6/15/2018

Part 2
Piping Systems Codes and 
Standards

Contents
• Introduction  • Gas Transmission Systems
• Hazards Associated • Gas Distribution Systems
• Class Location • Location Classes for Design 
• Petroleum Gas Systems • Blowdown Assemblies 
• Gas Gathering Systems  • Pipe Codes and Standards
• Main Line (Pipeline) 
Transmission Lines 

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Introduction

Hazards Associated

WARNING
GAS PIPELINE
BEFORE EXCAVATING OR IN EMERGENCY

CALL YOUR LOCAL CITY

NATURAL GAS SYSTEM
•
DAY OR NIGHT (000) 000-7777

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Class Location
 A "class location unit" is an onshore area that
extends 220 yards (200 meters) on either side of the
centerline of any continuous 1‐mile (1.6 kilometers)
length of pipeline
 Class 1: An offshore area; or any class location unit
that has 10 or fewer buildings intended for human
occupancy, sometimes up to 25.
 Class 2: Any class location unit that has more than 10
but fewer than 46 buildings intended for human
occupancy, can be divided into two parts

Class Location (Cont.)
 Class 3: Any class location unit that has 46 or more
buildings intended for human occupancy; or an area
where the pipeline lies within 100 yards (91 meters) of
either a building or a small, well‐defined outside area
(such as a playground, recreation area, outdoor theater, or
other place of public assembly) that is occupied by 20 or
more persons on at least 5 days a week for 10 weeks in
any 12‐month period.

 Class 4: any class location unit where buildings with four

or more stories aboveground are prevalent

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Location Class Recommendations
Another Recommendations
Class No. of Maximum Allowable Operating
Buildings Pres (MAOP)
1 11-25 MAOP or < 0.73 SMYS

2 26-45 0.8 Test P. or < 0.73 SMYS

2 46-65 0.667 Test P. < 0.6 SMYS

3 > 65 0.667 Test P. < 0.6 SMYS

4 Multi Story 0.555 Test P..< 0.5 SMYS

Length of Class Location
• Length of Class locations 2, 3, and 4 may be adjusted
as follows:
– Class 4 location ends 220 yards (200 meters) from
the nearest building with four or more stories
aboveground.
– For Class 2 or 3 location of human cluster, the
class location ends 220 yards (200 meters) from
the nearest building in the cluster.

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Petroleum Gas Systems
Each plant that supplies petroleum gas by
pipeline to a natural gas distribution system
must meet the requirements of the design
Each pipeline system that transports only
petroleum gas or petroleum gas/air
mixtures must meet the requirements of
ANSI/NFPA 58 and 59

Natural Gas Systems
P r o d u c in g W e lls
N a tu r a l G a s P ip e lin e
S y s te m
T r a n s m is s io n L in e
G a th e r in g L in e s

P r o c e s s in g
P la n t

C o m p r e s s o r
S ta tio n s
L N G

C ity
U n d e r g r o u n G a te
S to r a g e

L a r g e V o lu m e
C u s to m e r

D I S T R I B U T I O N M e te r
S Y S T E M

R e g u la to r

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Natural Gas Distribution 
Systems
Regulator
Natural Gas Distribution System
1/4 psig

High Pressure
Transmission Pipeline
Low
Valve Pressure
System

Meter

City Gate

Distribution Main
Station
60 psig

Residential Service
Lines

450 psig
Commercial
60 psig

Industrial
1/4 psig

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Natural Gas Distribution 
Systems

L a u n d ro m a t

P o o l

O ffic e

M a s te r M e te r N

F la m e Io n iz a t io n S u r v e y

C o m b u s t ib le G a s In d ic a t o r

L e a k

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Main Line Gate Valve

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Blowdown Time Calculation
P11/ 3 g 1/ 2 D 2 LFc
T m  0.0588
d2
Tm = blowdown time, min
P1 = initial line pressure, psi
γg = specific gravity (air = 1.0)
D = inside diameter of pipeline, inch
L = Length of pipeline sections, mile
d = inside diameter of blowdown, inch
Fc = Choke factor
Ideal nozzle = 1.0,  Through gate = 1.6
Regular gate  = 1.8,  Regular tube plug=  2.0
Venture tube plug = 3.2

