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Release 7.1
License and Copyright Information
PRO/II 7.1
The software described in this guide is furnished under a written agreement and
may be used only in accordance with the terms and conditions of the license
agreement under which you obtained it. The technical documentation is being
delivered to you AS IS and Invensys Systems, Inc. makes no warranty as to its
accuracy or use. Any use of the technical documentation or the information
contained therein is at the risk of the user. Documentation may include technical
or other inaccuracies or typographical errors. Invensys Systems, Inc. reserves
the right to make changes without prior notice.
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Systems, Inc. (Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR) 26561 Rancho Parkway South, Suite
100, Lake Forest, CA 92630, USA.
Starting PRO/II
If you have not yet installed PRO/II on your system, see the PRO/II PC/LAN
Installation Guide.
To start PRO/II:
Double-click on the PRO/II icon or launch from the Start menu. The
PRO/II welcome window appears. This window contains information on
opening files and on the color codes used in the program.
Click OK to exit the window. The PRO/II main window will appear.
You can now open a new simulation file (select File/New), open an existing file
(select File/Open), or import a keyword file (select File/Import). See Chapter 3,
Managing PFD Files, for additional details.
This release of PRO/II can read simulation files created by previous versions of
PRO/II. When you open a simulation file created by a previous version, the file is
automatically converted to the current version and a copy of the original file is
saved under a different name. For example, if you open G3.prz that was created
by PRO/II version 6, the converted file will be saved as “G3.prz” and a copy of
the original file will be saved as “G3_v60.prz”.
Note: Some keyword input files that were created manually may include features
that are not supported by the PRO/II graphical user interface. PRO/II issues a
warning when this occurs. For flow sheet execution, all features will be preserved
if you choose either the Read Only or Run Batch mode. In all cases, if you
Component Description
Control Menu Box Displays a menu with commands for sizing,
moving and closing the active window.
Horizontal Scroll Bar Functions as a sliding scale for moving the flow
sheet to the right or left in the PRO/II main
window.
Vertical Scroll Bar Functions as a sliding scale for moving the flow
sheet up or down in the PRO/II main window.
The PRO/II window offers many features that enable you to customize its
appearance, relative to the full screen and other applications. Detailed
instructions on use of the Windows’ graphical user interface may be found in
numerous reference manuals available at any large bookstore.
The Windows interface provides tools for resizing each window. Some tools
automatically change a window to a particular size and orientation, others enable
you to control the magnification.
The minimize and maximize buttons automatically adjust the size of a window.
You can use the window border to change the size of the main window. The
border works like a handle that you can grab with the cursor and drag to a new
position.
You can also use the Control menu to Restore, Move, Size, Minimize, or
Maximize a window. Open the Control menu by clicking the PRO/II icon at the far
left of the title bar or by pressing <Alt+Space>.
You can change the position of the main window (or any pop-up
window) by dragging the title bar.
PRO/II provides the standard visual cue (grayed out text and icons) for menu
items and toolbar buttons that are currently unavailable. In addition, PRO/II uses
colored borders liberally to indicate the current status of the simulation. You may
customize the color coding by accessing the Set Colors window by selecting
Options/Colors… from the menu bar.
The names of the PRO/II main menus appear on the menu bar. Use these
menus to access most PRO/II operations.
The main toolbar can be displayed in the standard (full) or compact format. When
displayed in standard format (View/Toolbar/Standard from the menu bar), seven
groups of buttons are visible. Toolbar buttons duplicate options available from the
menus on the menu bar.
New, Open, Save, Print and Print Preview
Multiple View and PFD Palette buttons
Data Entry Window buttons
Go To buttons
VLE Tool buttons
Run/Results buttons
Delete and View buttons
Help button
These buttons enable you to open multiple views of a single flow sheet and hide
or display the floating PFD palette.
Each Data Entry Window button provides quick access to the main data entry
window for the selected section of input.
The VLE Tools buttons enable you to perform simulation functions, e.g., flash, a
stream highlighted on the PFD using the Flash Hot-key.
PRO/II provides a Delete button and a set of View buttons on the toolbar that
facilitate editing and viewing of the flow sheet. These buttons duplicate items
available on the Edit and View menus.
The PRO/II main window (PFD) is the main drawing board. You may place the
following objects on the PFD:
Unit operations from the PFD palette
Stream connections
Text
Drawings
Stream property tables
Use the PRO/II main window to see the contents of your simulation.
You can choose to view the entire flow sheet or only a portion of it. You control
the view using scroll bars, pan options, the zoom bar, or arrow keys.
General Approach
This chapter provides a quick overview of the use of PRO/II for solving
engineering problems. A suggested basic approach is given as well as helpful
explanations of the information flow in PRO/II. Sample data entry windows are
given to illustrate data entry for PRO/II. Step-by-step examples are available in
the PRO/II Tutorial Guide. Online help is also available.
You have already learned that PRO/II gives you great flexibility and numerous
options when supplying simulation data. For many items of data, default values
are supplied. A color code informs you when data are required, supplied by
default, out of normal ranges, or missing.
Note: You must supply data for all red-bordered fields or red-linked text
(including data required) before running your simulation.
Problem data may be supplied in almost any order: PRO/II warns you when
required data are missing. However, it is still best to follow a logical path when
supplying simulation data. For example, some options such as stream
compositions are dependent upon the components selected. Some unit
operations, such as the flash drum, have features that are dependent on the
thermodynamic data. For some other unit operations, performance specifications
based on the components in the system are the preferred way to define the
operation.
Select the unit operations needed for the flow sheet calculations and position
them on the PRO/II PFD main window.
The streams are the connectors for the process calculations, with information
passed from one unit operation to another via the process streams.
It is best to order the components in volatility order, starting with the lightest
component. This makes it easy to analyze the separations which occur in unit
operations such as distillation. While not a necessity, for hydrocarbon/water
systems, defining water as the first component is also a good idea. This makes it
easy to see the break between the aqueous and nonaqueous phases. User-
defined petroleum pseudocomponents and/or polymer components for which you
supply data should be entered next. Petroleum pseudocomponents generated by
PRO/II from petroleum stream assay data will appear last in the component lists
of the output reports.
For many problems, a system may be selected from the Most Commonly Used
thermodynamic methods. Guidelines for thermodynamic methods are provided in
the PRO/II online help, and in the PRO/II Reference Manual (both in online help
and in hardcopy forms). Further assistance is available through SIMSCI –
ESSCOR Technical Support. Selecting a proper thermodynamic method is a
critically important step in the solution of a simulation problem.
You must supply thermal conditions, flow rates, and compositions for all external
feed streams to the flow sheet. It is usually desirable, although not necessary, to
provide estimated data for recycle streams to speed convergence of recycle
calculations.
Double-click the icon for each unit operation to access the data entry windows.
The color codes tell you what data you must supply and what data have default
values. You may also use the online help to learn more about the calculation
options, data entry items, etc., for each unit operation.
A quick review is also a good idea at this point. Do the thermodynamic methods
support the unit operation calculations? Are transport properties required for any
of the unit operations?
PRO/II lets you know, by color code, when sufficient information has been
supplied to perform the calculations. When all of the borders on the toolbar icons
have changed from red (indicating missing data) to green or blue, you are ready
to run your simulation. At this point, you may click the Run (right arrow) icon on
the toolbar or the Run button on the floating Run palette to begin the flow sheet
calculations.
Now that we have presented an overall plan for simulating a flowsheet, let’s look
at some of the individual steps in more detail.
Unit Operations
Use the floating PFD palette to begin building the flow sheet. The icons and
names for the unit operations appear as buttons on the PFD palette. To add a
unit operation to the flowsheet, click the unit icon on the PFD palette and click-
drop it at the desired location on the flowsheet.
Streams
Click the Streams button on the top of the floating PFD palette. The PFD is now
in stream mode and a small “S” is attached to the cursor. You will notice that all
possible exit ports for each unit operation are now marked. Required outlet ports
are colored in red; green is used to mark optional ports. PRO/II adds each
stream to the flowsheet in an orthogonal manner, following a rectangular grid
pattern.
As soon as a valid flowsheet has been built, i.e., all required inlet, outlet, and
connector streams have been added for all the process units, the red border
around the Streams button on the PFD palette changes to blue.
Now that the flowsheet has been built, it’s time to supply the required data for the
calculations: the components and thermodynamic methods must be defined, inlet
feed streams and, optionally, recycle streams must be supplied, and the
operating conditions for the unit operations must be specified.
Components
To define the components, select Input/Component Selection from the menu bar
or click on the benzene ring toolbar icon to open the Component Selection main
window. Note that this icon has a red border, indicating that components have
not yet been defined.
Library components for which the library access names are known may be
directly typed into this window, where they are transferred to the List of Selected
Components for the problem. A convenient search procedure is also provided
which may be used by clicking Select From Lists… . Petroleum (PETRO)
components are defined in the Petroleum Components window, which is reached
by clicking Petroleum…. Non-library components can be defined in the User-
defined window which is reached by clicking User-defined….
Thermodynamic Methods
The identifiers for feed streams requiring input data are marked with red borders
indicating that information is missing. Stream information is supplied in the
Stream Data main data entry window which is reached by double-clicking a
stream identifier. The predefined stream identifier may also be changed in this
window.
Three types of information must be supplied in this window: the thermal condition
of the stream, the flowrate for the stream, and the composition of the stream. For
petroleum assay streams, the assay data are provided instead of the composition
data, and PRO/II defines the stream composition for you in terms of petroleum
pseudocomponents.
Unit Operations
Unit operation identifiers for which data entries are needed are marked with red
borders. To enter information for a unit operation, double-click its icon to retrieve
the Unit data entry window. Various input options and numeric values are
supplied via this parent window and its child windows. Required information is
always bordered in red; data entry fields for items with supplied defaults are
always bordered in green. After you have supplied information in a data entry
field, the border color changes to blue. Information you have supplied which lies
outside the normal range for the field is marked with a yellow border.
You may also change the default unit identifier in this window and furnish a
longer, more descriptive name for the unit operation. Notice that when you return
to the flowsheet, the unit identifier on the PFD has a black instead of red border,
signifying that all data entry requirements are satisfied. If the border is still red,
you must return to the data entry window for that unit operation and supply the
missing data.
Miscellaneous Data
All data entries in this category are optional. PRO/II provides default entries. In
some cases, global values may be used to supply the defaults, as explained in
Chapter 4, Building a Flow sheet.
Definitions of recycle loops are automatic. To define your own loops, or to use
acceleration techniques, click the toolbar icon with the flow sheet loop icon
to enter the Problem Recycle Convergence and Acceleration Options window or
select the Input/Recycle Convergence from the menu bar.
Flow sheet tolerances are used for convergence of unit operation specifications
and may be changed in the Default Unit Specification Tolerances window, which
is reached by choosing Input/Flowsheet Tolerances from the menu bar.
All flow sheet results may be scaled so that a desired flow is obtained for a
product stream. To use the scaling feature, select the Output/Report
Format/Miscellaneous Data. Click Product StreamScaling… on the
Miscellaneous Report Options window to access the Scale Stream Flowrate
window.
Default Data
To simplify data input, PRO/II supplies default options and values wherever
practical. Default values supplied by PRO/II are printed in black in a data entry
field with a green border, or in the case of linked text, in green. For example, the
default number of iterations for a column unit operation using the IO method is
supplied as 15. Entries which you must always supply are indicated with a color
red because they have no default values.
While you do not need to replace a default entry to satisfy the input requirement
for PRO/II, default data should be inspected carefully to ascertain that they meet
your requirements. When you replace a default value, the border color for the
data entry field changes to blue, indicating that you have supplied this value. For
linked-text strings, the color of the linked text is also changed to blue, indicating
that you have replaced the default value.
Optional data, which are displayed in black, are data or options not specifically
necessary for the unit operations to proceed. For example, the Description entry
is optional for all unit operations. A reboiler is optional for the Column unit
operation, since the calculation requirements may also be satisfied by a vapor
feed to the bottom tray of the column.
Data options which do not apply to a particular combination of input data appear
in the color gray, and are not available for data entry. For example, when the
kettle reboiler option is selected for a column reboiler, the data entry fields for a
thermosiphon reboiler are colored gray.
When you start PRO/II, the program does not automatically bring up a new,
untitled simulation.
Note: If you want PRO/II always to open with a new simulation, select
Options/New File on Startup from the menu bar.
You can open any previously saved simulation for modification, viewing or
printing. PRO/II opens the flow sheet file and its supporting PRO/II database
files.
Note: PRO/II 7.x provides a file converter for import of PRO/II 4.x files with the
exception of Add-On Module files.
Before you close a simulation, you should save it. You may also want to save the
simulation periodically while creating it.
Note: PRO/II 5.x automatically compresses the three PRO/II database files
(*.pr1, *.pr2, *.pr3) and the simulation flow diagram file (*.sfd) into a single *.prz
file. Beside reducing the size of stored files, PRO/II file compression assures that
a complete set of files for each simulation has been saved.
You can save a simulation to another name. Changes you made to the
simulation since the last save are saved as part of the simulation, under its new
name.
Closing a Simulation
You should save a simulation before closing it, although PRO/II will prompt you
to save changes for an existing simulation.
To close a simulation:
Choose File/Close from the menu bar.
If you close a simulation without first saving the simulation files, you lose any
changes you made to the simulation since the last save.
Deleting a Simulation
You can delete any simulation except the current (active) simulation at any time.
Type or select the name of the file you want to delete. (You may not
delete the current simulation.)
Click Open or press <Enter>. PRO/II deletes all files associated with this
simulation.
Copying a Simulation
You can copy all files associated with a simulation (one flow sheet and three
database files) to a target simulation you name. You can copy to new or existing
file. If you copy to an existing file, PRO/II verifies if you want to overwrite the
existing file.
Select the name of the file you want to copy from the file selector. (You
may not copy the current simulation.)
Enter a name for the copy (target).
Click Open or press <Enter>.
You can import an existing PRO/II keyword input file into the PRO/II graphical
user interface and then execute the simulation problem just as if you had entered
the problem using the PFD graphical main window. PRO/II automatically
converts the specified keyword input file into a flow sheet and displays it in the
PFD window.
Type or select the name of the keyword file that you want to import.
Click Open or press <Enter>.
PRO/II converts the selected keyword input file into a flow sheet and displays it in
the PFD main window automatically.
The RESTART feature is not supported by the graphical user interface in this
version of PRO/II. You will not be allowed to import keyword files that contain this
feature.
If a RESTART keyword is detected upon import, you will be reminded that only
the “Run Batch” feature of PRO/II may be used with these keyword input files.
See Chapter 10, Running and Viewing a Flowsheet, for information on running
keyword files in “Batch” mode.
Certain keyword features are not fully supported by the graphical user interface
of PRO/II. However, if one of these unsupported features is detected, you will be
allowed to import the keyword file, however the GUI interface will operate in the
“Run-Only” mode. Such unsupported keywords include:
BVLE Data
Stream Report Writer
Hydrate Unit Operation
HEXTRAN Property Data Generator.
If you attempt to import a keyword input file that contains PRO/II program
features not supported by the graphical user interface, the unsupported features
will be automatically listed in a status window. You have the option to save or
delete the unsupported features. If you choose to save the unsupported features,
PRO/II will run the file in Run-Only Mode.
