08‐02‐2018

Introduction
 Waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been taken into
consideration not only by the government but also by the public due to
their hazardous material contents.
Electronic Waste Management
 Currently, the main options for the treatment of electronic waste are
Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling, as well as incineration &
landfilling.
BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY  Recycling of electronic waste is an important subject not only from the
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING point of waste treatment but also from the recovery aspect of valuable
materials

Introduction Process Description

 Still quite limited due to the heterogeneity of the materials  Recycling of E-Waste can be broadly divided into three steps

 The metal content is around 28- 30% (copper: 10–20%, lead: 1–5%,
nickel: 1–3% precious metals like silver, platinum and gold are also
present in the electronic scrap to a total of 0.3–0.4%)

 The other materials are plastics 19%, bromine 4%, glass and ceramics Disassembly Upgrading Refining
49%.Besides these inorganic elements, the other important organic
compounds are also found in circuit boards like isocyanates, phosgene,
acrylic and phenolic resins (Ludwig et al., 2003)

A schematic flowsheet showing the options for recovery of

metals from E-Scrap (Adapted from Yazıcı and Deveci, 2009). Process Description
 Disassembly: Selectively disassembly, targeting on singling out hazardous or
E Scrap
valuable components for special treatment, is an indispensable process in recycling
of E-Waste.
Manual
Dismantling  Upgrading: Using mechanical processing and/or metallurgical processing to up-
grade desirable materials content (preparing materials for refining process).
Size
Reduction  Refining: Recovered materials are retreated or purified by using chemical
• Gravity, Magnetic, (metallurgical) process.
Physical Electrostatic and Eddy-
Separation Current separation Base and Precious  Pyrometallurgical
Metals (Cu, Au,  Hydrometallurgical
Hydrometallurgy/ Ag, Pd)
Pyrometallurgy  Biometallurgical

Electrometallurgy

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 08‐02‐2018

Existing E-Waste Recycling Techniques CRT Recycling

 CRT Recycling  Two major constituents of CRT comprises of glass components ( funnel
 Glass to glass Recycling glass, panel glass, solder glass, neck) and non-glass components (viz.,
plastics, steel, copper, electron gun, phosphor coating).
 Glass to Lead Recycling
 Metal recovery
 CRT glass components consists of SiO2, NaO, CaO, coloring, oxidizing
 Precious metal recovery
and X-ray protection components (K2O, MgO, ZnO, BaO, PbO) and lead
 Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical Processing (Pb).
 Biometallurgical process
 Recovery of metals from mobile phones (case study)  The glass-to-glass and glass-to-lead recycling, being the two technology
route available at present for CRT.

Glass to Glass recycling Glass to Lead recycling

 After the separation of metals, whole glass is ground  In these process, metallic lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) are
into cullet without isolating the panel and funnel glass separated and recovered from the CRT glass through a smelting
and the said cullet is used for manufacturing new CRT process.

 The recovered CRT glasses processed in the lead smelter also

 Disadvantage associated to unknown lead composition acts as a fluxing agent in the smelting process.
in mixed grinding cullet on account of varied CRT glass
compositions depending on the manufacturer and its
 This process is automated with high overall throughput and cost
origin
effective as compared with the glass-to-glass recycling process,

Metal Recovery
 Ferrous components are separated either by a permanent magnet
or electromagnet
 Metals such as aluminum and copper from non-metallic
materials are separated in eddy current separator FEW EXAMPLES (METAL RECOVERY
 Removal of the non-recyclable materials (e.g., epoxy resin and PROCESS)
fiber glass) is done to enhance the value of recyclable material
 Post-separation provides higher metal concentration in lesser
volume, thereafter the enriched metal content can then be sold
and transported to an appropriate recycling facility for further
processing

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 08‐02‐2018

Huei-Chia-Dien Company's physical separation Union Miniere Company's copper-smelting flowsheet for recycling of scrap
flowsheet for recycling of scrap IC boards. IC board

Slag (further treated

Eddy Current Aluminum in Blast Furnace ) Precious metal
Primary crusher Air Classifier Plastic
Separator refinery (Au, Ag,
Scrap IC UM Olen Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru)
Non-Ferrous (Fe)
board Plant
Cu
Iron (Fe) Smelter
Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic Copper
Iron (Fe)
separator Separator Separator
Cu
Non-Ferrous (Fe) Heavy Sulphuric acid plant pellation
Furnace Special Metals
H2SO4 (In, Se, Te)
Hammer Mill Cyclone Light Dust
Fiber Glass, Resin

PYROMETALLURGICAL PROCESS

Process flow chart for the technology developed for precious metals at CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur (Cui and Zhang,
2008)

Introduction Process Description (Noranda Process)

