the remaining 30% of the line length

Remedy: Exchange of information between the two line ends

Required: Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)

Trip Z1 and ³1 ³1 Trip Z1 and

What is different in setting of teleprotection system compared to SIPROTEC 4?

How to set setting of teleprotection system in SIPROTEC 5 similar to SIPROTEC 4?

•Add new stage

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