If you click Yes, a message window similar to the following will be displayed:
Once you close the message window, the interface will be placed to the “Run-
Only” mode as illustrated in Figure 3-9.
You can export an existing PRO/II simulation flow sheet to a keyword input file as
follows:
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window which lists the data export options.
This selection opens a special Save As dialogue window that allows you to
export the input data of the simulation to an ".inp" keyword input file. Navigate to
the destination drive and directory of your choice using the Save In: field. Enter
the name of the output file in the File Name: field. Press the Save button to
complete the operation.
The exported keyword file then may be imported into any compatible version of
the PRO/II program to rerun the simulation, even on another computer. Keyword
files also are a very compact way to archive the data. Note that the keyword file
contains all the appropriate data sections (General, Thermodynamics, etc.).
In v6.0 and later, the "Simulation Data to Keyword File" option is expanded to
include check boxes to control exporting stream and column solution data to the
keyword file.
If output data exists, even if the solution is unconverged, then the two "
Include" check boxes are enabled. If the Run command has not been executed
since creation or since the last time "Restore Input Data" has been executed,
then these checkboxes are disabled.
When the user selects either or both of the "Includes", upon "OK" the first thing
that PRO/II must do is test for convergence. If the solution is in an unconverged
state then PRO/II throws up a message box to warn the user that the data being
written to the keyword file is unconverged.
Clicking on "Yes" will continue to the file name selection common dialog. "No"
will return the user to the Export window.
Note: Beginning with PRO/II version 5.5, exported flow sheets now write all unit
operations in the flow sheet to the keyword file. In the past, for keyword input
files that had a User-Defined Sequence List, only unit operations listed in the
Sequence List were exported.
The Tools/Spreadsheet menu item can be used to start a spreadsheet tool. The
list of currently installed tools will appear in a side menu.
Spreadsheet tools are Excel template files and macros that can read information
in the PRO/II simulation database to generate reports or perform additional on-
the-spot calculations. They can also update data in the simulation database itself
using data from an Excel spreadsheet.
Note: You must have Microsoft Excel installed on your system to Use these
tools.
PRO/II comes preinstalled with some default spreadsheet tools. They can be
used to create tables of stream properties or component flow rates or generate a
distillation report.
You can export part or all of the flow sheet drawing to the Clipboard. You can
then paste this drawing into other Windows applications.
You can export the information in a stream property table to an ASCII file for
importing into spreadsheet and word processing applications.
PRO/II then generates the ASCII file. To import this file into your spreadsheet or
word processing program, follow the instructions included with that application.
You can copy the information in a stream property table to the clipboard. This
table can then be pasted into any other Windows application.
Use this option to copy and paste the stream data to and from an Excel sheet.
This will enable the user to enter and analyze the data with much ease.The
feature has been implemented to all dialog boxes, where the data is represented
in XY grid. XY grid has the following properties:
Note: Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+X can be used a shortcut to COPY, PASTE and CUT
respectively.
You can export your flow sheet drawing as an AutoCAD .DXF or Encapsulated
PostScript (.EPS) file:
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window (Figure 3-10).
Choose the Flowsheet to AutoCAD .DXF or Flowsheet to Post-Script
option.
Click OK. The Save As window appears.
Enter a name for the .DXF or .EPS file.
PRO/II enables you to set global defaults for problem descriptions information,
units of measure and thermodynamic systems. These global defaults apply to all
simulations unless you specifically override them either for a particular simulation
or unit operation.
On a simulation level, you can set problem-specific input and output units of
measure defaults. Simulation level settings override global defaults. In addition,
you can change units of measure settings for a specific unit. This setting
overrides both simulation and global defaults.
Before laying down your flow sheet, you may want to update the problem
description for the current simulation. PRO/II uses the global defaults for all
simulations, unless you specifically override the data for a particular simulation.
You can enter up to ten problem description lines (80 characters each), that will
appear on the first page of a results printout.
By default, PRO/II uses the English units of measure set for all input data and for
output reports. These defaults apply to all new simulations. You can override the
default set for either input data or output reports (or both) for all new simulations.
PRO/II maintains a library of units of measure sets that you can select from and
add to.
Select the desired default units of measure set for entering simulation
data. The default choice is ENGLISH-SET1, i.e., the data input will be in
English units.
Select the desired default units of measure set for generating the first
output report. The default choice is Same as Input, i.e., the first output
report will be printed in the default English units.
If any choice other than the default is selected, the second output report will no
longer be available, and the list-box for selecting the alternate units of measure
set for the second output report will be disabled.
Select the desired default units of measure set for generating the second output
report. The default choice is None, i.e., no second output report in alternate units
will be generated.
PRO/II sets English units as the default for units of measure. You can override
this default, setting the global units of measure for all new simulations. In
addition, you can override the default units of measure for a particular simulation
problem.
Figure 4-3: Default Units of Measure for Problem Data Input Window
Select different dimensional units for data input for each individual
category or choose Initialize from UOM Library... to automatically fill in
the defaults from another set.
Click Standard Vapor Conditions... to enter the Problem Standard Vapor
Condition window. The default temperature and pressure basis are
shown in the data entry fields and may be replaced or the standard vapor
volume per mole may be replaced, not both. PRO/II default values are:
Click TVP and RVP Conditions... to select the Problem TVP and RVP
Conditions window. The temperature for true vapor pressure
specifications may be replaced in this window. The PRO/II default for
TVP calculations is 10°F. The calculation method for Reid vapor
pressure may be selected in a drop-down list box on this window.
Choices are:
API Naphtha (the default)
API Crude
ASTM D323-73
ASTM D323-82
ASTM D4593-91
ASTM D5191-91
ASTM D323-94
Click OK .
A library of dimensional unit sets which may be used for data entry or report
writing is maintained with this feature. To add a new set to the library or to edit an
existing set:
The Units of Measure Library window appears and may be used to create, copy,
edit, rename, and delete dimensional unit sets. The Units of Measure Set Name
and Description list box contains the names of the dimensional unit sets currently
in the library. The program provides three initial dimensional unit sets: English
(the default), Metric, and SI.
Supply a name for the new set in the data entry field provided, and select
the basis for the set with the appropriate radio button: English, Metric, or
SI.
The units for the standard dimensional unit sets in PRO/II are assigned to the
new set and the edit feature may be used to customize the set.
Note: An alternate way to create a new set is to highlight an existing set in the
Units of Measure Set Name and Description list box and click Copy on the Units
A dimensional unit set for output reports may be edited in two places in PRO/II:
1. Library sets are edited with the Edit... feature in the Units of Measure Library
window.
2. The set being used for the current problem is edited in the Default Units of
Measure of the Problem Output Report which is accessible from the PFD main
window by:
Selecting the Output menu on the menu bar.
Selecting the Report Format from the Output menu.
Selecting Units of Measure from the Report Format menu.Editing of the
dimensional items is identical for these two windows.
The dimensional unit set for the output report is initialized from the global set, as
previously explained. However, a different set may be chosen from the units of
measure library while in the Default Units of Measure for Problem Output Report
window. To use a different dimensional unit set:
Click nitialize from UOM Library... The Initialize Units of Measure from
UOM Library window appears.
Select the desired set from the drop-down list box.
Click OK to continue. This set now becomes the output report set. The
newly selected output report set may be edited in this window as desired.
The edited set is saved with the problem.
The Print Option for output reports may also be selected using the Output
Report(s) to be Printed drop-down list box where options are:
One Output Report in Input Units (the default): When this option is selected,
an output report based on the units of measure used for the problem data input
will be generated. The currently specified input units of measure will be displayed
for informational purposes, but they cannot be changed. With this option, the
One Output Report in Output Units: When this option is selected, an output
report based on the output units of measure specified will be generated. The
currently specified output units of measure will be displayed, and they can be
changed if desired.
For the second and third cases discussed above, the displayed output units of
measure set can be copied from the specified input units, or initialized from one
of the units of measure sets stored in the units of measure library.
To copy the input units of measure set to be used for the output report, or
to reset the explicitly specified output units to the previously specified
input units:
Click Copy from Input UOM on the Default Units of Measure for Problem
Output Report window.
Click OK to continue.
To initialize the output units of measure set from a units of measure set
stored in the units of measure library:
Click Initialize from UOM Library... on the Default Units of Measure for
Problem Output Report window.
Click OK to continue.
Note: This global default will not become effective until the next time File/New is
selected.
PRO/II allows you to change the appearance of your workplace through the
General Drawing Defaults window. You can set the snap and move tolerances,
zoom and pan increments, the PFD palette icon, icon fill, unit snapping, and
delete confirmation. The defaults, shown below in Figure 4-7, are appropriate for
most scenarios and you may never need to make changes in this window.
By default, PRO/II prompts you to confirm each delete operation. You may want
to change this default setting.
Use this option to identify the acceptable margins of error and criteria for
satisfying certain numerical methods. Some flow sheet tolerances, such as the
tolerance for flash calculations, are internal and are not user-definable. The
default flow sheet tolerances are satisfactory for most problems.
The PRO/II main window is your drawing board. PRO/II supplies a floating PFD
palette and drawing objects that help you draw your problem quickly.
The PFD palette shows icons for each unit operation that you can select to place
on the flow sheet. The PFD palette appears automatically when you open a new
or existing file, or when you import a keyword file.
Click Palette on/off , or select the View menu on the main PRO/II
window. Check the Palettes/PFD option on or off.
Snapping
When connecting two units with a stream PRO/II will adjust or “snap” the unit
icon positions to straighten the connecting stream. By default, units you add to or
move in the PFD main window snap to an invisible grid. You can turn grid
snapping off.
Deleting a Unit
Relabeling a Unit
PRO/II automatically labels each unit icon you place on the PFD main window.
You can change the label for a unit by modifying the label on its data entry
window. By default, the label consists of a character and a one-digit auto
incrementing number.
Drawing Streams
Streams mode is used to lay out the connections between units and feed and
product streams. The product ports for each unit automatically appear when you
depress the Streams button. Required product ports are red, while optional
product ports are green. For some unit operations, an entire side of the unit will
be red or green denoting multiple connections to that port.
The cursor changes to an arrow with a small S to indicate Streams mode. PRO/II
displays the product ports for each unit in the layout. To display feed ports,
depress the left mouse button while the Streams button is depressed.
To connect units:
Click the left mouse button on a port to anchor or start a stream. The
ports and port colors for some unit operations change depending on the
port you selected.
Click the mouse again at the other unit you want to connect. PRO/II
draws an orthogonal line to connect the ports.
Canceling a Connection
To change a connection:
Click the end (port) of the stream and hold down the mouse button.
Drag the end of the stream to a new port.
Release the mouse button.
In order to complete a stream connection, the ending unit for the stream segment
must be visible in the PFD main window. You may open another viewport window
of the same simulation and move to the end port you wish to view. Alternately,
you can also use the scroll bars, the Pan View window, Search for Unit, or
Search for Stream tool to display the end port.
Labeling a Stream
PRO/II automatically labels each stream you place on the PFD main window. By
default, the label consists of an S followed by an auto incrementing number. You
can change the label for a stream by changing the label on its data entry window.
To relabel a stream:
Double-click on the stream you want to relabel. The Stream Data window
appears.
Type over the default name for Stream.
Choose OK.
This stream will now show the new label; other streams retain the original
labeling scheme.
Moving Streams
You can change the route of the stream between two connections whenever you
wish.
To move a stream:
Click on the end of the stream you want to move.
Rerouting Streams
To reroute a stream:
Select the stream(s) you want to reroute.
Choose Reroute from the Edit menu.
PRO/II calculates the best route for these streams and automatically reroutes
them.
PRO/II builds two lists that identify the units and streams you have placed on the
flow sheet. The Unit List identifies each unit by name. The Stream List identifies
each stream by name.
Going to a Unit
Click Go to Unit or select View/Unit List. The Search for Unit dialog
box appears, showing the names of all units currently placed on the flow
sheet diagram.
Select the unit you want to go to. The unit appears at the center of the
PRO/II main window.
Going to a Stream
Note: These search tools are only available on the toolbar if the Standard
Toolbar is active.
PRO/II provides a variety of layout templates that change the look of your
process flow diagram. Each template uses a different algorithm for calculating
the position of unit operations and stream connections. You do not have to
reexecute a simulation in order to change its layout.
PRO/II provides six objects that you can place on the flow diagram, to customize
the look and increase understanding of the flow diagram without interfering with
simulation data. These objects are:
Text
Line
Polygon
Rectangle
Ellipse
Page
Entering Text
You use the text option to include notes on your drawing. Once you choose text
mode, you remain in text mode as long as you continue to choose the OK or
Cancel button on the Draw Text window; choosing Cancel exits text mode.
Drawing Lines
You use the line option to add connected lines to the diagram without interfering
with simulation data. PRO/II provides an orthogonal polyline feature.
To draw a line:
Choose Line from the Draw menu.
Click and hold the mouse button on the PFD main window to anchor the
line.
Press <Space> to set each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
Release the mouse button to complete your line.
Drawing Shapes
You can draw shapes to enclose figures on a diagram without interfering with
simulation data.
To draw a polygon:
Choose Polygon from the Draw menu.
Click and hold down the mouse button on the PFD main window.
Press <Space> to each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
Release the mouse button to complete your object.
Drawing Pages
You can divide your PFD into “pages” and define separate page setup options for
each page. Pages can be individually printed or copied to the clipboard (see
Chapter 3, Managing PFD Files).
After you have set up a page, you can resize it or make this page one cell in a
grid of pages.
The grid can be resized and moved on the PFD in the same manner as a single
page.
Handles appear for the set of objects. For example, although five objects appear
to be selected as part of this set (Figure 5-1), when you move the selection, the
fourth and fifth objects (the valve and the compressor) do not move with the set
(Figure 5-2).
You can select all objects on the flow sheet with one command. Once selected,
you can then move or delete the entire selection.
Deselecting Objects
If you change your mind after selecting objects, you can reverse any selection.
Resizing an Object
You can change the height, width, or overall size of any object or a group of
objects on your flow sheet.
When changing the width of a group of objects, you change the absolute
distance between the objects and maintain the relative distance.
Note: Condensers and reboilers shown on distillation or side columns are fixed in
size. They do not resize when you change the size of the column.
If you don’t like how your resized icon looks (relative to other icons and objects
on your flow sheet) you can quickly return the icon to its default size.
Move Tolerance controls the incremental distance for any object you move. The
default is 5 pixels.
You can rotate a selected object(s) on its axis by 90, 180 or 270 degrees.
Rotating an Icon
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, then choose Rotate from
the Pop-up Unit menu to display the rotation degrees.
You can flip a selected object(s) horizontally or vertically to better orient the
object(s) relative to other objects of the diagram.
Flipping an Icon
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, then choose Flip from
the Pop-up Unit menu to display the flip options.
Editing Text
You can change the text, size and or rotation of any text object you placed on the
PFD main window.
To edit text:
Double-click on the text object you want to change. The Draw Text
window appears.
Edit as desired and choose OK.
Aligning Text
You can align text in two or more text boxes to the left, right or center of the box
they are drawn in.
To align text:
Select the text you want to align (you must select at least two) by clicking
on the first text box, then click on the other box(es) while holding down
the <Shift> key.