 Pyrometallurgical process includes incineration, smelting in a
plasma arc furnace or blast furnace, drossing, sintering and melting
and reactions in a gas phase at high temperatures.
 Traditional method to recover non-ferrous metals as well as
precious metals from electronic waste in the past two decades.
 In the process, the crushed scraps are burned in a furnace or in a
molten bath to remove plastics
 Refractory oxides form a slag phase together with some metal
oxides
 Materials entering the reactor are immersed in a molten metal
bath (1250 ◦C) which is churned by a mixture of supercharged
air (up to 39% oxygen).
 The resulting of agitated oxidation zone converts impurities
including iron, lead and zinc into oxides which become fixed in
a silica-based slag.
 The slag is cooled and milled to recover more metals before
disposal

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 08‐02‐2018

Process Description Noranda process

 The copper matte containing precious metals is removed and
transferred to the converters.

 After an upgrading in the converters, liquid blister copper is

refined in anode furnaces and cast into anodes with purity of
99.1%.

 The remaining 0.9% contains the precious metals, including

gold, silver, platinum and palladium, along with other
Cui and Zhang 2008
recoverable metals, such as selenium, tellurium, and nickel

Rönnskår Smelter Rönnskår Smelter

 Another application for pyrometallurgical process to recover  In Kaldo reactor, blended feed material with E-Waste
metals from E-waste is practiced at the Boliden Ltd, Sweden. and lead concentrates is charged by skip hoist.
 Also known as Rönnskår Smelter.
 In these process, scraps can be fed into the process in different
 An oxygen lance supplies the needed O2 for combustion
steps depending on their purities.
with an oil-oxygen burner
 High copper containing scrap is fed into Converting process
directly
 Low grade E-Waste is fed into Kaldo Furnace  Off-gases are subjected to additional combustion air at
around 1200◦C in post-combustion.

Rönnskår Smelter Schematic Diagram for the Rönnskår Smelter

 Mixed copper alloy is sent to the copper converting for

recovery of metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, Ni, Se, and Zn)

 Remaining dusts (containing Pb, Sb, In and Cd) are

sent to other operations for metal recovery

APME (Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe) Report, 2000

4

Umicore’s Precious Metal Refining
Process (Hoboken, Belgium)
 The first step in the precious metals operations (PMO) is
smelting by using an IsaSmelt furnace.
 The smelter separates precious metals in a copper bullion from
mostly all other metals concentrated in a lead slag, which is
further treated at the Base Metals Operations (BMO).
 The copper bullion is then treated by copper-leaching and
electrowinning and precious metals refinery for copper and
precious metals recovery
Umicore’s Precious Metal Refining
Process (Hoboken, Belgium)
 Special metals (indium, selenium, tellurium) residues were
generated in the lead refining process.
 Pure metals are recovered in a special metals refinery.
 An emission control system is installed at Umicore’s IsaSmelt
process
 Hygienic gases and process gases are cooled with energy recovery
and cleaned using some techniques, such as bag house filters,
electrofilters, and scrubbers
Recovery of Gold from E-Scrap(Dunn et
al.,1991: US Patent, US5004500 .
 The gold scrap reacted with chlorine at a temperature with
the range of about 300–7000C to form a mixture
containing metallic gold, silver chloride, and other metal
chlorides.
 The mixture was washed with air-sparged hydrochloric
acid to dissolve the impurity metal chlorides other than
silver chloride forming a metallic gold/silver chloride
mixture.
08‐02‐2018
Umicore’s Precious Metal Refining Process
( Hoboken, Belgium)
 The Base Metals Operations process by-products from the PMO.
 The main processing steps are lead blast furnace, lead refinery and
special metals plant.
 Transforms them into impure lead bullion, nickel species, copper
matte and depleted slag
 The impure lead bullion, collecting most of the nonprecious metals,
is further treated in the lead refinery (Harris process)
Umicore’s Precious Metal Refining
Process (Hoboken, Belgium)
 Sulfur is converted into SO2 which is transformed to
sulfuric acid in the “contact” plant.
 Emissions from the plant are well below the European
limits (Hageluken ,2007).
Recovery of Gold from E-Scrap(Dunn et
al.,1991: US Patent, US5004500 .
 Then ammonium hydroxide and nitric acid were used
respectively for washing the metallic gold/silver chloride
mixture to dissolve the silver chloride and the traces of
metallic silver from the metallic gold
 It should be pointed out that Dunn’s processing is
developed for refining high grade gold materials that
contain more than 80% of gold.
5