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Codes and Standards

• CODE : A group of general rules or systematic 
procedures for Design, Fabrication, Installation and 
Inspection methods prepared in such a manner that it 
can be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into a 
law.
• STANDARDS : Documents prepared by a Professional 
group or Committee which are believed to be good and 
proper Engineering Practices and which contain 
mandatory requirement.
• RECOMMENDED PRACTICES : Documents prepared by 
professional group or committee indicating Good 
Engineering Practices but which are optional.
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Organizations for Piping Codes

• ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

one of the leading organizations in the world
developing codes and standards
• ANSI - American National Standards Institute,
provides a forum for development of American
national standards
• API – American Petroleum Institute
• DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung (Germany)
• ISO - International Organization for Standardization
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American Society of Mechanical 
Engineers (ASME)
 This engineering society has been in the forefront of 
organizations that developed standards that have an 
application in the piping industry ANSI Standard B31

 The Code for Pressure piping, was sponsored by ASME 
after the need for such a code had become evident. 

 ASME has also been responsible for the formulation of 
the various sections that comprise the ASME Boiler and 
Pressure Vessel Code.

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American Society of Mechanical 
Engineers (ASME)
 ASME provides certification to manufactures and 
installation contractors in a stamp form. 
 It provides a guaranty that the manufacturer or 
installer complies with the applicable ASME code 
 This society has formulated considerable number of 
standards deal with specifications for piping, tubing, 
and bolting. 
 They included as material specifications in the 
various sections of the code for Pressure Piping B31. 

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American National Standards 
Institute (ANSI)
American national Standards Institute (ANSI), 
formerly the American Standards Association 
(ASA), is a federation of national associations 
and government department that dates back 
to 1918
Organized by five engineering societies as the 
American Engineering Standards Committee. 

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American National Standards 
Institute (ANSI)
 Today, more than 200 organizations representing 
industry, government, and consumers and 900 
companies participate in its work.
 It does not develop any standards itself
 It provides a vehicle for standards review through 
the formation of sectional committees 
 One of the important ANSI requirements for the 
acceptance of any standard is a complete 
agreement among all interested parties.

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American National Standards 
Institute (ANSI)
 1976 was a banner year for ANSI
 Nearly 1,800 standards were added to its roster as 
compared to an average of 400 to 600 standards per 
year in the preceding decade. 
 ANSI standards numbered approximately 10,000 at 
the end of 1980. 
 Some of the organizations that are members of ANSI’s 
committee on pressure piping, or are otherwise of 
importance in the development of standards for the 
piping industry, are listed below. 

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American Petroleum Institute 
(API)
 The American Petroleum Institute was established in 1919
as the first National Trade Association in the United States 
to encompass all branches of the petroleum industry. 
 This organization has produced numerous standards
applicable to all sectors of the petroleum industry, from 
the drilling of oil wells to the storage and distribution of an 
end product piping specifications published by API are the 
recognized standards in that field.

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American Petroleum Institute 
(API) Pipeline Standard
• API 5L ‐ Specification for Line Pipe
• API 6D ‐ Pipe Line Valves, End Closures, Connectors and Swivels
• API 6F ‐ Recommended Practice for Fire Test for valves
• API 593 ‐ Ductile Iron Plug Valves ‐ Flanged Ends
• API 598 ‐ Valve Inspection and Test
• API 600 ‐ Steel Gate Valves
• API 601 ‐ Metallic Gaskets for Refinery Piping
• API 602 ‐ Compact Design Carbon Steel Gate Valves
• API 604 ‐ Ductile Iron Gate Valves ‐ Flanged Ends
• API 605 ‐ Large Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges
• API 607 ‐ Fire Test for Soft Seated Ball Valves
• API 609 ‐ Butterfly Valves
• API 1104 ‐ Standard for Welding Pipeline and Facilities
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American Welding Society (AWS)
American Welding Society defined criteria that 
must be met when using a welding process for 
connecting two items of similar or dissimilar 
materials. 
it is important to have appropriate welding 
requirements as to have material specifications.

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Manufactures’ Standardization 
Society for the Valve and Fittings 
Industry (MSS)
 MSS issued their standard practices in order to 
achieve a uniformity of manufacturing practice with 
regard to dimension of certain items
 Some of which have accepted by ANSI after meeting 
consensus requirements. 
 Most of these standard practices deal with 
dimensional standards, for which no other 
uniformity of design exists.

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Pipe Fabrication Institute  (PFI)

 PFI is an organization of piping fabricators that has 
produced various standards otherwise not covered 
by standard promulgating organizations. 