Choose Align Text from the Edit menu. The align menu pop-up appears
to the right of the Edit menu.
Choose Left, Center or Right.
This chapter describes how to use the PRO/II scroll, pan, and multiple viewport
features to display portions of your flow sheet diagram in the PFD.
You can scroll the PFD left, right, up, or down using the horizontal and vertical
Scroll Bars. Both bars enable you to scroll in small or large increments or to scroll
to a general location.
You can change the actual value for the scroll increments by altering the Pan
Increment value on the General Drawing Defaults window.
Zooming
You can access the PRO/II zoom features from the View menu, using the zoom
buttons on the toolbar, or using the keyboard.
You can specify the exact area of the flow sheet that you want to zoom in on.
Click on the toolbar or choose Zoom Area from the View menu.
Click and drag the mouse to encompass the desired area within the
selection rectangle outline.
Release to complete the zoom area operation. The selected area fills the
PFD.
You can quickly display the entire flow sheet in the PFD.
You can change the increment PRO/II uses to zoom in or zoom out within the
General Drawing Defaults window. The default small zoom increment is 5 pixels
and the default large zoom increment is 20 pixels.
You can use redraw to clear extraneous lines and dots from the PFD.
You can pan the contents of the PRO/II main window using the Pan window or
the Small Pan or Large Pan options on the View menu.
The Pan View window is a thumbprint of the entire flow sheet. A bounding box
identifies the area of the flow sheet currently visible in the PFD main window.
You move the bounding box or change its size to change how much or what
portion of the flow sheet you see in the PFD.
From the View menu, you can pan in large or small increments: up, down, left, or
right. You can change the settings for the pan increment in the General Drawing
Defaults window.
Click on the toolbar or choose Pan View from the Window menu.
Use the bounding box to change the visible portion of the flow sheet in the PFD
window by moving, enlarging or reducing the bounding box in the Pan View
window. The flow sheet in the PFD view changes to match the area
encompassed by the bounding box.
Note: For a large flow sheet, use the Pan View window to quickly switch from
one area of the flow sheet to another.
You can pan the image in the PFD up, down, left, or right using the panning
options on the Zoom menu.
You can change the increment PRO/II uses to pan. The default small pan
increment is 5 pixels and the default large pan increment is 20 pixels.
You can use the data entry window buttons on the toolbar or the options on the
Input menu to define the scope of the current simulation. PRO/II identifies which
units are missing data by putting a red border around the unit icon (on the
toolbar). For units that are missing product streams, the identification string for
that unit appears in red (on the PRO/II main window).
A summary of the Data Entry Window buttons available on the PRO/II toolbar is
provided below.
Use this option to select the components and pseudocomponents that you want
to include in this simulation.
Select a component from the available lists or type the name of the
component. Each component you select appears in the List of Selected
Components box on the right side of the window.
You can use this option to modify fixed component properties or use the Fill from
Structures feature to fill in missing component data for library or user-defined
components.
You use the thermodynamic data option to choose the thermodynamic method(s)
for this simulation.
You use this option to modify the data obtained from the selected Assay Set.
PRO/II always supplies the Primary TBP Cutpoint set. You can modify the
primary set or define a new cutpoint set or set characterization options.
You use this option to define reactions and enter heat of reaction, equilibrium, or
kinetic data for reaction data sets.
Use this option to create procedure blocks to calculate kinetic reaction rates. You
are able to supply FORTRAN code for the reaction rate calculations without the
need for compilation and linking.
Use this option to make changes to input data and then examine the effect of
those changes on the values of calculated data or functions of calculated data.
Click on the toolbar or choose Case Study Data on the Input menu.
Check the Define Case Study box.
You use this option to override the recycle loop sequence determined by PRO/II,
and to specify acceleration methods and convergence tolerances for individual
loops.
Note: This window is not available if you select the SIMSCI method for
Calculation Sequencing, since the loops are determined automatically by this
method.
The data entry window for any unit operation can be accessed by highlighting the
unit on the PFD and selecting the Input/Data Entry from the menu bar. Numerous
types of data entry devices are used to supply numeric values and select
calculation options in PRO/II, including:
Push Buttons, Radio Buttons, Check Boxes, Edit Fields, Spin Buttons, Standard
List Boxes, Drop-Down List Boxes, Grid and X-Y Grid, Combo Boxes, Drop-
Down Combo Boxes, Linked Text and Notes.
Most main data entry windows provide Help, Overview, and Status buttons that
enable you to access different levels of help text. In addition, some main data
entry windows (and some subordinate windows) provide UOM, Define and
Range buttons. Grayed buttons indicate that the feature is currently unavailable.
Grids are used to supply data in tabular form. There may be several rows of
related data entries. X-Y Grids are a special type of grid that are used to supply
data for relational curves. The two-grid columns contain an independent variable
(x) and one related dependent variable (y).
The starting and ending tray numbers are integer edit fields, the calculation type
is a drop-down list box, and the entry of tray data is a click button, which brings
up the Column Tray Sizing window or Column Tray Rating window, depending on
the calculation type that was selected.
Observe that four rows are provided in the initial grid corresponding to five
sections in the column. This may be expanded by clicking a row number button
and then clicking the Insert button. A row will be added below the selected row.
When the number of rows exceeds five, a scroll bar appears at the right side of
the grid to provide access to the rows not displayed. To deselect a row, click the
number button of the previously selected row, or select a different row. To clear
data entries from a row, click the row number button and then click Reset. To
remove a row, click the row number button and the Cut button.
Notice that two columns are used for the pressure curve. The first column is the
volumetric feed rate and the second column is the corresponding outlet pressure
from the compressor. Four individual entries or cells corresponding to two rows in
the table are marked with a red border as mandatory input. Optionally, more
pairs of information may be provided. The initial grid displays four pairs of cells.
Note that each row in the grid has a numbered click button which may be used to
select the row.
The initial table may be expanded with the Insert button on the toolbar as
described in the previous example. When the number of rows in the X-Y grid
exceeds four, a scroll bar appears to provide access to rows not displayed.
A row may be deleted from the grid by clicking its number button and then
clicking Cut. To copy a row, first click its number button and then click Copy. The
row is copied into the clipboard. Next, click the row number button for the row
which will be just below the copied row. Complete the copy by clicking Paste to
insert a copy of the row from the clipboard.
Linked text
Linked text is used on this window to define the Specification and Variable. Note
that the Parameter and value link texts are red, denoting that you must click
these strings and provide data entries. The text string the default tolerance is
green, denoting a default value.
When the value text string is clicked, a floating point entry field for the
specification value is displayed with a red border signifying mandatory input. The
value you supply is now displayed in blue numbers instead of the value text
string.
Clicking the Parameter text string retrieves the Parameter window in which the
unit or stream and its parameter are defined. The unit or stream identifier and the
parameter for the specification are now displayed in blue, replacing the
Parameter text string.
Component Data
General Information
The SIMSCI databanks, SIMSCI and PROCESS, contain more than 1700
components and are adequate for nearly all simulation models. The AIChE
DIPPR databank is also available as an add-on to PRO/II. User databanks of
thermophysical data can be created, using SIMSCI LIBMGR and DATAPREP
programs, and maintained through PRO/II graphical user interface. SIMSCI
REGRESS is also fully supported in PRO/II, allowing you to carry out regression
of experimental thermo-physical data to model equations.
You may select library components, from both SIMSCI and user-supplied
databanks, through the Component Selection main data entry window. To open
this window from the PRO/II main window:
Click Select from Lists… on the Component Selection main data entry
window to open the Component Selection -List/ Search window.
Select a Component Family from the like-named drop-down list box. A
large number of component families are provided to speed the search. A
brief description is given below:
For all families listed above, except for Hydrocarbon Lightends, you may define
specific search criteria by selecting radio buttons and entering a search string.
Use part or all of the component name, alias, or chemical formula as the search
string. As components are located, transfer them to the Additions to Component
List box. When you have located all the components, click OK to return to the
Component Selection main window and to transfer the components to the List of
Selected Components.
The priority order for databanks may be defined by pushing the Databank
Hierarchy button on the Component Selection main window to access the
Component Selection – Databank Search Order window.
Note: At this point, you have only entered the name of the user-defined
component in the database. Next, you must supply the properties for the
component by the steps described below in Modifying Component Properties.
You must supply at least two of the three correlating properties, normal boiling
point, standard liquid density, and molecular weight for each component. Names
may be optionally provided or will be supplied by PRO/II as NBP XXX where XXX
is the component normal boiling point. PRO/II uses internal correlations to
estimate the third parameter, when missing.
All necessary physical and thermodynamic properties are computed from the
three correlating properties. Molecular weight is the most difficult property to
predict accurately from generalized correlations and should be supplied when
possible, for the most accurate characterization for a PETRO component.
Note: It is not possible to enter data for assay pseudocomponents (which are
based on stream assay information) with this window. All properties for
components derived from assay data are automatically defined by PRO/II. The
components are also added to the component list by PRO/II.
You can enter inputs for solid characteristics directly into PRO/II. You may
specify stream properties, the particle size distribution, and the particle
properties. PRO/II also allows you to input experimental solids solubility data.
If the flow sheet will include unit operations that require particle size distributions
(e.g., Cyclone, Dissolver, Crystallizer), Input/Component Property Data from the
menu bar. In the like-named window, click Particle Size Distribution… to open the
Particle Size Distribution for Solids window. Enter PSD cutpoints for all relevant
solid components. Particle size grades are bounded by the cutpoints that are
entered here. Grades will not be created on the open ends of the first and last
cutpoints (i.e., if the cutpoints are 10 and 20 microns, there will be one grade of
10 to 20 microns, not three grades of less than 10, 10 to 20, and greater than 20
microns).
To change the units of measure for the particle size distribution, click in any of
the Distribution Ranges entry fields to enable the UOM button in the toolbar at
the top of the window.
To delete a component:
Highlight the name of component in the List of Selected Components.
Click Delete .
You can modify properties for any component entered through the Component
Selection main data entry window via the Component Property window. To reach
this window:
The Component Properties window is the master navigation point for changing all
component properties.
Starting from this window, use the appropriate button to modify other properties:
You may enter or override default data for properties that change with
temperature, such as density and viscosity, for the vapor, liquid or solid phases
of the pure components in your simulation. You may supply new data in the form
of tables or as correlation coefficients of one of 29 different equation types.
If you choose the Correlation Coefficients option, you may display the form of the
equation by selecting the appropriate Correlation Number in the like-named drop-
down list.
Note: The full range of equations can be found in the online PRO/II Reference
Manual accessible via the Help system. If you choose an equation that is not
If you choose the Tabular Data option, the Component Properties –Tabular Data
window appears.
Enter temperature and property data. You must enter at least one data
pair.
DATAPREP
The Fill from Structure button opens the Components Properties – Fill from
Structure window. The Available Components list on the left side contains library
and user-defined components from the current problem. You may add or remove
components to be filled from structure to the like-named list on the right. Click ΟΚ
to have the properties of the selected components filled from structure.
To complete the Fill from Structure procedure, click UNIFAC Structures… on the
Component Properties window to display the like-named window. A UNIFAC
Structure entry is mandatory for all components for which Fill from Structure has
been requested. Click UNIFAC Structures… adjacent to the component of
interest to open the Define UNIFAC Structure window where you may choose
from families of components or from the UNIFAC group number directly.
General Information
For many petroleum-based streams, the composition is not fully known in terms
of defined components. These stocks must be characterized by
pseudocomponents for which the necessary physical and thermodynamic
properties have been estimated. PRO/II has extensive procedures for the
translation of petroleum stream laboratory assay data into pseudo components.
Estimated values for the standard liquid gravity and molecular weight for each
pseudocomponent are also needed for the characterization process. The
standard liquid gravity for each pseudocomponent is derived from the gravity
curve for the stream, in similar fashion to the normal boiling point. The gravity
curve for the stream is often not available, and it must be estimated, based on
the average stream gravity and the distillation curve. The molecular weight curve
is seldom available, and the molecular weight for each pseudocomponent is
usually predicted from its normal boiling point and standard liquid gravity. All
other required physical and thermodynamic properties may be estimated from
the normal boiling point, standard liquid gravity, and molecular weight.
The use of assay data in PRO/II is divided into two logical steps. The first step
involves the definition of the cutpoint ranges and selection of the characterization
options used in development of the pseudo components.Characterization options
include distillation curve fitting and conversion methods, gravity curve generation
procedure, methods for prediction of molecular weight, and methods for
estimation of critical properties and ideal gas enthalpies. If the default cutpoint
ranges and methods furnished by PRO/II are acceptable, this step may be
omitted.
The properties for all pseudocomponents derived from the same cutpoint set are
averaged, based on the stream flows, to develop a common set of blend
components. This technique provides reasonable results when the streams have
similar chemical natures. For example, all of the assay specifying streams are
products from the crude distillation unit. However, when assay streams are
dissimilar chemically, such as virgin materials and cracked materials, there may
For this reason, you are allowed to define additional cutpoint sets. For example,
an additional cutpoint set may be defined to represent the products from an FCC
reactor. Note that it is not necessary or desirable to define a separate cutpoint
set for each assay stream. Similar streams may be grouped by using the same
cutpoint set without a serious loss of accuracy. This also minimizes the number
of components in the simulation, keeping calculation times smaller.
The second step is supplying the petroleum stream laboratory assay data to
PRO/II. This step is accomplished in the setup of initial feed streams and is
discussed in the Stream Data section of this chapter.
TBP cutpoint sets are defined in the Assay Cutpoints and Characterization main
data entry window. This window may be reached from the PFD main window in
two ways:
The default cutpoint ranges are usually reasonable for crude oil problems. They
may be modified in the Assay Data Primary TBP Cutpoints Definition window
which is accessed by clicking Modify... on the Assay Cutpoints and
Characterization main data entry window. A convenient tabular form is provided
for editing of the primary cutpoint set.
The Default Cutpoint Set is used for all streams for which a cutpoint set is not
specified. Initially, it is defined as the Primary Cutpoint Set by PRO/II. After one
or more Secondary cutpoint sets have been defined, the default cutpoint set may
be changed via the drop-down list box on the Assay Cutpoints and
Characterization main data entry window. It is convenient to define the cutpoint
set which is used the most often as the default cutpoint set.
Molecular Weight: SIMSCI (Twu) method (the default), Old (1967) API method,
or Extended 1980 API method.
Distillation Curve Interconversions: API 1987 (the default), API 1963, API
1994, or Edmister-Okamoto.
Include in PDF: Include Initial Boiling Point in fit, and/or include End Point in fit.
Thermodynamic Data
General Information
Thermodynamic properties are an integral part of the flow sheet calculations. The
equilibrium K-values (both VLE and LLE) are used to determine the phase
separations. The enthalpies for the streams are used to determine the energy
required to take a system of components from one set of thermal conditions to
another. Entropies are used in the calculation of the isentropic operations and the
Gibbs free energy minimization reactor. Liquid and vapor densities are used in
heat transfer, pressure drop, and column tray sizing.
Click with the phase diagram on the toolbar or select the menu bar
item Input/Thermodynamic Data.