Perspectives on Pyrometallurgical Recovery of
Metals from E-Waste
 It is clear that the traditional technology, pyrometallurgy has been
used for recovery of precious metals from waste electronic
equipment in practice for years.
 However, most methods involving pyrometallurgical processing of
electronic waste give rise to the following limits.
 Integrated smelters cannot recover aluminum and iron as metals.
 The presence of halogenated flame retardants (HFR) in the smelter feed
can lead to the formation of dioxins unless special installations and
measures are present
HYDROETALLURGICAL PROCESS
Introduction
 Solutions are then subjected to separation and purification
procedures such as precipitation of impurities, solvent
extraction, adsorption and ion-exchange to isolate and
concentrate the metals of interest
 Final treatment by electro-refining process, chemical reduction
or crystallization for metal recovery.
08‐02‐2018
Perspectives on Pyrometallurgical Recovery of
Metals from E-Waste
 Ceramic components and glass in the E-Waste increases the amount of slag
from blast furnaces which enhances the loss of precious metals and base
metals from the scrap.
 Only partial separation of metals can be achieved using pyrometallurgy,
resulting in a limited upgrading of the metal value
 Hydrometallurgical techniques and/or electrochemical processing are
subsequently necessary
 Precious metals stay for a long time in the pyrometallurgical process and
are obtained at the very end of the process
Introduction
 Hydrometallurgical method is more exact, more
predictable and more easily controlled.
 Consist of a series of acid or caustic leaches of
solid material
Cyanide Leaching
 It is an electrochemical process utilized in the mining
industries for more than one century.
 The overall reactions are
4Au + 8 CN- = 4Au(CN)2- + 4e
O2 + 2H2O +4e = 4OH-
 Maximum dissolution of gold, silver, palladium, and platinum
in cyanide solution can be obtained at pH 10–10.5.
 The order of activity for noble metals is Au>Ag>Pd>Pt
6

Halide leaching
 The use of halide (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and
astatine) systems for gold dissolution pre-dates cyanidation.
 Gold forms both Au(I) and Au(III) complexes with chloride,
bromide and iodide depending on the solution chemistry
conditions
 Only chlorine/chloride has been applied industrially on a
significant scale
Limitation
 Chloride leaching of gold is more difficult to apply than
cyanide extraction for two major reasons:
 Special stainless steel and rubber-lined equipment is required to resist
the highly corrosive acidic and oxidizing conditions
 Chlorine gas is highly poisonous and must be controlled to avoid any
health risk.
Thiourea leaching
 The anodic reactions are
Au + 2CS(NH2)2→ Au(CS(NH2)2)2+ + e
Pyper and Hendrix summarized that,
 The rate of leaching is contingent upon thiourea and oxidant
concentrations
 The use of ferric ion in sulfuric acid is the most effective system;
 The ferric ion ties up thiourea in iron–thiourea complexes;
 The rate of gold dissolution is strongly determined by pH.
08‐02‐2018
Halide leaching
 Chlorination rates are favored by low pH, high chloride and
chlorine levels, increased temperatures, and high surface areas.
 The first step is dissolving gold into aqua regia and the
reaction involved in these process are:
2HNO3 +6HCl → 2NO + 4H2O + 3Cl2
2Au + 11HCl + 3HNO3→ 2HAuCl4 +3NOCl + 6H2O
Thiourea leaching
 The research on using of thiourea ((NH2)2CS) as a gold
extraction agent has shown considerable promise in recovery
of gold from ores.
 In acidic conditions, thiourea dissolves gold, forming a
cationic complex.
 The reaction is rapid and gold extractions of up to 99% can be
achieved
Limitation
 Its commercial application has been hindered by
the following three factors
 It is more expensive than cyanide
 Its consumption in gold processing is high because
thiourea is readily oxidized in solution
 The gold recovery step requires more development.
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 08‐02‐2018

Thiosulfate leaching Thiosulfate leaching

 Gold dissolution in ammoniacal thiosulfate solution is an  Depending on the concentration of S2O32−, Cu(NH3)2+ converts to
electrochemical reaction catalyzed by the presence of cupric Cu(S2O3)35− ions and likewise for Au(NH3)2+ .
ions.
 It was proposed that Cu(NH3)42+ species present in solution  Both the Cu(S2O3)35− species and the Cu(NH3)2+ species in solution
acquires electrons on the cathodic portion of the gold surface are then oxidized to Cu(NH3)42+ with oxygen.
and is directly reduced to Cu(NH3)2+.
Au + 5S2O32− +Cu(NH3)42+ → Au(S2O3)23− +4NH3 +Cu(S2O3)35−
 At the same time, either ammonia or thiosulfate ions react
2Cu(S2O3)35− +8NH3 +1/2O2 +H2O → 2Cu(NH3)42+ +2OH− +6S2O32−
with Au+ ions on the anodic surface of gold and enter the
solution to form either Au(NH3)2+ or Au(S2O3)23−.