 Similar to the MSS, the PFI tries to obtain uniformity 
of manufacturing practices and, if possible, achieve 
acceptance as ANSI standards. 

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National Fire Prevention Agency 
(NFPA)
 Organized in 1896 to promote the science and 
improve the methods of fire protection and assist in 
establishing safeguards against loss of life and 
property by fire. 
 NFPA publishes the National Fire Codes (NFC),
documents that are suitable for legal adoption and 
enforcement and adopted by or incorporated in codes 
and standards of other agencies. 
 Many of these codes have a direct bearing on pipe 
design and installation. 

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The Code for Pressure Piping 
ANSI  B31
 Provides the power and process industries with 
rules for the safe design and construction of 
piping systems 
 Contains the necessary basic data and formulas 
pertaining to the following:
Material specifications and component 
standards.
Proper dimensional standards.
Design requirements for component parts.
Stress limitation and evaluation requirements.
Fabrication and construction requirements.
Testing and inspection requirements.
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The Code for Pressure Piping 
ANSI  B31
 Concerned with the reliability and service life of 
piping systems within the framework of specific 
industries
 Is not a design handbook
 Does not canceled the engineer’s judgment and 
competence.

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ASME Codes
• B31.1 – Power Piping
• B31.2 – Fuel Gas Piping
• B31.3 – Process Piping, (formerly Chemical Plant
and Petroleum Refinery Piping)
• B31.4 – Liquid Hydrocarbon Transportation Piping
(oil cross country pipelines)
• B31.5 – Refrigeration Piping
• B31.6 – Chemical Plant Piping, never issued as a
separate document, folded into B31.
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ASME Codes
• B31.7 – Nuclear Power Piping
• B31.8 – Gas Transportation Piping (cross country gas
pipelines)
• B31.9 – Building Services Piping (office building hot
water heating and air conditioning)
• B31.10 – Cryogenic Piping, never issued as a separate
document, folded into B31.3
• B31.11 – Slurry Transportation Piping (cross country
coal/water slurries)

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B31.1 ‐ Power Piping
• This piping is generally found in electric power
generating stations.

• The code covers boiler external piping for power

boilers and high temperature, high pressure water
boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a
pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature
water generated at temperatures exceeding 250
degrees F

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B31.3- Process Piping

• This piping is typically found in petroleum
refineries, chemical and pharmaceutical plants.

• This Code applies to piping for all fluids

including:

1. Raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals

2. Petroleum products
3. Gas, steam, air and water
4. Fluidized solids
5. Refrigerants
6. Cryogenic fluids

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B31.4, Pipeline Transportation Systems for

Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids

• This Code prescribes piping for transporting liquids such as:

– Crude oil
– Condensate,
– Natural gasoline
– Natural gas liquids
– Liquefied petroleum gas
– Carbon dioxide
– Liquid alcohol
– Liquid anhydrous ammonia
– Liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities,
– Tank farms
– Natural gas processing plants
– Refineries,
– Stations
– Ammonia plants
– Terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points.

• Well-known pipeline is the Alaskan Pipeline from Prudhoe Bay in Alaska

to Valdez.

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B31.5- Refrigeration Piping and

Heat Transfer Components
• This Code for refrigerant, heat transfer
components and secondary coolant piping for
temperatures as low as -196 deg C.

• This code does not apply to water piping, piping

for pressure vessels.

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B31.8 - Gas Transmission and

Distribution Piping Systems
• This Code covers the design, fabrication,
installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline
facilities used for the transportation of gas.

• This Code also covers safety aspects of the

operation and maintenance of those facilities.

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B31.8S- Managing System

Integrity of Gas Pipelines
• This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems
constructed with ferrous materials and that transport
gas.

• This Standard is specifically designed to provide the

operator with the information necessary to develop
and implement an effective integrity management
program utilizing proven industry practices and
processes.

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B31.9- Building Services

Piping
• This Code Section has rules for the piping in
industrial, institutional, commercial and public
buildings, and multi-unit residences.
• Building Services Piping applies to Condensing
water, Water for heating and cooling, Steam and
condensate, Vacuum.

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B31.11 - Slurry Transportation

Piping Systems
• Design, construction, inspection, security
requirements of slurry piping systems

• It covers piping systems that transport aqueous

slurries of no hazardous materials, such as
coal, mineral ores and other solids between a
slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.