For convenience, several Categories of method sets can be selected in the list
box on the Thermodynamic Data window. The Primary Method, i.e., the method
used for calculation of equilibrium K-values, for each method set in the selected
Category appears in a drop-down list box and may be selected to add the
method set to the Defined Systems for the problem.
The Defined Systems appear in a list box and each may be selected for further
action by highlighting the desired method and clicking Modify..., Delete..., and
Rename... on the Thermodynamic Data window. The method set for which action
is to be taken is selected (highlighted) in the Defined Systems list box. Delete
removes the selected method set from the problem. The Rename option is used
to change the name of the selected method set. This is useful when it is desired
to use a method set more than one time in a problem, perhaps with different
parameters. Modification of method sets is discussed later in this section.
Most Commonly Used: These method sets may be used for a wide variety of
problems. Nearly all gas processing and oil refining calculations are handled
satisfactorily. Method sets in this category are: Soave-Redlich- Kwong (SRK),
Peng-Robinson (PR), Grayson-Streed (GS), Braun K-10 (BK10), Ideal, NRTL,
UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC.
All Primary Methods: This category includes all of the primary thermodynamic
sets that are listed above. User-added Methods: This category includes all of the
15 user-added method sets that may be defined by the user.
The PRO/II online help texts provide application guidelines for the various
method sets, as well as a brief description for each method. More detailed
information may also be found in the PRO/II Reference Manual (also available
online). Table 8-1 at the end of this section gives a detailed list of the composite
thermodynamic methods used for each predefined method set.
Some property-specific data may also be supplied and/or modified in this window
for the thermodynamic methods by clicking Enter Data... in the Property-specific
Data field. Many of the methods use specific parameters, such as binary
interaction factors, modified acentric factors, etc. A priority search order may be
defined for the selection of these parameters from more than one thermodynamic
databank. Note that thermodynamic databanks are supplied by SIMSCI and may
also be prepared by the user with the SIMSCI LIBMGR program.
Property-specific data which apply only to the liquid activity methods include: fill
options for missing parameters, Henry’s Law options, and Poynting correction
options. For the liquid activity methods, a vapor fugacity method may also be
selected.
PRO/II allows missing data to be “filled in” under several circumstances. For
example, when the composition of an azeotrope and activity coefficient values at
infinite dilution are known for some pair of species, you can use this option to
predict missing activity coefficient values at intermediate concentrations.
VLE and LLE K-value parameters for liquid activity coefficient methods may be
estimated by the UNIFAC, Temperature-Dependent UNIFAC, Regular Solution,
or Flory-Huggins methods, or they may be obtained from an azeotrope bank. The
choice of fill-in property prediction is entered on the Binary Data Fill Options
window, which is reached by clicking the corresponding Enter Data... button on
the Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window.
Checking the box will fill in missing data from the azeotrope databank. A method
for filling in missing binary parameters (using the UNIFAC, modified UNIFAC,
Regular Solution, or Flory-Huggins methods) may be selected by choosing the
appropriate radio button.
The form to be used for equation of state alphas may be specified on the Alpha
Selection window. This window is reached by clicking the appropriate Enter
Data... button on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific
Data window. The source of the alphas to be used in the equation of state may
be designated by selecting the appropriate radio button.
Henry™s Law
The Henry’s Law window is used to specify whether or not Henry’s Law is to be
used in conjunction with a liquid-activity K-value method. This window is brought
up by clicking Enter Data... on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-
Property Specific Data window. Checking the box on the Henry’s Law window
causes Henry’s Law to be used to determine the solubility of certain components.
Designation of solute components may either be determined by the program or
selected explicitly by choosing the appropriate radio button. If the solute
components are to be designated explicitly, the desired solute components must
be selected from the list box on the Henry’s Law window.
Poynting Correction
The Poynting Correction window is used to specify the use of the Poynting
correction factor for liquid-phase fugacities. The Poynting Correction window is
brought up by clicking the appropriate Enter Data... button on the
Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window. There are
three options to using the Poynting correction:
1. Default: This choice specifies that the Poynting correction will be used only if
a vapor fugacity method is chosen.
2. Use Poynting Correction to Liquid Activities: Use the Poynting correction
factor for the liquid phase fugacity.
3. Do Not Use Poynting Correction: Do not use Poynting correction factor.
If either of the first two options is selected, then the molar volume calculation
method may be selected from the following choices: Standard (25°C) Volumes,
Rackett, Rackett One-Fluid,or Library Density Correlations. The default method is
Standard (2 °C) Volumes.
The Amine Residence Time Correction window is available only for the Amine
special data package thermodynamic method for K-values. It is accessed by
clicking Enter Data... on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property
Specific Data window, then clicking LLE KeyComponents... on the LLE K-values
Depending on the thermodynamic method set which has been selected, one or
more parameters characterize the interaction between the two components.
When the Binary Interaction Parameters window is initially brought up, the box at
the top of the window must be checked in order to enable the grid where
individual binary interaction parameters are entered. For the NRTL and
UNIQUAC methods, there are several different forms of the binary interaction
equations. For the NRTL method, the 5-Parameter equation is the default form.
For the UNIQUAC method, the default is the 4-Parameter form of the equation.
For these two methods, a different equation form may be selected for each
component pair from the Equation Format drop-down list box, in order to enter
the data in the most convenient form. Depending on the selection in the Equation
Format list box, the appropriate rows in the grid become active. For most
equation formats, many active parameters have default values of 0.0, except for
the SRK-Modified-Panagiotopoulos- Reid, PR-Modified Panagiotopoulos-Reid,
Glycol, Sour, GPA Sour Water, and Amine methods, where the default value for
parameters cij and cji is 1.0.
A number of methods in PRO/II allow the user to overwrite the primary method K-
values. The user supplied K-values are entered for all related components on the
Thermo Properties - User supplied K-values dialog box.This dialog box is opened
by clicking Enter Data... next to User supplied K-values on the Thermodynamic
Property Modification-Property Specific Data window.
Tabular Data : User needs to supply K-value for at least 2 temperature points for
all the relevant components.
Property Calculations
Drop-down list boxes may be used to replace any of the global methods,
with these options for the properties:
Note: The None option for the methods above is available only if the Specify
Individually option is selected for the Transport System.
The PRO/II online help text provides additional information about the various
transport property methods. More information may also be found in the PRO/II
Reference Manual.
When a method set which supports two-liquid phase calculations is selected via
the Thermodynamic Data window, the Thermodynamics -Liquid- Liquid Options
window appears. Radio buttons on this window may be used to specify that a
single liquid phase only be used in the calculations (the default) or that two-liquid
phase calculations be performed.
For method sets that support water decant, the user may optionally select to
decant water as a pure phase. The methods used for the decant water
calculations are selected via radio buttons in the Water Options window which is
reached by clicking Water Options... on the Thermodynamic System-Modification
window. The following options are available:
Optionally, the user may also check a check box to use GPSA Data Book values
for calculating the water partial pressure.
More details on decant of free water are given in the online help text and in the
PRO/II Reference Manual.
Stream Data
General Information
This section of data is used to specify the thermal conditions and compositions
for all feed streams in the flow sheet. It may also be used to furnish initial
estimates of the composition and thermal conditions for recycle tear streams to
enhance recycle convergence. Supplied data for tear streams or any other
streams which are products from unit operations are used as estimates only and
always replaced by the next calculated set of values. Finally, Reference streams
may be defined to eliminate thermal recycles.
You can enter data for a stream on the flow sheet. The data entry window that
appears contains any data you previously entered (as well as default values) for
the selected stream.
Radio buttons are used to select the stream flow rate basis as: Total Fluid
Rate,or Individual Component Flowrates. A data entry box adjacent to the Total
Fluid Rate button is used to enter the total stream flow in mole, mass, standard
liquid volume, or standard vapor volume units.
The stream composition is supplied in a drop-down list box, and may be supplied
on a mole, mass, standard liquid volume, or standard vapor basis. Components
not defined are assigned zero flow rates. If the total fluid rate was not given, the
flowrate for the stream is taken as the sum of the stream composition. PRO/II
displays a running total for the composition as it is entered.
When the total fluid rate is supplied and the composition does not sum to that
rate or a rate of 100.00 ±1.0 or 1.00 ± 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or
fraction) an error is signaled. Optionally, a check box is provided to normalize the
composition based on the specified total fluid rate, in which case no error is
signaled for the above condition.
The thermal condition for all supplied streams except reference streams must be
specified on the Stream Data main data entry window. Two specifications must
be supplied. The first specification is selected as Temperature or Pressure via
the First Specification drop-down list box and the value entered in an adjacent
data entry field.
The second is chosen from the Second Specification drop-down list box as:
Pressure, Bubble Point, Dew Point, Liquid Mole Fraction, Liquid Weight Fraction,
or Liquid Volume Fraction. The pressure and the liquid fraction specifications
have an adjacent data entry field. Thus, the thermal condition may be:
The flow rate for the assay stream is entered in the data entry field provided as
weight or liquid volume units. The cutpoint set for the blend may be selected by
clicking the hypertext string default set of TBP cutpoints to retrieve a list of the
problem cutpoint sets. The pseudocomponent blending option is selected by
clicking the text string included in. This option is the default and includes the
pseudocompo-nents generated for the stream in the assay blending for the
cutpoint set. The excluded from option is used when the assay stream is a
recycle estimate and the effect of its estimated pseudocomponents on the assay
blend properties is not wanted. Entry of the various assay data is discussed
below. More information on the various laboratory tests is given in the PRO/II
help text and the PRO/II Reference Manual.
Laboratory Distillation
Click Define/Edit Assay... on the Petroleum Assay Stream window to
enter the Assay Definition window. This window is used to enter the
laboratory assay data for the petroleum stream.
Select the type of distillation via radio buttons as: True Boiling Point
(TBP), ASTM D86, ASTM D1160, or ASTM D2887.
The basis for the distillation may be chosen as: Liquid Volume or Weight. Liquid
Volume is the default for all distillations except the ASTM D2887 which is
defaulted as weight. Note that gravity and molecular weight curves must be on
the same basis, volume or weight, as the distillation curve. The distillation data
for TBP, ASTM D86, and ASTM D1160 are assumed to be at a pressure basis of
14.696 psia. If not, enter the laboratory pressure in the data field provided. For
ASTM D86 distillations, a Correct for Cracking check box is provided for
application of the API Data Book cracking correction to the distillation
temperatures.
The distillation data are entered in the table provided. At least two points are
required when the cubic spline fitting method is used. When only two points are
given, PRO/II uses a probability density function to fill in the curve. For the
quadratic fitting option, at least three points must be given for TBP’s and five
points for other types of distillations. PRO/II needs the entire distillation curve
from zero percent to one hundred percent and extrapolates and interpolates as
Gravity Data
The type of gravity data is denoted by radio buttons on the Assay Definition
window as: API Gravity, Specific Gravity, or Watson K-Factor. The stream
average value must be supplied in the data entry window provided. Optionally, a
gravity curve for the stream may be given by clicking Gravity Curve... on this
window to access the Assay Gravity Curve window which provides a convenient
tabular form for entry of the gravity curve.
Lightends Data
Several choices are available for specification of the total lightends flow. These
choices are selected via radio buttons and are:
Match to TBP Curve: The lightends rate is determined such that the normal
boiling point for the mid percent of the highest boiling lightend exactly matches
the TBP curve. The lightend components are kept in the same proportions as the
supplied composition (the default).
Fraction of Assay: The lightends rate is a specified fraction of the total stream
rate. A basis of liquid volume or weight may also be selected in the Basis drop-
down list box. If no basis is selected, the basis for the distillation curve is
assumed. When this option is chosen and the lightends composition does not
add to the specified fraction or to 100.0 ± 1.0 or 1.00 ± 0.01 (indicating
composition percentage or composition fraction) an error is signaled.
Percent of Assay: The lightends rate is a specified percent of the total stream
rate. A basis of liquid volume or weight may also be selected in the Basis drop-
down list box. If no basis is selected, the basis for the distillation curve is
assumed. When this option is chosen and the lightends composition does not
Lightends Rate: The lightends rate is supplied directly in the data entry field
provided. When this option is chosen and the lightends composition does not add
to 100.0 ± 1.0 or 1.00 ± 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or composition
fraction) an error is signaled.
The thermal conditions for petroleum assay streams are specified in the same
fashion as that already discussed for compositionally defined streams.
The PRO/II calculation engine recognizes recycle loops and automatically sets
up loop calculations as needed. For many problems, the default techniques are
satisfactory. For complicated flow sheets with nested recycle loops, the user may
prefer to define the loop calculation details. Acceleration techniques can also be
applied to speed closure of the recycle tear streams.
Converge all Streams: Convergence is not attained until all flow sheet streams
are converged within the recycle tolerances. This is the default.
Converge only Tear Streams: Convergence is reached when all tear streams
are converged. This is the option used by the SIMSCI PROCESS Simulation
Program.
Global recycle tolerances may be set in this window. These tolerances are used
for all loops except user specified loops in which tolerances are supplied.
The smallest stream component mole fraction to test for convergence may be
changed from the default value of 0.01 by clicking on the linked text numeric
value. Note that for some problems such as amine plants, this threshold must be
lowered to test the residual acid gas components in the recycle amine solution.
Apply Broyden Acceleration: Use the Broyden acceleration method. When this
option is selected, the first iteration to accelerate may also be supplied by clicking
the underlined (linked text) default value of 2.
Ordinarily, all recycle tear streams are accelerated. Click Accelerated Tear
Streams... to access the Accelerated Tear Streams window. This window has
two options available:
A tabular form is used to supply recycle loop information. Each line in the table
has drop-down list boxes which are used to select the Starting Unit and the
Ending Unit for each loop. The adjacent Enter Data... button is clicked to enter
additional recycle information via the Individual Recycle Loop Data window.
General Information
Scaling provides an easy way to ratio all of the results in a simulation such that
the flow of one of the products is equal to a specified flow. For example, it may
be desired to build a plant which produces a specified quantity of product, but the
exact quantity of feed required is not known. Instead of making multiple runs with
different feed rates, one run may be made and the complete result scaled,
including the feed rate such that the desired product rate is achieved.
The rate for the scaled product stream, either the total stream or a specified
range of components, is supplied in the data entry field provided. The Units of
Measure feature may be used to supply the scaling rate as moles, mass,
standard liquid volume units, or standard vapor volume units.
Some unit operation results are not scaleable, that is, the calculated results are
dependent on the absolute flow through the unit. For example, the calculated
pressure drop through a pipe of specified diameter depends on the flow through
the pipe and may not be directly scaled for other flow rates. PRO/II disables the
scaling option when unit operations are present which are nonscalable. The
following unit operations are nonscalable:
PRO/II allows you to copy the thermal and composition data for a selected
stream. Process data for a selected stream can be copied to a new flow sheet
stream or can be used to replace (overwrite) the currently existing data in
another selected stream.
The data for the selected stream can now be copied to a new stream as follows:
The cursor will change to an arrow with a small “s” visible to indicate that the
PFD is now in stream mode.
Click the right mouse button or press <Esc> to exit stream mode.
The newly created stream(s) will have the same thermal conditions, composition,
and description as the original source stream.
The data for the selected stream can now be copied to one or more existing
streams as follows:
Select the desired destination stream(s) with the left mouse button.