Thiosulfate leaching Thiosulfate leaching

(Advantages/Disadvantages)
 It can be seen that the gold thiosulfate complex is fairly stable
once it has formed.
 pH of 9–10 is generally preferred at ambient temperature
because thiosulfate appears to be less prone to degradation in
this region and Cu(II)-ammonia complex is also stable.
 The principal problem with thiosulfate leaching is the high
consumption of reagent during extraction.
 A loss of up to 50% of thiosulfate in ammoniacal thiosulfate
solutions containing copper was also observed.
(Advantages/Disadvantages)
 The process is generally slow
 High reagent consumption renders most thiosulfate
systems uneconomical, in spite of their potential
environmental benefits
 At present, no simple and affordable method for
recovering gold from thiosulfate leach solutions exists

Types of Mechanism
 Cementation

MECHANISM OF EXTRACTION OF  Solvent extraction

PRECIOUS METAL FROM LEACHING
SOLUTION  Adsorption on activated carbon

 Ion exchange

8

Cementation
 Since the 1890s, Zinc cementation has been used to
recover gold from cyanide solutions on a commercial
scale.
 The process is actually called the Merill-Crowe process
 The major reactions are the cathodic deposition of gold
and anodic corrosion of zinc.
Cementation
 Awadalla and Ritcey (1991) reported that the recovery
of gold from thiourea, thiosulfate or thiocyanate
solutions by reduction-precipitation with a stabilized
form of sodium borohydride (SBH).
 Sodium borohydride containing 12% by weight NaBH4
and 40% NaOH.
Recovery of precious metals from
solutions by solvent extraction
08‐02‐2018
Cementation
 The major reactions are
2Au(CN)2− +2e → 2Au + 4CN−
Zn + 4CN−→ Zn(CN)42− +2e
 Cementation of gold is practically constant over
the pH range 8–11.
 Impurities such as lead, copper, nickel, arsenic,
antimony and sulfur are most deleterious for gold
cementation.
Cementation
 It is observed that gold ion can be reduced effectively to
metallic gold from acidic solutions of thiourea by the
addition of SBH even at ambient temperature.
 This result indicates that thiourea can be used as not only
an alternative leachant for gold bearing materials but also
a stripping agent for gold from loaded solvents and
resins.
Solvent Extraction
 Extraction of gold from thiosulfate solutions with alkyl
phosphorus esters was studied by (Zhao et al., 1997).
 The addition of ammonia has a strong influence on the
extraction of gold from thiosulfate solutions with alkyl
phosphorus esters.
 The extraction mechanism in the presence or absence of
ammonia should be considered separately
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Solvent Extraction Activated Carbon

 For the system with no ammonia, the extraction reaction is  Mechanism and kinetic of adsorption of gold from solutions onto
iNa+ +2Au+ +jS2O32− +OH− +mTBP(o) = NaiAu2(S2O32−)j(OH−)·mTBP(o) activated carbon have been investigated by many researchers.

 The addition of ammonia into thiosulfate solutions, the extraction reaction is
iNa+ +2Au+ +jS2O32− +OH− +2NH3 +mTBP(o) = NaiAu2(S2O32−)j(OH−)(NH3)2·mTBP](o)
Where i (i = 3–5) varies with j (j = 2–3), and the TBP coefficients m in the two
equations are in the ranges of 1.5–2.5 and 6–9 respectively.
 For solid/liquid adsorption processes, two isothermal expressions
are well known
Q = Qmax bC/(1 + bC)
Q is the quantity of solute adsorbed per unit weight of carbon, Qmax is
the maximum sorption capacity, C is the equilibrium concentration of
the adsorbate in solution and b is the adsorption equilibrium constant

Activated Carbon Ion Exchange

 Another expression is the Freundlich isotherm  Commercial IEX resins employing small quaternary ammonium
moieties (strong base resins) have been successful in recovering
where K and n (0 < n < 1) are Freundlich constants. gold from thiosulfate liquors.

 A Freundlich-type multicomponent isotherm was developed by  Thomas et al.2001 observed almost full recovery of gold and silver
Sheindorf et al., (1981)
using strong base resins.
= ∑
where aij is defined as competition coefficient (aii = 1), Ki = qmiAi and Ki
can be determined from the mono-component system  Aqua regia leaching can be used (Sheng and Etsell, 2007) for
recovery of gold from computer chips due to its flexibility, ease and
low capital requirement

Recovery of Metals from PCB Scrap

Hydrometallurgical Process
PCB Scrap

Electrodeposition in
Sn HCl
recovery for
Dissolution in H2SnO3
1.5M HCl solution
Sn precipitation as

Shredding
Leaching
in 1-6M
HNO3
metastannic acid
Sn+4HNO3=
H2SnO3
+4NO2+H2O
Filtration HN03
regeneration
Bio-metallurgical
for reuse
Neutralization
by NaOH

Electrodepositi
on of Cu and
Process
electrodepositi
on of PbO2

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 08‐02‐2018

Introduction Introduction
 The understanding of the biochemical processes involved in  At present, research and development is in progress for a
the treatments of metals has been subject to growing number of metals such as copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, gold,
investigations for the last 20 years. and silver.