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Materials
• The classification of piping is basically done
by their location.

• The first is aboveground piping, which is

usually within the boundaries of a property or
building.

• The second is buried piping, which usually

goes through public rights-of-way and/or
across rights-of-way on private land.
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Division of The Codes
• The following division of the codes is done on the type 
of piping

Aboveground codes Buried codes

B31.1 B31.4
B31.3 B31.8
B31.5 B31.11
B31.9
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Materials Aboveground

• Two basic characteristics:

1. Wide range of Fluids

2. Wide range of temperature & pressure

• For metallic materials the ASME designations

have a letter plus a number. Eg. SA-106 for
ferrous materials and SB-106 for nonferrous
materials.
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Aboveground Codes
• Each aboveground code has wide range of
materials for the given temperature and type of
fluid.

• All aboveground codes provide some means of

utilizing unlisted materials which are desirable
from users point of view.

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New Material Addition

Basic requirements and the actions
– Chemical composition
– Mechanical properties
– Tensile data per ASTM E-21
– Creep properties
– If it is to be welded, welding data in
accordance with ASME
– Any special application or handling required

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Codes for Buried Materials

• Buried piping codes have significantly fewer listed
materials and carbon steels for most of piping

• Codes B31.4 and B31.11 are much less flexible.

They simply state that materials that do not
conform to one of the listed standards shall be
qualified by petitioning the code committee for
approval

• B31.8 has a detailed listing recognizing the

categories of piping; it lists specific categories and
description outlining the qualifications procedure

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Nonmetallic Materials
• Following codes mention about use of non metallic
materials:
– B31.1
– B31.3
– B31.8
– B31.9

• In these codes all required properties of

nonmetallic materials are specified. Eg. Allowable
stress

• Also in B31.8 there is a detailed information about

use of thermo plastic pipes.

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Nonmetallic materials (Specific

Requirements)
• Thermoplastics are prohibited aboveground for
flammable fluids.
• PVC and CPVC (Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) 
are prohibited from being used with compressed
gas.
• Safeguarding is required for reinforced plastic
mortar (RPM) and all fluids
• Safeguarding reinforced thermosetting resin
(RTR) for use in toxic or flammable service.
Temperature limits are recommended in the code.
• Safeguarding against rapid temperature changes
shall be employed in fluid services.
47

Inspection, Examination,
& Testing

• For Buried Pipes

• For Aboveground Pipes

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Buried Piping Requirements

• In B31.4 or B31.8 all welds shall be visually
inspected by an inspector qualified through
training or experience.

• Code B31.11 is silent on visual inspection

requirements

49

Testing of Buried Pipe

• The B31.4 and B31.11 test requirements are
somewhat less stringent than those of B31.8

• The major tests are different depending on

whether the pipeline is to be operated above 20
% of Specified Minimum Yield Strength
(SMYS) or below.

50

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Rules for Testing

• The test pressure shall be 1.25 times internal design pressure
and held for not less than 4 hours.

• If the components are visually inspected during the test, no

further tests are required for them else the test pressure is
lowered to 1.1 times and tested

• Water shall be used; there are exceptions listed.

• The pipeline may not be offshore.

• For B31.4, the test section must be regularly patrolled and

communication maintained
51

Rules for Testing (contd..)

• Each building within 300 ft must be unoccupied
during the test unless the hoop stress is between
20 % and 50 % of the SMYS.
• Provisions for thermal expansion relief shall be
made if the test section is subjected to them.
• In cold weather the line and all components
shall be drained to avoid freezing.
• CO2 lines shall be dewatered after the test to
avoid any formation of corrosive compounds.

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53

Requirements When Operating 
Pressure Produces Less Than 20% 
SMYS

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Examination and Inspection in

Aboveground Codes

• Code B31.1 defines the minimum requirements

by type of weld. it gives descriptions of the
indications by type of examination and provides
acceptance criteria to comply with the code

• Code B31.5 & Code B31.9 have specified the

acceptance criteria in their description.

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Code B31.3 Required

examination
• Visually sufficient materials selected at
random to ensure they meet specifications and
are defect-free
• 100 % of longitudinal welds, unless made in
accordance with a listed specification if the
weld joint factor is to be 0.90 then use
radiography
• Random examination of the mechanical,
including threaded joints
• When pneumatic testing is expected, 100 %
examination
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Code B31.3 Required examination

(contd..)
• Random examination, including alignment
and supports of erection and finished piping
to find deviations from design intent

• Not less than 5 % girth welds by random

radiography, with maximum coverage of each
intersection with a longitudinal weld
including the areas to be examined

• Not less that 5 % of brazed joints

57

Leak Testing
• Test for leaks at pressure also called as
pressure test.