Choose Paste on the Edit menu.
The data from the original source stream will be copied to the destination
stream(s), overriding any existing. For compositionally-defined streams
containing calculated data, PRO/II allows the user to copy the calculated data
(temperature, pressure, and one of total composition, liquid composition, or vapor
composition) into the designated stream(s).
Note:
• Copy/Paste of an assay stream on to the product stream changes
the blend option to XBLEND. This is because the product streams
are not involved in the calculation of new stream properties.
• The Paste Special option is not allowed if new pseudocomponents
generate i.e., flowsheet resets. Again, Paste Special can be
enabled by generating the calculated data.
• Pasting a calculated data of an assay stream using Paste Special
(total composition, liquid composition, or vapor composition) on the
targeted stream will erase their assay composition data if a new
pseudocomponent is generated anywhere in the flowsheet.
The Stream Data Link feature described previously will only transfer calculated
data from the source stream to the input data slots of the destination stream. To
copy input stream data from one simulation database to another, you must use
the Windows Clipboard.
The Stream Data Link feature allows for the transfer of calculated stream data
across PRO/II simulation databases. By using this feature, you can copy
calculated stream data from a source database to the input data of a destination
database. When modeling a large flow sheet, this practical feature enables you
to:
This brings up the Define Stream Data Link window as shown in Figure 7-15. In
this window you must select both the name of the previously-run database file,
and the stream from that simulation to be linked to your current simulation.
Note: You can link a stream in the current flow sheet to another stream in the
same flow sheet. This includes linking the input of the currently selected stream
to the calculated output data for that stream.
You may update a stream data link while defining that link, or you may update all
defined links at a later time via the Input menu.
Note: If the components are different in the two simulation databases, some
component rate information may be discarded during the data transfer. If the
source stream has rate information for a component which is not present in the
second database, that rate information will be ignored. If the source stream
Note: All stream data link information will be lost if you export the simulation data
to a PRO/II keyword file and then re-import the keyword file.
User-defined Special Properties can be defined for any other property for
which component data or assay data can be provided. Possible examples
include autoignition temperature, color, $/tonne.
Global component data are entered for each component through the Component
Properties window of PRO/II. Values entered here are used everywhere in the
flow sheet unless overridden through the Thermodynamic Data window.
The stream property value is calculated from the individual component values
using a chosen stream mixing method.
For streams that are to be defined in terms of assay curves, stream values of
Refinery Inspection Properties and User-defined Special Properties can be
entered either as curves or as average values.
The properties that are to be used in the simulation must be specified through the
Thermodynamic Data window. If there is more than one thermodynamic system
in the flow sheet, some properties may be specified for use in one system and
others in another. A property is available only if it has been specified for a
thermodynamic system and only in those unit operations where that
thermodynamic system is used.
Component data for each specified property can also be entered for each
thermodynamic system. Any component data entered in a thermodynamic
system will be used in preference to the component Global data wherever that
thermodynamic system is invoked.
γ
⎛ Index ⎞
Value = Reference Value × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Reference Index ⎠
ii. Index: The stream property index is determined by summing the product
of the component property index and the component fraction. The
fraction may be molar, weight or liquid volume and is calculated from the
total stream dry composition except for kinematic viscosity when it is
from the dry liquid part of the stream. Before the summation, any
γ
⎛ Value ⎞
Index = Reference Index × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Reference Value ⎠
This equation is then used to convert the stream index value to the
stream property value.
v. SIMSCI: This method is only available for cloud point and kinematic
viscosity. It is an index method but uses specific index equations.
vi. API: API procedures may be used to calculate flash point, cetane index,
mean average boiling point, cubic average boiling point, molal average
boiling point or net heating value. The API method requires no
component data.
viii. Stream Basis, which specifies whether the component values will be
mixed using their mole, weight or liquid volume fractions.
ix. Component Fill, which specifies the action to be taken when component
values are missing for petroleum fractions in the stream. The available
options are:
b. No fill: This produces warning messages for missing data and set to 0.0.
e. Nelson: This option estimates missing data by Nelson method for smoke
point.
x. Component Blend, which defines the way in which missing data are
handled when calculating properties from blended assay streams. The
options are:
a. Zero: The property value for the cuts in the assay with no data is set to
0.0.
c. Missing: For this option, the blended property is not calculated and is
reported as “Missing”.
Click Data... to enter data for this property, for this thermodynamic
system. If the Stream Method is defined as User-Formula, the User
Formula Data Entry window opens. Otherwise, if the property is
Kinematic Viscosity, the Kinematic Viscosity Data Entry window will open
and for other properties, the Refinery Inspection and User-defined
Special Properties Data Entry window will open.
In the Kinematic Viscosity Data Entry window or the Refinery Inspection
and User-defined Special Properties Data Entry window, for each
component, enter either a Data value or an Index value. For each
component, enter either a Data value or an Index value. If an Index value
is entered, Reference Index Data must also be entered. For some
properties, the Index method is not applicable and neither Index values
nor Reference Index Data may be entered. If the property is Kinematic
Viscosity, enter values at two temperatures.
In the User Formula Data Entry window, for each component, enter a
Data value, which will be passed to a linked User-added Subroutine. Up
to twenty real and integer values an also be passed to the subroutine.
The meaning of the data are determined by the calculation subroutine.
Select Report Format from the Output menu. Next, select the
Miscellaneous Data... menu option. The Miscellaneous Report Options
window appears.
In the Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special Properties box,
check one or both of the following options: Include Input Data —for a
printout or data that has been input and/or Input Program Data —for a
printout of data generated by PRO/II.
Select Report Format from the Output menu. Next, select the Stream
Properties... menu option. The Stream Property Report Options window
appears.
Enter two temperatures at which the kinematic viscosity results are
required.
Tables and plots of binary equilibrium data for given pairs of components may be
generated in order to ensure that they are valid in the required range of
operation. Any thermodynamic VLE or VLLE K-value method may be used.
For liquid activity thermodynamic methods (e.g., NRTL or UNIFAC), the following
are calculated:
• K-values,
• Liquid activity coefficients,
• Vapor fugacity coefficients,
• Vapor pressures, and
• Poynting correction.
• K-values,
• Liquid fugacity coefficients, and
• Vapor fugacity coefficients.
• Select from the Tools menu or click BVLE toolbar to bring up the
PRO/II - Binary VLE/VLLE Data window.
• Select the required components for the equilibrium calculations from the
drop-down lists.
• Next, select constant pressure or temperature operation and enter the
value.
• Finally, click Calculate to generate plots (by default, all available plots will
be generated). If Excel is selected on the Plot Setup option, from the
Options menu, tabular data are available in the spreadsheet. Otherwise,
only the plots are shown.
Note: For complete technical details, see the Utilities topic in the PRO/II
Reference Manual.
For ease of reference, both the unit operation models and the utility modules are
presented together in alphabetical order:
Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Column, Batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-18
Column, Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-19
Column, Liquid-Liquid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-34
Column, Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39
Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-42
Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-46
Crystallizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-48
Cyclone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-51
Depressurizing Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-57
Dissolver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-62
Expander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-63
Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-65
Flash with Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-69
Flowsheet Optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-70
Heat Exchanger, LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .9-75
Heat Exchanger, Rigorous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-77
Heat Exchanger, Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-85
Heating/Cooling Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-89
Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-93
Multivariable Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-94
Phase Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-97
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-99
Procedure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-105
Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-113
Reaction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-114
Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-118
Reactor, Batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-128
Reactor, Polymer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-104
Solids Separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9-129
General Information
The Calculator is a versatile utility module useful for a variety of purposes in flow
sheet simulation. Parameters may be retrieved from the flow sheet and
calculations performed using a FORTRAN-like language. Parameters may be
returned to the flow sheet for use by other unit operations. Some uses for the
Calculator include:
Calculating special stream properties
Simulating special processing units such as reactors
Determining operating conditions for other unit operations
Performing design calculations using flow sheet information
Producing special output values for reports
Computing utility costs and economic functions
Calculating target values for Controllers or objective functions for
Flowsheet Optimizers
All Calculators have two main sections: Setup and Procedure. In the setup
section, unit and stream parameters are retrieved from the flow sheet, constants
are defined, names are assigned to calculated results, a sequence table is set up
for the streams used for input and output, and the dimensions for the various
working arrays may be expanded if desired.
The Procedure section is where all calculations are performed, using a simple
language based on FORTRAN 77. The language permits the use of
mathematical functions, branching and looping, and assignment statements
commonly used in programming. Special intrinsic functions are available for
retrieving flow sheet component and stream information. Special subroutines are
provided for storing calculated results directly in flow sheet streams. Calculated
results may also be stored in the “Results” array, making them available to the
other unit operations in PRO/II. A special solution “flag” is provided for use when
a Calculator models a unit operation.
Start Setup by clicking Edit/View Declarations on the Calculator main data entry
window to open the View Area:
Once Setup is complete, click Hide Declarations to close the View Area.
Calculator Procedure
Note: The PROCEDURE section is required and must end with a RETURN
statement.
The supported features of the language are discussed in the following sections.
Each statement may contain up to 80 characters. The ampersand (&) at the end
of a line denotes continuation of a statement on the following line. Note that an
asterisk (*) is not valid as a continuation marker, since it signifies multiplication.
A dollar sign ($) causes all following characters on the remainder of the line to be
interpreted as a comment rather than as code. Unlike in FORTRAN, a ‘‘C’’ in
column one does not designate a comment statement.
Predefined Variables
Definitions of predefined variables, including default dimensions for arrays,
appear in the following table. Use a DIMENSION statement in the Calculator
setup section to reset the number of elements in each array.
An
A(index)
It may serve as the stream index in PRO/II intrinsic functions. The only form
allowed is ISn. IS(index) is never valid.
Predefined Variables
Procedure
This statement marks the start of the FORTRAN-based procedure section of the
Calculator. It is required.
Declaration Statements
REAL rname1, rname2(i), rname3(j,k) ...
INTEGER inam1 , inam2 (i), inam3(j,k) ...
DIMENSION name1 (i), name2 (j,k) ...
These statements are used to define local scalars and arrays for use in the code.
Each subscript may be an integer constant, or two integer constants separated
by a colon to specify both the lower and upper array bounds. When defined by
the DIMENSION statement, variables assume the normal FORTRAN convention
that assigns names starting with I through N as integers, and all others as real.
Name lengths may be 8 characters long. Variables defined here may be changed
in the code. Variables not defined here are assumed to be real or integer
according to the first character.
Variable names must not conflict with any reserved words or predefined variables
(see table entitled Predefined Variables).
Examples:
Note: A variable may only appear once in these statements. The following is
valid in standard FORTRAN, but not in a Calculator Procedure:
REAL MOLWT
DIMENSION MOLWT(50)
Both standard FORTRAN and the Calculator accept this equivalent form:
REAL MOLWT(50)
nn variable =expression
With the exception of exponentiation, calculations with the same precedence are
evaluated from left to right. Multiple exponentiations without parentheses to
explicitly specify the evaluation order are not permitted.
BADVAL = A**B**C
Note: The Calculator-supplied arrays Cand P may not appear on the left side of
an assignment statement.
Number Type
The following table lists special functions that allow direct retrieval of stream and
component properties. In the table, “cno" represents an integer component
number which is an integer constant or variable, “sid” is a stream identifier or
ISn value. This identifier must appear on the SEQUENCE statement to be used
by a PRO/II intrinsic function. Property values are retrieved in the UOM used for
problem input.
Stream Properties
type This entry identifies the stream property to store. Available options are
tabulated below.
value This argument supplies or identifies the value of the property to store. It
can be a real constant or variable.
sid The sid entry identifies the stream in which to store the property. It may be
any stream identifier listed on the SEQUENCE statement of the setup section, or
an element of array IS in the form Isn. For example:
type This entry identifies the component property to store in the stream.
Available options are listed in in the following table.
array The initial element of a real Calculator array containing values to store as
properties of components in a stream.
sid The sid entry identifies the stream in which to store the property. It may be
any stream identifier listed on the SEQUENCE statement of the setup section, or
an element of array IS in the form ISn.
IF Statements
REAL
INTEGER
DIMENSION
IF
ELSEIF
ELSE
ENDIF
DO
RETURN
The following table lists logical operators allowed in the expression.
Operator Description
.EQ. equal to
.NE. not equal to
.LT. less than
.GT. greater than
.GE. greater than or equal to
.LE. less than or equal to
.AND. both true
.OR. either true
.EQV. equivalent
nn IF (expression) THEN
ELSEIF (expression) THEN
ELSE
ENDIF
These statements conform to standard FORTRAN IF-THEN-ELSE statements,
allowing for structured branching of code. “ELSE IF” and “END IF” written as two
words are also accepted. Block “IF” constructs may be nested.
DO Loops
nn DO mm iname= i, j, k - This statement defines the beginning of a DO
loop having a range extending through statement label mm. “i” and “j” are initial
and final indices, respectively. The increment step “k”is optional and defaults to
1.
ISn is a stream variable, and sid1 and sid2 must be stream ids appearing on the
SEQUENCE statement. No incremental step index (comparable to k) is allowed.
OPEN Statement
nn OPEN(FILE=fileide, ACCESS=OVERWRITE orAPPEND)
The OPEN statement opens a file for CALCULATOR output. For PC, VAX, and
UNIX platforms, the default output name is fileid.CAL, where fileid is the current
input file name. A unique filename of up to 12 characters, can be specified, if
necessary. It must, however, have a “.CAL” extension. Underscore characters
are not allowed (e.g., FILE_01). Any OPEN statement automatically closes the
previously opened file.
OUTPUT Statement
nn OUTPUT {R(i :j ),P(i :j ),C(i :j ),V(i :j ),IX(i :j ),IS (i :j )}
This is a special OUTPUT statement provided with PRO/II. It outputs calculator-
supplied arrays or portions of these arrays to the currently open file. Entries “i”
and “j” refer to the first and last elements of the array to be output. If they are
absent, the entire array will be output.
DISPLAY Statement
nn DISPLAY {R( i :j ),P( i :j ),C( i :j ),V( i :j ),IX(i :j ),IS(i :j )}
The DISPLAY statement prints out calculator-supplied array values to the
standard report file during calculations. Entries “i” and “j” are defined in the same
way as the OUTPUT statement.
TRACE Statement
nn TRACE option
TRACE statements control printing an historical trace as calculations proceed to
facilitate debugging the code in the procedure. Options are:
ON Prints line number, statement number, and (action taken/new variable value)
as each statement executes.
BRANCH Prints TRACE information only for branching statements such as IF,
GOTO or DO.
Examples:
TRACE BRANCH Traces branching only.
TRACE OFF No trace at all.
TRACE ON Traces every statement.
nn STOP - This statement stops all flow sheet calculations and proceeds directly
to the output report. The solution flag for the entire flowsheet is set according to
the user-defined value of ISOLVE.
Use Nelson’s method to estimate the flash point from D86 distillation
characterization data. This sample shows how to calculate the flash points of
streams V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6 using the formula:
where the D86 points are in °F. The final results in °C are stored in R(1) through
R(6).
This completes the parameter specification for the D86(10%) point of the first
stream, V1. Repeat these steps to define the D86(Initial Point) for the first
stream, V1, then define the D86(10%) and D86(Initial Point) for the remaining
five streams.