 Materials and minerals industry due to the great interest shown  Microbes are employed for structural functions and catalytic
by major international companies for this new technology. functions.

 One of the most promising technologies.  Microbes are two types both Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Classification Classification of Bioleaching

• Bioleaching has been
successfully applied in recovery Direct leaching
of metals from metallic sulfides,
which are the major bearing
Bioleaching
Bio-metallurgy

minerals for many base and

Indirect Leaching Thiosulfate
precious metals.
Bioleaching Pathway
• Biosorption process is a passive
physico-chemical interaction
Polysulfide
Biosorption Pathway
between the charged surface
groups of micro-organisms and
ions in solution, in which living
as well as dead organisms can be
used.

Bioleaching (Direct) Bioleaching (Indirect Method)

 An example of mechanism of bacteria by Metal-Sulphide  In indirect action mechanism, ferric ion (Fe3+) is the oxidizing
action. agent for minerals.
 Role of organisms is simply regeneration of Fe3+ from Fe2+ .
 In direct action mechanism, microorganisms will directly MS + 2Fe3+→ M2+ +2Fe2+ +S0
oxidize minerals and solubilize metals 2Fe2+ +0.5O2 +2H+→ 2Fe3+ +H2O
MS + H2SO4 +0.5O2→ MSO4 +S0 +H2O
S0 +1.5O2 +H2O → H2SO4  According to their research, metal sulfides are leached via two
different reaction mechanisms: the thiosulfate and the polysulfide
pathways.

11

Thiosulfate Leaching
 The thiosulfate mechanism is exclusively based on the
oxidative attack of iron(III) ions on the acid-insoluble metal
sulfides FeS2, MoS2 and WS2.
 Main sulfur intermediate is thiosulfate.
FeS2 +6Fe3+ +3H2O → S2O32− +7Fe2+ +6H+
S2O32− +8Fe3+ +5H2O → 2SO42− +8Fe2+ +10H+
Bioleaching
 In both pathways, the main role of leaching bacteria consists of
regeneration of iron(III) ions.
 Thus, the acidophilic iron(II) ion oxidizers control the redox
potential in their environment.
 These is determined mainly by the iron(III)/iron(II) ratio in leaching
solutions.
 Main drivers are iron-oxidizing microorganisms mesophilic or
thermophilic
Bioleaching of Metals from E-Waste
 In the first stage, biomass was produced in the absence of
electronic scrap.
 Then electronic scrap was added in different concentrations and
the cultures were incubated for an additional time period
 The leaching results confirmed that at scrap concentrations of 5
and 10 g/L, respectively, Thiobacilli were able to leach more
than 90% of the available Al, Cu, Ni, and Zn
08‐02‐2018
Polysulfide Pathway
 The polysulfide mechanism allows for a dissolution by
an attack of iron(III) ions and/or by protons.
 The main sulfur intermediate is polysulfide
MS + Fe3+ +H+→ M2+ +0.5H2Sn +Fe2+ (n≥ 2)
0.5H2Sn +Fe3+→ 0.125S8 +Fe2+ +H+
0.125S8 +1.5O2 +H2O → SO42− +2H+
Bioleaching of Metals from E-Waste
 Dust collected from shredding processes of electronic scrap
was used in the investigation (Brandl et al., 2001).
 The leaching experiments was performed by using a mixed
culture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans.
 Two steps process are introduced to reduce the toxic effects
on microorganism.
Bioleaching of Metals from E-Waste
 At higher concentration, metal mobilization was
reduced.
 Pb and Sn were not detected in the leachate.
 It is proposed that Pb precipitated as PbSO4 and Sn
precipitated probably as SnO.
12