• Final test before the system is put into service

• Most generally a hydrostatic test.

• Done with water. But B 31.5 generally uses

gas or refrigerant as the test medium
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Precautions in Hydrostatic Test

• All joints including welds and bonds must be
exposed. The specific relaxation of insulated
joints that may be made is provided and
outlined in the specific code.

• Temporary supports are made to the piping, if

required, because the design was for less fluid
weight than the test fluid.

• Any expansion joints must be restrained or

isolated so as not to harm them

59

Precautions in Hydrostatic Test

(Contd…)
• A flange joint that is isolated to protect other
equipment with a blank need not be tested.
• Test records are required.
• In general, high points in the system should be
vented, and at low points, a drain should be provided.
• Protection for the personnel conducting the test
should be provided.
• The test gauges and pumps and all test equipment
should be reviewed and, if necessary, calibrated.

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Design
• It’s the final determination allowing the
designer to set the final pipe thickness requires
that a design pressure and temperature be
chosen.
• Example
– Design temperature of 250°F
– Design pressure of 500 psig
– NPS 6 pipe
– ASTM A-106 C pipe material
– No corrosion or mechanical allowance
61

Allowable Stresses
Code Allowable Stresses (psi)
B31.1 17,500
B31.3 23,300
B31.4 40,000
B31.5 17,500
B31.8 40,000
B31.9 15,000
B31.11 40,000
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63

Welding (Fabrication)
• Reasonably smooth or arc cutting is accepted.
• Boring to align the ends may not result in less than
minimum thickness.
• Appropriate analysis weld metal may be deposited
on the ID or OD to give sufficient metal for
machining.
• Surfaces shall be clean and free of detrimental
material for welding.
• Inside diameters shall be aligned as accurately as
possible, preferably within 2.0 mm or 1/16 in.
• For socket weld, the maximum diameter clearance
should be 2.0 mm or 0.80 in. or less. A 1/16-in.
bottom gap is required.
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Requirements for Procedure 
Qualification

65

Special Considerations for

Pipelines (Categories)
• Facilities, including compressor/pumping stations and
any required storage or control systems to isolate
section
• Operation and maintenance programs, including
reporting and methods of determining the life of the
various sections of pipeline
• Corrosion control including the transportation of more
highly corrosive fluids
• Offshore pipeline differences
• Managing system integrity of B31.8S, Gas Pipeline
Supplement

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Special Considerations for

Pipelines
• Continuous accessibility to the valves
• Conservation of gas
• Time to blow down the isolated section
• Continuity of service
• Necessary operating flexibility
• Expected future development, which
would change the location factor
• Significant natural conditions that could
have adverse effects
67

OTHER STANDARDS
 ASME B31.8 ( Onshore & Offshore)
 ASME B16.5 (Flange & Flange Fittings)
 ASME B16.21 ( Gaskets for Flanges)
 API 5L ( Line Pipe)
 API 6D (Valves)
 API 1104 (Welding Inspection)
 ASME U‐Stamp ( Pig Traps & Launcher)
 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code ( Scrubber, KOD  and 
Other pressure Vessels)

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OTHER STANDARDS

U.S. Government Standards 
Government Regulations
Federal Regulations
Nuclear  Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Pipeline Safety Standards

69

Codes and Standard Used in 
India
Code/Standard Title
ASME B 31.8 (2003) Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems
ASME B 31.4 (2006) Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons
and other Liquids
OISD-141 (2003) Design and Construction Requirements for Cross-Country
Oil Industry Safety Directorate Hydrocarbon Pipelines
OISD-214 (2006) Cross-Country LPG Pipelines
OISD-226 (2007) Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines and City Gas Distribution
Networks
API 5L / ISO 3183 : 2007 Specification for Line Pipe

API RP1102 Recommended practice for Rail and Highway crossings

API 1104 Standard for welding pipeline and related facilities
API 6D / ISO 14313 Pipeline Valves
DNV OS-F101 Submarine pipeline systems
Other References Applicable Standards / Specs of ASME, API, NACE, MSS, BS
and DIN 70

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 6/15/2018

End

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