Enter the following code into the Procedure window (at this point, this
window should still be outlined in red).
This sample demonstrates the use of the Calculator to compute the material
balance of hydrogen (component 2) about a recycle loop. We will set the solution
flag to indicate “unit not solved” if the hydrogen balance is not met to within
0.01% based on the overall feeds. This specification forces the recycle to
continue iterating, even if the flowing streams have changed less than the
flowsheet stream tolerance. See the ISOLVE and ISn entries in the Predefined
Variables table on page 9-5 for a listing of solution flags and for an explanation of
the use of the Isn variable in SEQUENCE statements.
The streams pertinent to this example are a hydrogen feed stream (H2FD), two
feed streams (FD1, FD2), a purge gas stream (PURG), and vapor and liquid
product streams (PRDV, PRDL).
To set up the stream sequence that will be used by the Calculator, carry out the
following steps:
General Information
The PRO/II CAPE-OPEN unit operation enables the users to add third party
CAPE-OPEN units. This will help the user to simulate and perform any type of
calculation for a specific unit operation placed in a flow sheet.
PRO/II supports both versions of 0.9.3 and 1.0 of the CAPE-OPEN interfaces.
The CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation has access to the following:
Property values exchanged between PRO/II and CAPE-OPEN unit operation are
in SI units.
Note: If transport properties are required in the CAPE-OPEN unit operation, you
must select a suitable method in the Thermodynamic Data if PRO/II
thermodynamics is selected.
3.Identify the "progid" of the CAPE-OPEN unit operation. The "progid" is a short
text string, such as "SimSci.Mixer" that Windows uses to identify the DLL.
Contact the developer of the unit operation to determine the "progid".
Note: Material type ports are handled while the energy and information type
ports are not supported.
If the unit operation does not support a custom GUI , PRO/II displays all
parameters in the default data entry window. All values are displayed in SI units.
If CAPE-OPEN Unit does not support COM persistence, PRO/II saves the state
of the CAPE-OPEN unit operation by querying all input and output parameters
and storing their values in the underlying PRO/II database.
Calculation
During calculations, PRO/II calls the Validate() and Calculate() method of the
CAPE-OPEN unit operation. Property and flash calculations are delegated to
property package if property package is selected as unit thermodynamics. If
PRO/II thermodynamics is selected for a CAPE-OPEN unit operation, it may call
TP,TH,PH,TVf and PVf flashes(CalcEquilibrium) for input or output streams. The
following properties can be calculated using PRO/II thermodynamics.
Report Generation
Note:The standard report of PRO/II will have all input and output parameters with
their values for CAPE-OPEN units.
General Information
The Batch Column unit operation models a wide range of column operating
scenarios. The Batch Column unit may be run in a true batch simulation mode,
with the feedstock charged to the stillpot prior to distillation and products taken
from the accumulator at various times, or in a semi-batch mode where feedstock
may be introduced during distillation and products drawn from the column or
accumulator over some time interval. Batch distillation calculations may also be
integrated into a steady-state process simulation.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the Batch Column may be specified for the unit
as a whole or for selected trays. Batch Column also allows the use of electrolyte
thermodynamic methods.
Detailed Information
For detailed information about the use of the Batch Column unit operation,
consult the PRO/II Add-On Modules User’s Guide.
General Information
The Column unit operation may be used to simulate any distillation or liquid-liquid
extraction process. Liquid-liquid extraction units are described in the Liquid-
Liquid Extraction Column section of this chapter. A column must contain at least
one equilibrium stage or theoretical tray. For purposes of this discussion, the
term “trays” is used to denote “equilibrium stages”. The trays are considered to
be linked with the vapor from each tray entering the next higher tray and the
liquid from each tray feeding the next lower tray. There is no limit on the number
of trays in a column model.
The condenser, when present, is always numbered as tray one and the reboiler,
when present, is assigned the highest tray number in the model. Any tray may
have a feed, product draw, or duty. The top and bottom trays must have either a
feed or a duty.
Column feeds and products are added during the flowsheet construction in the
PFD main window. Click Column Feeds and roducts… on the Column main data
entry window to open the Column Feeds and Products window.
Feed tray numbers may be added or changed in this window. There is no limit on
the number of feeds a column may have. The feed flash convention to use for all
feeds to the distillation column is selected with radio buttons as:
Flash the feed adiabatically, vapor onto the tray above and liquid onto the
feed tray.
For this option, the vapor is placed on the feed tray when it is the bottom tray of
the column.
The Sure algorithm may also have water draws from any tray. For
vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium (VLLE) processes, either of the liquid phases may
be drawn from any tray in the column.
You must supply product rates for all fixed rate draw products in molar, mass, or
liquid volume units. You must also provide an estimated value for either the
overhead or bottoms product. For total draw products, the supplied rate is always
assumed to be an estimate. The estimated value for the overhead or bottoms
rate should be as accurate as possible to enhance convergence. You must use a
Performance Specification to set a desired flow for the overhead or bottoms
product.
Pseudoproducts
Column Algorithm
Select the solution algorithm from the drop-down list box, on the Column main
data entry window. The available algorithms are: Inside-Out (the default), Sure,
Chemdist, Liquid-Liquid, Enhanced IO, and Electrolytic. Detailed information
about the column algorithms is available in the online help.
Inside-Out: The Inside-Out algorithm is the preferred option for most distillation
problems, especially those involving systems of hydrocarbons, because of its
speed and insensitivity to the estimated solution profiles.
Chemdist: The Chemdist algorithm is well suited to highly nonideal systems and
VLLE processes.
Enhanced IO: The Enhanced IO column algorithm extends the capabilities of the
default Inside-Out algorithm. Enhanced IO allows zero flowrates, water decant off
any tray, total draws from trays and pumparounds.
Reactions
Reactions in the column can be modeled by the Chemdist or Liquid-Liquid
extraction algorithms found in the Algorithm drop-down list of the Column
window. Enter pertinent data in the Column – Reaction Selection window
accessible via the Reactions… button on the Column window. In the Column -
Reaction Selection window, you can select and modify column reactions, specify
stage-wise reacting volumes, designate non-condensible components, select
non-volatile catalysts and specify data for user-added subroutines or kinetic
proce-dures. The reactions specified here are limited in scope to the simulation
of reactive distillation and (reactive) liquid-liquid extraction.
Note: Although you can modify a local copy of a reaction set in the column, the
original reaction set specified in the ‘Reaction Data’ section remains unchanged.
Reacting Volumes
The user can specify volume available for reaction (effective volume) per stage
for both liquid and vapor phase reactions in the Column –Tray Effective Reaction
Volumes window accessible from the Reaction Selection window. A tabulation of
tray numbers and the respective volumes is provided for data entry. This
specification is used in calculating the rate of kinetic reaction.
Nonvolatile Catalyst
Components that catalyse a reaction without volatilizing can be selected and the
quantity of their charge specified as an amount or a fraction in the Column - Non-
Volatile Catalyst for Boiling Pot window accessible from the Column - Reaction
Selection window.
Noncondensibles
Subroutine/Procedure Data
Data used for user-added subroutines and kinetic procedures can be specified in
the form of Integer, Real and Supplemental Data entries in the Column - User
Subroutine and Procedure Data window accessible from the Column - Reaction
Selection window via the Subroutine/Procedure Data button. See the Reaction
Data and Procedure Data sections, in this chapter, for detailed information on the
data requirements for these utility modules.
All data pertaining to a reaction (in a specified reaction set) can be modified
except for reaction stoichiometry - in the Column-Reaction Definitions window
accessible via Modify Data… in the Column-Reaction Selection window. The
calculation method for a reaction can be modified to follow a user-added
subroutine, procedure or kinetic power-law expression. The reaction type can
Instructions for entering data for the three types of reactions (Kinetic, Equilibrium
and Conversion) are covered in detail, in the Reaction Data section of this
chapter.
Calculated Phases
Select the appropriate phase system in the drop-down list box on the Column
main data entry window. All distillation algorithms support the default phase
system of vapor/liquid. The Sure and Chemdist algorithms also support the
vapor/liquid/liquid system. In addition, the Sure and Enhanced IO algorithms
support the phase system vapor/liquid/water that allows a free water phase on
any tray of a column.
Number of Trays
Enter the number of trays in the model, in the data entry field provided on the
Column main data entry window. Every Column must have at least two trays.
There is no limit on the number of trays in a Column.
Number of Iterations
Supply the number of iterations in the data entry field provided on the Column
main data entry window. The number of iterations corresponds to the number of
outer loop trials for the Inside-Out algorithm and the number of trial solutions for
the other algorithms. A nonconvergence is flagged when this number of iterations
is performed and the column equations are not satisfied within the tolerances.
The default values are 15 for the Inside-Out algorithm, 10 for the Sure algorithm
and 20 for the Chemdist algorithm.
Pressure Profile
The pressure for every tray in a column model must be defined. All calculations
are performed at the defined tray pressures. Define the tray pressures in the
Column Pressure Profile window which you may reach by clicking Pressure
Profile… on the Column main data entry window. Tray pressures may be
supplied on an overall or tray-by-tray mode by choosing a radio button in this
window.
Individual tray pressures are supplied for the tray by tray mode. Note that the top
and bottom trays must be included when supplying a table of individual tray
pressures. Missing pressures are determined by linear interpolation of supplied
values. This method is useful for defining the pressure profile for columns with
irregular pressure profiles such as refinery vacuum units.
Condensers
The condenser is always a heat sink on tray one. It is defined in the Column
Condenser window, which you may access by clicking Condenser… on the
Column main data entry window. The top products from columns with
condensers correspond to the products from the reflux accumulator drum. The
pressure for all types of condensers is supplied in this window.
The condenser type is selected with the appropriate radio button from the
following options:
Partial: This condenser is an equilibrium stage and may or may not have a net
liquid product as well as vapor product. The net liquid product, if present, is
defined as a “Fixed rate liquid draw” from tray one. The condenser temperature is
the dew point of the equilibrium vapor. An optional estimate for the condenser
temperature may be supplied in the Column Condenser window. The condenser
pressure and duty may also be supplied.
Bubble Temperature: The tray two vapor is cooled to a bubble point liquid
phase. While one portion is returned as reflux to tray two, the other portion is
withdrawn as the “Overhead” product from the column. An optional estimate for
the condenser temperature may be supplied in the Column Condenser window.
The condenser pressure and duty may also be supplied.
Subcooled, Fixed Temperature: The tray two vapor is cooled below its
bubble point as defined by a subcooled temperature provided in this window.
PRO/II ascertains that the product is subcooled, and if, not, signals a
nonconvergence condition with an appropriate diagnostic message. The
subcooled liquid product is designated the “Overhead” product from the column.
The condenser pressure and duty may also be supplied.
Subcooled Reflux Only: This option will be enabled only if you have selected
Partial or Bubble Temperature under Condenser Type. Select the appropriate
Temperature specification namely, Fixed Temperature or Temperature Drop that
needs to be followed in the Subcooled reflux for the chosen condenser type.
Column Reboilers
Column reboilers are described in the Column Reboiler window which is entered
via the Reboiler button on the Column main data entry window. The reboiler type
is selected with a radio button on this form.
For both Inside-Out and Enhanced IO algorithm, following reboiler types are
available to the user.
• Thermosiphon without Baffles, and
• Thermosiphon with Baffles.
For other algorithms, only default type is made available to the user.
The thermosiphon without baffles type corresponds to the case when the Column
bottom product and reboiler feed are withdrawn from a common sump.
Note: Thermosiphon reboilers with baffles in which the reboiler return flows into
the reboiler sump and overflows to the product sump are equivalent to the “no
baffles” type for simulation purposes and should be modeled as such.
An estimate for the return fluid liquid fraction or circulation rate, as is applicable,
may be given to enhance convergence. The duty for the reboiler may also be
Side heaters and coolers may be supplied via the Column Side Heaters/Coolers
window accessible via the Heaters and Coolers… button on the Column main
data entry window. Side heaters and coolers that are associated with a
pumparound are not entered with this window. A negative duty indicates cooling;
a positive duty is used for heating. There are no limits on the number of side
heaters/coolers.
®
RATEFRAC routines supports heating and cooling for both phases
(Liquid/Vapor).
For each side heater/cooler, the following information must be provided: tray
number, a reference name, and the duty, with the appropriate algebraic sign.
Flash Zones
The Flash Zone calculation models a fired heater added to a tray in an Inside-Out
column. Flash zones are associated with column heaters when a feed stream
entering the column is heated in a separate furnace. The furnace is considered
as an additional theoretical stage. Liquid from the tray above the flash zone or
vapor from the tray below the flash zone could enter the flash zone or they can
bypass it. Data entry fields for flash zones can be accessed through the like-
named button on the Heater data entry window. Specification options include
fired heater efficiency, vapor and liquid by-pass fractions and transfer line
temperature drop.
®
Note: If you are working with RATEFRAC routines, this option is disabled.
Column heat leaks may be modeled by clicking Heat Leak on the Column Side
Heaters/Coolers window to open the Column Heat Leak window. The heat leak
may be designated as:
• Overall, or,
• By Individual Trays
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
For the By Individual Trays option, heat leak duties for ranges of trays are
supplied as tabular input. At least two values must be supplied. Heat leaks for
trays not given, but which lie between trays with defined heat leaks, are
determined by linear interpolation.
®
Note: If you are working with RATEFRAC routines, this option is disabled.
Column pumparounds and vapor bypasses may be defined for the Inside-Out
and Sure algorithms in the Column Pumparounds window, which is accessed via
the Pumparounds… button on the Column main data entry window. A
pumparound may be either a liquid or vapor, with vapor pumparounds more
commonly termed “bypasses”.
Rate and Duty: The rate and duty data entry fields are enabled for input. A
reference name may also be supplied for the heater.
Rate without Heater: The rate field only is enabled for input.
Rate and Return Condition: The rate and return condition fields are enabled for
input. The return condition may be the temperature or the temperature drop or
the liquid fraction. A reference name may also be supplied for the heater.
Duty and Return Condition: The duty and return condition fields are enabled for
input. The return condition may be the temperature or the temperature drop or
the liquid fraction. A reference name may also be supplied for the heater.
For the Sure algorithm only, the pumparound rate may be designated as
the total fluid leaving the tray. Total liquid pumparounds must pump down the
column and total vapor pumparounds (bypasses) must flow up.
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
All column algorithms use an iterative solution technique, starting from an initial
estimate of the tray temperature, flow and composition profiles. The initial
estimate may be produced internally using an initial estimate generator and/or
provided by the user as initial profile data. User-supplied profiles may also be
used to selectively replace values produced by an estimate generator.
Click Initial Estimates on the Column main data entry window to enter the
Column Initial Estimates window. To use an initial estimate generator, select the
generator method from the drop-down list box. Methods provided are:
Refinery: This method is designed for complex refinery columns which have
bottom steam instead of reboilers such as crude and vacuum columns, F.C.C.
main fractionators, etc. These columns may also have side columns,
pumparound cooling circuits, and decanted water at the overhead accumulator. A
multi-product shortcut technique developed by SIMSCI is used for these
columns. The user-supplied estimates for the product rates are used in the
shortcut model. Adjustments in the profiles are made for side coolers.