Bioleaching of Metals from E-Waste
 The bioleaching mechanism of copper from printed circuit
boards shreds by A. ferrooxidans has been also investigated by
(Choi et al., 2004)
 In the leaching process, Fe2(SO4)3 formed by A. ferrooxidans
oxidizes the elemental copper contained in PCBs to cupric ion
Fe2(SO4)3 +Cu → Cu2+ +2Fe2+ +3SO42−
Biosorption
 The biomass may be used in its “natural state” or modified.
 Biosorption by chitosan derivatives provides an alternative for
recovery of precious metals from solution due to the fact that
relatively higher adsorption capacities.
 Chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin
 Second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose
Biosorption
 Freely suspended microbial biomass has disadvantages
due to small particle size, low mechanical strength and
difficulty in biomass/effluent separation.
 Immobilized biomass particles in packed- or fluidized-
bed reactors minimize these disadvantages
08‐02‐2018
Biosorption
 Biosorbents are prepared from the naturally abundant
and/or waste biomass of algae, fungi or bacteria.
 Acid condition favors the biosorption of precious metals
from solution, especially for the adsorption on bacteria.
 Researches on biosorption of precious metals mainly
focused on gold.
Biosorption
 The major advantage of using chitosan is that the
amino sites of chitosan are easily protonated in
acid media
 Accentuating the electrostatic forces often
implicated in the initial stages of sorption
Mechanism of Biosorption
 Biosorption of precious metals from solutions can be
simplified as chemical sorption mechanisms and
physical sorption mechanisms.
 Chemical sorption mechanisms include complexation,
chelation, micro precipitation and microbial reduction.
 Physical sorption mechanisms generally involve
electrostatic forces and ion exchange.
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 08‐02‐2018

Hybrid Technology Hybrid Technology

 Generally biological leaching is a cost effective technique
but time consuming
 Complete recovery of metal alone by biological leaching is
not possible in most of the cases (Ren et al.,2009).
 Chemical leaching is comparatively rapid and efficient but it
has its own environmental issues
 Hybrid technique is proposed, involving combination
of chemical (safer chemicals) and biological leaching,
so that both will complement each other.
 Can reasonably enhance the efficiency of metal
extraction from their ores or any other source like E
waste

Hybrid Technology Flow Chart of Hybrid Technology

 Hybrid combination employed for the extraction
of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu involving EDTA (Wasay et
Mixture of Metal
al., 1998) with either A. ferrooxidans (Cheikh et metals
M
Isolated

al., 2010), Bacterial strain DSM 9103 Microorganism

Ligand Metal
(Satroutdinov et al., 2000) or Shewanella association

putrefaciens (Dobbin et al., 1995)

Adapted from Pant et al., 2012

Conclusion
 Recycling of electronic waste is an important subject not
only from the point of waste treatment but also from the
recovery of valuable metals
 The value distribution for different electronic scrap samples
shows that for cell phones, calculators, and printed circuit
board scraps, the precious metals make up more than 70%
of the value
Conclusion
 Traditional technology, pyrometallurgy has encountered some
challenges from environmental considerations.
 Thermal processing of E-Waste provides an approach for
recovery of energy if a comprehensive emission control system
is installed.
 Leaching of gold by thiourea may be the most realistic
substitute

14

Conclusion
 Biotechnology has been one of the most promising
technologies in metallurgical processing.
 Biosorption based process offers a number of advantages
including low operating costs, minimization of the volume
of chemical and biological sludge to be handled and high
efficiency in detoxifying effluents
 The scope of hybrid technology can be examined for metal
extraction
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management
and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
 Came into force from 1st day of October, 2016.
 Applicable to every manufacturer, producer, consumer,
bulk consumer, collector, dealers, e-retailer, refurbisher,
dismantler and recycler involved in manufacture, sale,
transfer, purchase, collection, storage and processing of
E-Waste or electrical and electronic equipment
(Schedule 1)
Exception
90
 Radio-active wastes as covered under the provisions of
the Atomic Energy Act, 1962
 Bio-medical wastes covered under the Bio-Medical
Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998.
 Wastes covered under the Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
08‐02‐2018
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and
Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.
Exception
 Waste-water and exhaust gases as covered under the
provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981
 Wastes arising out of the operation from ships beyond five
kilometres of the relevant baseline as covered under the
provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
Objectives of the rules
 To Minimize illegal recycling and to promote safe recovery
operations by channelizing E-waste to registered E-waste
recyclers.
 Extended Responsibilities to producers to manage the system of E-
waste collection/take back and channelizing to a registered
dismantler/recycler
 Reduce Hazardous substances in Electrical and Electronic
components.
 To regulate the generation, collection, storage, transportation,
import, export etc.
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About the rules About the rules

 These rule have 6 chapters, 8 schedules and 11  The producer of electrical and electronic equipment's is
responsible for the entire life cycle of its own branded
forms. product and in particular the environmentally sound end-of-
 Procedure for Authorization of producers, life management and facilitating collection and take back
dismantlers, collection agencies, and recyclers.
 Liability of producers, collection agencies, transporter,
 Procedure for registration/renewal of registration dismantlers and recyclers
of recyclers
 Reduction of hazardous substances used in E- equipment

Responsibilities of the occupier for

management of hazardous and other
93
wastes
 Prevention
 Minimization
Responsibilities
 Reuse,
 Recycling
 Recovery, utilization including co-processing;
 Safe disposal.

Responsibilities Responsibilities…
95 96

 Responsibilities of the producer: The producer of electrical and electronic  Obtaining an authorization from the concerned State Pollution Control Board or
equipment shall be responsible for Pollution Control Committee in accordance with the procedure under rule 9.
 Collection of e-waste generated during manufacturing, from the 'end of life' of  Maintaining records in Form 2 of the e-waste handled and make such
their products with the principle of 'Extended Producer Responsibility‘ " records available for scrutiny by the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or the
 Should ensure collection and channelization by authorizing collection Pollution Control Committee concerned.
agencies  Filing annual returns in Form 3 to the State Pollution Control Board or
 Setting up collection centers or take back systems either individually or Pollution Control Committee concerned, on or before the 30th day of June.
collectively  Responsibilities of collection centers:
 Financing and organizing a system individually or by joining a scheme  Obtain an authorization in accordance with the procedure under rule 9 from
 Providing contact details and creating awareness about hazards through the SPCB or PCC.
Image courtesy:
publications, advertisements, posters etc. MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENT,  Ensure that the e-waste collected is stored in a secured manner till it
 Affixing a visible, legible symbol given, on the products to prevent e-waste
FOREST
NOTIFICATION 201 is sent to registered dismantler(s) or recycler(s), no damage is caused to the
from being dropped in garbage. environment during storage and transportation of E-Waste.

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 08‐02‐2018

97
Responsibilities… 98
Responsibilities…
 File annual returns in Form 3 to the SPCB or PCC before 30th June.  Ensure that Processes do not have any adverse effect on the health and the
 Maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form 2. environment in accordance with guidelines published by CPCB from time to time.
 Responsibilities of bulk consumer:  Ensure that dismantled e-waste are segregated, non-recyclable/non- recoverable
 Consumers or Bulk consumers of electrical and electronic equipment shall ensure that e-waste components sent to the registered recycling facilities for recovery of materials;
generated by them is channelized to authorized collection center(s) or registered dismantler(s) or  File a return in Form 3 to SPCB or the PCC
recycler(s) or is returned to the pick-up or take back services provided by the producers.
 Do not process any e-waste for recovery or refining, unless he is
 Shall maintain records of e-waste generated by them in Form 2 and disposal through registered
registered with SPCB as a recycler.
recycler in Form 3
 Responsibilities of recycler:
 Responsibilities of dismantler:
 Obtain authorization and registration and ensure that the facility and recycling
 Obtain authorization and registration from SPCB with the procedure under the rules 9 & 11;
processes are in accordance with the guidelines.
 Ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of e-
waste;  make available all records and file annual returns in Form 3 to SPCB or PCC.

Responsibilities of State Pollution Control

Board/ Pollution Control Committee Responsibilities of Central Pollution Control Boards
99 100

 Coordinated with State Pollution Control Boards/ Committees of Union

SPCBs/PCCs has been assigned the following duties: territories.
 Preparation of inventories of e-waste.
 Preparation of Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of e-
 Granting Authorization and Registration. waste.
 Monitoring of compliance of authorization and registration  Conducting assessment of e-waste generation and processing.
conditions.
 Documentation, compilation of data on e-waste and uploading on websites
 Maintaining information on the conditions imposed for of Central Pollution Control Board.
authorization.
 Recommendation of standards and specifications for processing and
 Taking action against violations of the standards and guidelines.
recycling e-waste
 Ensure that collection center should not store e-waste for a period
 Conducting training & awareness programs
exceeding one hundred and eighty days.
 Submit Annual Report to the Ministry of Environment & Forests

102

TOP E-WASTE
MANAGEMENT COMPANIES
E Waste Management in India IN INDIA

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 08‐02‐2018

Address:
B-41/1, Peenya
Industrial Area, 3rd Stg,
Peenya Industrial Area,
Bengaluru, Karnataka
560058
Phone: 080 2836 0902
Delhi
Gurgaon (Haryana)
Address:
Mumbai
Plot No.37,APIIC
Kolkata
Industrial Park,IDA
Hyderabad
Mankhal, Mankhal
Chennai
Industrial Development
Bangalore
Area, Malikdanguda,
Kerala
Telangana 501359
Phone:1800 419 0161
103 104

Steps followed by the company for Unit details

recycling
105 106

 Unit : M/s. Earth Sense Recycle Pvt Ltd.

Recycling efficiency is to recover up to 98% of
recyclable products and dispose off the remaining hazardous  Head Quarters: Chennai
waste through TSDF. (Hazardous Waste Transportation and
Disposal Services)  Capacity (MTA): 2160
 Units locations: Andhra Pradesh (1,800 MTA) ,
Maharashtra (360 MTA), and 4 more.
 Collection center locations: Trivandrum, Coimbatore,
Kolkata, Bengaluru.