When an initial estimate generator is not used, the minimum data which must be
supplied as input profiles are tray temperatures and flows, either vapor, liquid, or
Initial profiles are entered in tables accessed by clicking the following buttons on
the Column Initial Estimates window:
By default, the Perform Initial Estimate option is checked to provide the user to
have an estimate on Temperature and Reflux, etc.
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
SPECs and VARYs use the general form in PRO/II and are discussed more fully
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. A list of the stream and
column parameters which may be used for SPECs and VARYs is also given in
that section.
Convergence Data
Damping Cutoff: The damping factor cutoff value is used for the Chemdist
algorithm. The damping factor is only applied when the sum of the errors is larger
than this value. A default value of 10 -8 is supplied by PRO/II.
Error Increase Factor: This factor limits the increase in the sum of the errors
from iteration to iteration. PRO/II supplies a default value of 1.0 for the Inside-Out
Note: The use of tuning factors usually results in an increase in the time required
to solve a distillation problem.
Convergence Tolerances
Tolerances for the column equations may also be changed although this should
rarely, if ever, be done and never as a means to reach a converged solution.
Tolerances are:
Bubble Point: The maximum bubble point error for each tray.The default is 10 -3 ..
®
Not used for the RATEFRAC routines.
Enthalpy Balance: The maximum heat balance error for each tray. The default
is 10-3 .
Component Balance: The maximum relative component balance error for each
tray. Not used for the Inside-Out algorithm. The default is 10-3 .
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
The homotopy option allows you to solve the simulation with an initial value for
the specification and then automatically move to the desired final value in a set
number of steps. The column is converged at each step.
To use the homotopy option for any specification, you must supply the initial
value of the specification and the number of intervals to use in moving from the
initial value to the final value. You cannot change the final value in this window.
Convergence History
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
Tray hydraulic calculations may be used to size new columns and to rate existing
tray or packed columns. To perform sizing or rating calculations, click Tray and
Packing Data… on the Column main data entry window. For sizing and rating
purposes, the column is divided into sections of trays or packing on the Column
Tray Hydraulics window. Enter tray/packing sizing and rating information in the
Column Tray/Packing Rating or Column Tray/Packing Sizing windows accessible
via the Enter Data… button. The Glitsch valve tray method is used to perform the
tray calculations. The valve tray results are derated by five and twenty percent
respectively, to represent the performance of sieve and bubble cap trays.
For packed columns, random or structured packings are available, as are various
types of metallic and ceramic rings and saddles.
For sizing calculations, column diameter for each tray is sized independently to
meet the specified or default flooding criteria. The largest diameter in each
section is then selected and the entire section is rerated using the largest
required standard diameter.
For rating calculations, the percent of flood is calculated for each tray. The
feature of multiple sections of trays is useful in representing existing columns,
which often have a variety of tray and downcomer arrangements.
Base Segment: Enter the Tray number on which the characteristics need to be
set. Base Segment will be made available to the user only if you have selected
the following in the Column – Tray Hydraulics dialog box:
• Internal – Tray
• Calculation Type - Sizing
Linear – This option indicates that there is a linear concentration profile across the
tray.
Critical Surface Tension: Enter the Critical Surface Tension, if you have
selected Random Packing under Internal in the Column - Tray Hydraulics dialog
box.
User needs to enter the above-mentioned data for both Sizing and Rating
calculation.
®
RATEFRAC Transport Calculation Methods
®
RATEFRAC Transport Calculation Methods is used to select a suitable
correlation for calculating Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer and Interfacial Area.
Heat Transfer
Check Correlation and Select Chilton - Colburn Correlation from the drop-down
list to calculate Heat Transfer.
Mass Transfer
Check Correlation and select the appropriate correlation name from the drop-
down list to calculate Mass Transfer:
• Scheffe & Weiland (Internals - Trays and Sizing calculation type)
• Chan & Fair (Internals - Trays and Rating calculation type)
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
Interfacial Area
Select any of the listed correlation to calculate Interfacial Area:
• Scheffe & Weiland (Internals - Trays and Sizing calculation type)
• Chan & Fair (Internals - Trays and Rating calculation type)
• Rocha 1996 (Internals - Structured Packing and for both Sizing and
Rating calculation type)
• Onda (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
• Bravo (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
Tray Efficiencies
All trays in a column model are treated as equilibrium stages or theoretical trays
unless one of the tray efficiency models is used. This implies that the user must
apply some type of tray efficiency to the actual number of trays in the column, to
determine the number of theoretical trays to use in the model. Engineers typically
use overall tray efficiency factors based on experience to convert actual trays to
theoretical trays. This is almost always the best manner in which to model tray
efficiency, since generalized correlations for overall tray efficiency are
nonexistent in the literature.
For the Inside-Out algorithm, PRO/II provides several tray efficiency models:
• Murphree
• Equilibrium
• Vaporization.
For the Chemdist algorithm, only the Vaporization model may be used.
However, none of these models predicts the overall tray efficiency. All of the
models use an equation or factor to adjust the equilibrium vapor composition
leaving a tray. The models are useful for tuning a tray or a few trays in a Column
model, but their general application to all trays in a column is not recommended.
Side Columns
A column using the Inside-Out or Sure algorithm may have attached Side
Columns, where a Side Column is a stripper or rectifier. The Side Column draws
feed from the main Column and returns a product to the main Column. A finished
product is withdrawn from the Side Column.
Side Columns are attached as part of the flow sheet construction in the PFD
main window. They may be completed and edited by double-clicking on the side
column icon on the PFD. The side column data entry windows are identical to the
Column main data entry windows with the exception that irrelevant features are
eliminated.
The Inside-Out algorithm merges a side column with the main column, for
calculations. This simultaneous approach means that the SPECs and VARYs for
the main column and side columns need not be balanced provided that the
SPECs and VARYs for the total column configuration are balanced.
The Sure algorithm solves side columns as separate columns in recycle. This
approach is more time consuming, and demands that the SPECs and VARYs for
the main column and every side column are balanced.
Print Options
Click Print Options… on the Column main data entry window to enter the Column
Print Options data entry window. Select the desired report options with the check
boxes provided. To request plotted results, click Plot Column Results… and
select the desired plots with the check boxes on the Column Plot Options data
entry window.
Thermodynamic Systems
General Information
The Column unit operation may be used to simulate any distillation or liquid-liquid
extraction process. Distillation columns are described in the Distillation Column
section of this chapter. Although liquid-liquid extraction (llex) columns are
generally not trayed, the distillation column nomenclature is used and the term
tray denotes an equilibrium stage. A Liquid-Liquid Extraction Column must
contain at least two trays.
The trays are considered to be linked with the light-liquid phase moving up the
column and the heavy liquid moving down. There is no limit on the number of
trays in a liquid-liquid extraction column model. Any tray may have a feed,
product draw, or duty. There must be a feed to the top and bottom trays.
Note: Side columns may not be used with liquid-liquid extraction columns.
The following distillation column features are not applicable to LLEX columns and
will be disabled:
Column feeds and products are added as part of the flow sheet construction in
the PFD. They may be accessed from the Column Feeds and Products window
accessible via the Feeds and Products… icon on the Column main data entry
window.
Feed tray numbers may be added or changed in this window. There is no limit on
the number of feeds a column may have.
For products, the product type, phase, tray number, and flowrate are supplied in
this window. There is no limit on the number of products a liquid-liquid extraction
column may have and products may be withdrawn from any tray of the column.
Product types include:
Overhead, Bottoms, Fixed Rate Draw, and Pseudoproduct. Every column must
have an overhead product leaving tray one and a bottoms product leaving the
Product rates must be supplied for all draw products. Rates may be supplied in
molar, mass, or liquid volume units. An estimated value must also be provided for
either the overhead or bottoms product. The estimated value for the overhead or
bottoms rate should be as accurate as possible to enhance convergence. It is
necessary to use a Performance Specification to set a desired flow for the
overhead or bottoms product.
Pseudoproducts
Column Algorithm
The solution algorithm is selected in the drop-down list box on the Column main
data entry window. The Inside-Out (default), Sure, and Chemdist algorithms are
for distillation columns. To specify a liquid-liquid extraction column, select the
Liquid-Liquid option.
Calculated Phases
When the Liquid-Liquid algorithm is selected, the phase system will automatically
be set to liquid/liquid.
Number of Trays
The number of trays in the model is entered in the data entry field provided on
the Column main data entry window. Every Column must have at least two trays.
There is no limit on the number of trays in a Column.
The maximum number of trial solutions is supplied in the data entry field provided
on the Column main data entry window. The default value is 30 for the Liquid-
Liquid algorithm.
Pressure Profile
The pressure for every tray in a column model must be defined. All calculations
are performed at the defined tray pressures. The tray pressures are defined in
the Column Pressure Profile window, which is reached by clicking Pressure
Profile… on the Column main data entry window. Tray pressures may be
supplied on an overall or tray by tray mode by choosing a radio button in this
window.
For the overall mode, the top tray pressure must be supplied and either the
pressure drop per tray or the total pressure drop aross the column. A default
value of zero is supplied for the pressure drop per tray and the column pressure
drop. All tray pressures are derived by linear application of the supplied pressure
drop.
Individual tray pressures are supplied for the tray by tray mode. Note that the top
and bottom trays must be included when supplying a table of individual tray
pressures. Missing pressures are determined by linear interpolation of supplied
values.
Side heaters and side coolers may supplied via the Column Side
Heaters/Coolers window accessible via the Heaters and Coolers… icon on the
Column main data entry window. A negative duty indicates cooling; a positive
duty is used for heating. There are no limits on the number of side
heaters/coolers. For each side heater/cooler, the following information must be
provided: tray number, a reference name, and the duty, with the appropriate
algebraic sign.
Initial Estimates
Click Initial Estimates… on the Column main data entry window to enter the
Column Initial Estimates window.
When using the initial estimate generator, profiles are determined by a simple
material balance. Temperatures are determined from estimated product
compositions. You may optionally provide temperature estimates for the top and
bottom trays which replace values predicted by the estimate generator, as well
as an estimate of the ratio of the liquid flows on tray 1.
When the initial estimate generator is not used, the data which must be supplied
as input profiles are tray temperatures and flows, either light or heavy liquid, or a
combination thereof. Note that the minimum data which may be supplied are the
temperatures and flows for the top and bottom trays for the column. While these
are the minimum data required, they are rarely adequate to produce an
acceptable initial estimate. It may also be desirable to provide solution profiles
from a converged solution to speed future calculations with a column model.
Initial profiles are entered in tables accessed by clicking the following buttons on
the Column Initial Estimates window: Net Vapor Rate… ,
Vapor Composition… , Tray Temperature… , Liquid Composition…
and Net Liquid Rate… . Composition estimates are rarely needed for
most problems.
Performance Specifications
To supply SPECs and define VARYs, access the Column Specifications and
Variables window via the Performance Specifications… button on the main
Column data entry window. SPECs and VARYs are entered or edited via the
hypertext strings. PRO/II requires that there be an equal number of SPECs and
VARYs. Thus, when a SPEC is added or deleted, you are required to add or
delete a VARY.
SPECs and VARYs use the general form in PRO/II and are discussed more fully
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. A list of the stream and
Convergence Data
Damping Factor: A damping factor of less than unity may be used to improve
convergence when the convergence is oscillating. A default value of 1.0 is
supplied by PRO/II.
Error Increase Factor: This factor limits the increase in the sum of the errors
from iteration to iteration. PRO/II supplies a default value of 100.
Note: The use of tuning factors usually increases the solution time. Tolerances
for the liquid-liquid extraction column equations may also be changed although
this should rarely, if ever, be done and never as a means to reach a converged
solution.
Tolerances are:
Enthalpy Balance: The maximum heat balance error for each tray. The default
is 10-3 .
Component Balance: The maximum relative component balance error for each
tray. The default is 10 -3 .
Print Options
Click Print Options… on the Column main data entry window to enter the Column
Print Options data entry window. Select the desired report options with the check
boxes provided. To request plotted results, click Plot Column Results… and
select the desired plots with the check boxes on the Column Plot Options data
entry window.
General Information
The Side Column unit operation models side strippers and side rectifiers
associated with a main Column. The Side Column model is currently restricted to
the Inside-Out, Enhanced I/O and Sure algorithms. See Column Algorithm in the
Distillation Column discussion (page 9-35) for further information on these
methods. Side Columns always use the same distillation algorithm as the main
Column. Multiple Side Columns attached to one main Column are possible and,
in fact, are common practice in the petroleum refining industry.
Side Columns are added to the flow sheet with the Side Column unit icon and
attached to the main Column with the feed and product streams. Every Side
Column has at least one external product which exits the complex column
arrangement.
Solution Methods
Solution methods for Side Columns vary with the algorithm. The Inside-Out (and
Enhanced I/O) algorithm merges the Side Column with the main column and
solves the complex column arrangement simultaneously.
There are three benefits to this approach:
• The simultaneous method results in more precision in the solution.
• The simultaneous solution is more efficient and uses less computing
time.
• The simultaneous solution provides more flexible product specifications.
For example, the last benefit permits the use of both a D86 (5%) and a D86
(95%) specification for a side stripper product. To solve this same set of
specifications with the Sure method requires the use of a Multi-variable Controller
unit wrapped around the main column/side column units.
The Sure method solves each side column separately from the main column and
uses recycle streams to relate the side column and main column. While special
recycle logic is used to converge the column/ side column recycle problem, this
method has three disadvantages when compared to the Inside-Out column
simultaneous treatment:
Side strippers are widely used to control the front end volatility (flash point) of
liquid products such as diesel, fuel and kerosene. The liquid product is drawn
from the main column and charged to the top tray of the side stripper, which
typically has 6 to 10 actual trays. A stripping medium (usually steam) is fed to the
bottom tray of the side stripper to strip about ten percent of the liquid feed (the
lightest material) which is then returned to the main column for further
fractionation together with the stripping medium. The stripped liquid is withdrawn
from the bottom tray of the stripper as a finished product. Steam side strippers
have an overall tray efficiency of about 25 percent and can be represented with
two theoretical trays.
A variation in side stripper design is the use of a reboiler on the bottom of the
side stripper to "heat strip" the liquid feed. No stripping medium is used for
reboiled side strippers. The advantage of this arrangement is a smaller stripped
vapor return stream to the main column which reduces the vapor loading for the
main column. Reboiled side strippers have higher tray efficiencies than those
which use a stripping medium. Therefore, three to five theoretical trays are
typically used to model these strippers.
Side strippers do not normally have any other items of equipment such as
condensers, pumparounds, side heaters/coolers, etc. Only the Sure method
permits the use of a condenser on a side stripper. This capability may find utility
when modeling some unusual types of column configurations.
Side rectifiers are used to remove heavy materials from vapor draw products by
providing a rectification section. The vapor draw from the main column is fed to
the bottom tray of the side rectifier which may have a large number of trays. The
side rectifier must have a condenser or cooling duty at the top to condense the
liquid reflux which is used to rectify the vapor product.
The overhead product from the side rectifier is removed as a finished product.
The liquid from the bottom tray is returned to the main column for further
fractionation.
General Information
A compressor operation may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be the lowest feed stream pressure.