Delhi
KARNATAKA Hyderabad
TAMIL NADU
UTTAR PRADESH

Delhi
Hyderabad

ADDRESS: H-59 Sector 63, Noida, UP 201301,

P: +91-120-4087100 F: +91-120-4087101
107 108

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 08‐02‐2018

Attero’s Clean E-India

109 110

Attero’s recycling, is the only unit which does  Attero is a NASA recognized technology innovator,
the complete e-waste management process with promoting eco-friendly reuse and recycling E waste.
 Wide range of services, include country-wide pick up,
its end to end e-cycling plant, zero dumping collection, tracking, logistics management, recovery,
refurbishment, e-waste recycling and disposal.
technology.

Recycling Solutions Recycling Solutions

111

 Attero’s Recycling technology aims to take today’s waste and turn
it into conflict-free, sustainable resources for tomorrow.
 Mobile phone recycling: Scanned and updated in the system,
separating components which can be used again in different
industries, such as electronics, plating, jewelry, automotive and art
foundries.
 Display unit recycling: Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) contain lead,
glass which can be recovered and reused. The process involves
glass cutting, heating & air blow. Using Magnetic Separator,
ferrous metals removed
 Battery recycling: Furnace smelting , treatment with
alloys are the technologies involved. Attero recycles
all types of batteries classified as e-waste by the EPA.
 PCB recycling: Printed circuit boards Component
Removal Machine which separates components.
 I.T Goods recycling: Includes desktops, laptops,
servers to printers, scanners, copiers etc

Unit details
113

 Unit: M/s. Attero Recycling Pvt. Ltd

 Capacity (MTA): 12000 Address:
Tech Logic, Unit II,
 Location: Uttarakhand Shed No.36, 2nd
Main, 
Ranganathapura, 
 Collection center locations: Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore,
India 560 044
Bengaluru.
 E-mail: cleaneindia@gmail.com

114

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 08‐02‐2018

Ramakrishna Dalmia
Wing, 4th Floor,
PHD House, 4/2, Siri Greenscape Eco Management:
511-512, Elegance Tower Jasola
Institutional Area, Non-Hierarchical Commercial
August Kranti Center
Marg, New Delhi 110 New Delhi – 110025
016, India Phone: +911140515662
Tel: +91-11-2685 5487,
4287 8418

115 116

Action plan followed in

recycling
118

 Collection of disposed Zinc, Brass, Copper, lead etc.

 Recovery starts with the separation of containing metals from
other materials,
 Typically by magnetics, sink-float, or hand sorting etc.
 Pretreatment, Melting, Refining etc. are the processes
WEST BENGAL
followed up by the J S Pigments in recycling E waste for
ODISHA environmental sustainability
ASSAM
117 MADHYA PRADESH

Unit details
119 120

 Unit: M/s. J.S. Pigments Pvt. Ltd.

 Head Quarters: Kolkata
 Capacity (MTA): 600 MTA
 Units locations: Kolkata
 Collection center locations: West Bengal, Odisha, Assam,
Madhya Pradesh
 E-mail: jspigments@gmail.com

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 08‐02‐2018

Processes involved Unit details

121 122

 Recycling is being done by simply tossing the right matter in the right bin.
 REMOVAL OF COVER: Remove the main cover by taking out the screws. Place it in  Unit: M/s Hi- Tech Recycling India Pvt Ltd.
waste container.  Head Quarters: Maharashtra
 REMOVAL OF CABLE ASSEMBLIES AND WIRING: Discard the component with  Capacity (MTA): 500
cable assembly attached in the appropriate waste container.  Units locations: Maharashtra
 DISMANTLING OF REAR PANEL: Place the fasteners in the metals waste container  Collection center locations: Pune
 REMOVAL OF PC BOARDS: PCB’s consist of sheet metal brackets, metal stand offs  Website: www.hitechrecycling.in
disassembled and placing into waste container.
 DISMANTLING OF OTHER COMPONENTS: Power Supplies, Keyboards,
Displays, Hard Drives, Speakers etc

Cutting edge technology, highly advanced techniques with a team of diligent

professionals.
123 124

 Following are the steps involved in e-waste handling: Collection of e-

waste material from premises and safe transportation to our factory
premises.
 Sorting
 Identify Usefulness
 Identify hazardousness
 Dismantling
 Segregation
 Treatment / Disposal

Unit details
125

 Unit: Earth E-Waste Management Pvt. Ltd

Electronic Waste Management
 Head Quarters: Gujarat
Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste
 Capacity (MTA): 6000
 Units locations: Gujarat End of Week - 3
 Collection center locations: Surat
 E-mail: info@eemplindia.com

21