Compressors may have one or more product streams. The product phase
condition for units with one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II. For
compressors with two or more product streams, the product phases must be
specified in the Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking Product
Phases… on the Compressor main data entry window. Note that for compressors
with aftercoolers, the products correspond to outlet conditions from the
aftercooler.
Product phases allowable include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified.
The pressure, work, or head specification is selected from a drop-down list box in
the Compressor main data entry window. At least one specification must be
supplied for every compressor. Options include:
Pressure Curve: Click Enter Curve… to supply a curve relating volumetric feed
rate to outlet pressure in the Compressor Outlet Pressure Performance Curve
window.
Pressure Ratio Curve: Click Enter Curve… to supply a curve relating volumetric
feed rate to compression ratio in the Compressor Pressure Ratio Performance
Curve window.
Actual Work Curve: Click Enter Curve… to supply a curve relating volumetric
feed rate to actual work (efficiency has been applied) in the Compressor Work
Performance Curve window.
Adiabatic Head Curve: Click Enter Curve… to supply a curve relating volumetric
feed rate to adiabatic head in the Compressor Head Performance Curve window.
Actual Head Curve: Click Enter Curve… to supply a curve relating volumetric
feed rate to actual head (efficiency has been applied) in the Compressor Head
Performance Curve window.
Curves for head, work, and efficiency are usually based on a specific compressor
speed. Therefore, they should be adjusted when the compressor is operated at a
different speed. PRO/II performs adjustments for these curves when values are
supplied for the Reference RPM (curve basis) and the Operating RPM.
Adjustments are based on the fan laws and are as follows:
[
Head = Head ref RPM / RPM reference ]2.0
[
Work = Work ref RPM / RPM reference ]3.0
[
Efficiency = Efficiency ref RPM / RPMreference ]
An aftercooler may be added via the Aftercooler… icon on the Compressor main
data entry window and supplying the cooler outlet temperature and pressure drop
in the Compressor Aftercooler window.
An estimate for the outlet temperature for the compressor may optionally be
supplied in the Compressor main data entry window to speed convergence. Note
that this is not the same as the Outlet Temperature specification.
Calculation Method
The method used to calculate the Compressor head may be selected by clicking
Calculation Method… on the Compressor main data entry window to access the
Compressor Calculational Mode window. The method may be chosen with the
radio buttons provided, with choices as follows:
GPSA Engineering Data Book: The GPSA Data Book equation is used to
compute head.
ASME Power Test Code 10: The ASME Power Test Code 10 equation is used
to compute head. This method, the default, is the most rigorous.
The compression ratio above which the head equation is used to compute the
isentropic/ polytropic coefficient may also be supplied in this window. This entry
only applies to the GPSA method, with a default value of 1.15 supplied. Below
this compression ratio, the GPSA “temperature equation” is used to compute the
isentropic/polytropic coefficients.
General Information
Specification
Variable
The control variable (VARY) is selected by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variable field of the Feedback Controller window. The
Parameter window is used to designate the stream or unit parameter to use for
the VARY in a manner analogous to that used in selecting the SPEC above. The
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter gives more information on the
VARY concept. You will also find tables of the flow sheet variables that may be
used for SPECs and VARYs in controller units.
Limits and step sizes for the control variable may be supplied by clicking Limits
and Step Sizes… on the Feedback Controller window. A maximum value,
minimum value, and/or maximum change in the control variable may be entered
Parameters
The default is to print a summary for each controller iteration. To eliminate this
printout, deselect the check box on the Feedback Controller window.
Ordinarily, this is the first unit operation in the calculation sequence that is
affected by the control variable and is determined automatically (“calculated”) by
PRO/II. You may specify a different return unit by using the drop-down list box on
the Feedback Controller window.
Nonconvergence of Controllers
The controller uses a Newton-Rhapson technique to search for the value of the
control variable that meets the specified flow sheet parameter result. Therefore, it
is important that there be a continuous and monotonic relationship between the
control variable and the specification. Control functions with discontinuities or
localized maxima and minima may fail to converge or converge to an undesired
result.
For some cases, the limits and step sizes entries may keep the control function
within a range of feasible solutions.
Controllers always create a recycle loop in the flow sheet, from the downstream
unit at which the specification is evaluated to the first upstream unit affected by
the control variable.
When a controller is located within a recycle loop, PRO/II normally solves the
controller as part of the loop, i.e., the controller iterations and the recycle
iterations are solved simultaneously. Therefore, you must change the calculation
order when it is desired to converge the controller within each iteration of the
overall recycle loop. Note also that it is important that the tolerance for the
controller be tighter than the tolerance for the overall recycle loop to insure
convergence.
General Information
The formation rate relationships are expressed as power law expressions in the
Crystallizer Growth and Nucleation Rates window. These relationships are
similar to equations for power law kinetics used for chemical reactions. Full
details of the calculation method can be found in the PRO/II Reference Manual.
The Crystallizer can have any number of feed streams. The inlet pressure is
taken to be the lowest pressure of all the feed streams.
The shape factor defaults to 1.0 which indicates cubic crystals. A value of p/6
indicates spherical crystals.
Calculation Mode
Click Calculation Mode… to specify the Design or Rating calculation mode.
Crystal Production Rate: Enter the production rate of the crystals in weight
units.
Fraction of Solute Crystallized: Enter the fraction of the total solute in the
combined feeds that is to be crystallized.
Magma Density in the Bottom Product: Enter the density of the bottom
product as weight of crystals per unit volume of slurry.
(Xexit-Xsat)/Xsat
where:
Xexit is the liquid phase mole fraction of the solute in the bottom product, and
Xsat is the saturation mole fraction of the solute in the bottom product.
In Rating mode, the vessel volume is defined.
Click Growth and Nucleation Rates… to specify Growth and Nucleation Rates.
Crystal Growth Rate: You must supply the Rate Constant for the rate equation
in ft/sec or m/sec. Growth rates are typically in the range 2.0x10 -7 to 2.0x10 -8
m/sec. By default, the rate is directly proportional to the Supersaturation Ratio.
You may change this by overriding the default Exponential Factor. Factors are
usually in the range 0.0 to 2.5.
Operating Conditions
Click Operating Conditions… to specify Crystallizer Operating Conditions. By
default, the crystallizer operates at the combined feed temperature and pressure
with no recirculation.
Recirculation Flow rate: Some of the bottom product may be remixed with the
feed and passed through the feed exchanger. To specify this option, you must
either specify the recirculation Volumetric Rate or the Temperature Change
across the exchanger. A negative change denotes a temperature drop.
Check the Include Crystal Size Distribution box to request additional output
including tables of fractions and population densities for the feed and product
streams as functions of the crystal size distribution.
General Information
The Cyclone unit operation models the separation of particulate solids from a
solid and gas stream. The particulate collection efficiency is determined by the
solids loading, component characteristics, particle size distribution, stream flow
rate, and cyclone geometry. The Cyclone unit operation will calculate the
collection efficiency for every particle size range of each solid component as well
as the pressure drop through the unit. The Cyclone is assumed to operate
isothermally and mechanisms such as agglomeration and crumbling are
discounted.
A Cyclone may have up to ten feed streams. Unless otherwise specified, the inlet
pressure will be taken as that of the feed stream with the lowest pressure. The
feed streams may not contain a liquid phase, and there must be two product
streams. The overhead stream will contain all the gas that comes in as well as
any uncollected solids. The bottom stream will contain only the collected solids.
All solid components that enter a cyclone must have a particle size distribution.
This distribution may be set by another unit or defined by the user.
Unit Specification
A cyclone unit operation is specified by filling in the appropriate real and integer
data variables for operating mode, geometry, pressure drop calculations,
efficiency calculations, and multiple cyclone configuration in the Gas/Solid
Cyclone main data entry window that is accessed by double-clicking the Cyclone
unit icon on the PFD.
Rating Mode
If you select Rating Mode, you must supply the diameter of the cyclone. The
other dimensions of the cyclone will be generated from the diameter. If you select
User Defined Geometry, you must also enter all of the geometric ratios as
described below. In Rating Mode, PRO/II will calculate: pressure drop, total
efficiency, component efficiencies, grade efficiencies and weight percent solids in
the overhead stream.
Multiple Cyclones
The Cyclone can model a system of identical cyclones that are arranged either in
parallel or in series. In the case of parallel cyclones, the feed streams are split
evenly among the cyclones. The overhead products from all cyclones merge into
one overhead and the bottoms products from all cyclones merge into one bottom
stream. In the case of series cyclones, the overhead from the first cyclone is the
feed to the second and so on. The overhead product is the overhead product
from the final cyclone while the bottom product is the combined bottom product
from all the cyclones in the system. Both product streams are at the outlet
pressure of the final cyclone in the system. It is not possible to specify recycle
streams inside the unit or to reference intermediate stage data from the
flowsheet. For example, if you wish to set a specification on the second cyclone
in a three-cyclone series or set a recycle from the second cyclone to the first
cyclone, you should model the system as three separate units. Note that while
increasing the number of identical cyclones will increase efficiency and pressure
drop in a series system, it will decrease the efficiency and pressure drop in a
parallel system.
Efficiency Model (IPARM(2)) This input is optional. Options for Rating and
Design mode are:
1. Koch & Licht
2. API (default)
3. Lapple
Pressure Model (IPARM(3)) This input is optional. Options for both Rating and
Design mode are:
1. Koch & Licht (default)
2. API
If the cyclone is inside another vessel, the API method allows values for the Inlet
Width Ratio and the Superficial Gas Velocity (described later in the section titled
Real Data for Unit) to be specified.
If the user-defined geometry is used, values must be specified for the inlet height
ratio, inlet width ratio, cyclone dust outlet diameter ratio, cyclone gas outlet
diameter ratio, gas outlet tube length ratio, height of cylindrical section ratio, and
total cyclone height ratio as appropriate for the calculation method used as
shown.
Inlet Vane Flag (IPARM(5)) This input is optional. Options for both Rating and
Design mode are:
1. No (default)
2. Yes
Shape of Gas Inlet Flag (IPARM(6)) This input is optional. Options for both
Rating and Design mode are:
1. Tangential (default)
2. Scroll or volute
3. Axial
Cyclone is inside Vessel Flag (IPARM(7)) This input is optional. Options for
both Rating and Design mode are:
1. No (default)
2. Yes
This entry allows changes to be made automatically in the pressure drop model
between the Koch & Licht and API methods based on solids loading.
For example, if a solid with PSD data: 10, 20, 30, 40 (in default input units) is
required to have a weight fraction of 0.20 in size range 20 to 30, the value for this
entry would be 2 (the second size range) and the value for a DEFINE statement
would be 0.20. The default value is 1 (the first size range).
The cyclone geometry is input as the ratio of length divided by overall cyclone
body diameter, so that an inlet height of 0.1 meters on a cyclone of diameter 0.2
meters would have an inlet height ratio of 0.1/0.2 = 0.5.
Goal Efficiency for Design Mode (wt%) (RPARM(13)) This Design Mode entry
is required.
Tolerance for Cyclone Body Diameter (RPARM(17)) This Design Mode entry
is optional. The default is 0.001.
The output values calculated by the Cyclone model are stored in the indicated
locations in the RPARM() array and can be accessed by a Controller, MVC or
Optimizer. All RPARM() outputs are produced in both Rating and Design modes.
Dipleg diameter (RPARM(62)) This requires that the cyclone be located above a
fluidized bed, i.e., the cyclone must be located inside a vessel. This value is
output in the cyclone output report only if applicable. PSD weight fraction in the
General Information
The initial relief conditions can be based on either a specified initial time or a
specified inital pressure by selecting the appropriate radio button. The default
selection is to start the depressuring calculations at the beginning of the
simulation (time zero.)
Note: This option is only available if the heat input model type “Fire Relief Model”
is selected.
To set the final depressuring conditions, values may be entered for either or both
final Vessel Pressure and Elapsed Time. The elapsed time can be measured
from Time Zero or from the Start of Relief by choosing the desired toggle text. If
both final Vessel Pressure and Elapsed Time are selected, the depressuring
calculations will stop when the first criterion is satisfied.
User-supplied values for the relative volume tolerance per time step, the
maximum number of time steps, and the time step size can be entered on the
The default value for the Volume Tolerance per Time Step is 0.0001. The default
value for the Maximum Number of Time Steps allowed in the depressuring
simulation is 100.
The default value for the Time Step size is calculated using default values for the
sizing parameters. User-supplied values for the parameters used in this
calculation may be entered via the appropriate hypertext string. The step size
basis is selected from a pop-up list, which includes
The default selection for time step size basis is (1). If either (1) or (2) is selected,
a user-supplied value for the constants can be entered in the pop-up float field.
For the time step size basis of (1), the default value of the constant is 0.04. For
(2), the default value of the constant is 0.50.
By default, the simulation will stop if pressure profile errors are detected. Clicking
on the Stop hypertext on the Calculation Options window toggles the option to
Continue and allows the simulation to continue even if pressure profile errors are
detected.
Valve Data
Data can be entered on the Depressuring Valve Data window to define the flow
characteristics of the relief valve or control valve. This window is brought up by
clicking Valve Data… on the Depressuring Unit main data entry window. A Valve
Model must be selected from the four choices by choosing the appropriate radio
button. The available valve models are Supersonic Flow, Subsonic Flow,
Constant Flow, and User Model. The default is Supersonic Flow. The equation
A Valve Constant (C) must be entered for all models except for the User Model.
For the Supersonic Flow model, the valve constant is the only entry allowed. For
the Subsonic Flow model, an optional back pressure may be entered along with
the required the valve constant. For the Constant Flow model, the only allowable
entry is the valve constant. For the User model, the control valve coefficient must
be entered. The default back pressure value is 0.0, while the default value for the
critical flow factor is 1.0 Different values for the back pressure and critical flow
factor may be entered.
Vessel Data
The Depressuring Vessel Data window is used to define the configuration of the
depressuring unit. This window is accessible via the Vessel Data button on the
Depressuring Unit main data entry window. One of the following,
• Sphere
• Horizontal Cylinder
• Vertical Cylinder
• Unspecified Shape
must be selected by choosing the appropriate radio button.
If Sphere is the selected vessel geometry, a value for the diameter must be
entered. If Horizontal Cylinder is the selected vessel geometry, the diameter and
tangent-to-tangent length must be entered. For the Vertical Cylinder vessel
geometry, the diameter and tangent-to-tangent height must be entered. For
vessels of any of these defined geometries, entering a value for liquid height is
optional. For vessels of the Unspecified Shape geometry, the vessel volume
must be entered. Liquid Holdup is optional only if the geometry is Unspecified
Shape. By default, the holdup liquid is saturated liquid of the combined feed
composition at the initial conditions. The remaining vessel volume contains vapor
in equilibrium with this liquid. The holdup may be on a mole, weight, or actual
volume fraction basis with the default being the mole fraction basis.
The Vessel Weight and the Vessel Specific Heat may be input for any vessel
geometry. If one of these two variables is entered, then both must be entered.
These items are required only if “Blowdown” appears on the Heat Input window,
otherwise they are optional. (See discussion on vessel Heat Input options below.)
The volume correction factor is an optional entry for the Sphere, Horizontal
Cylinder, and Vertical Cylinder vessel geometries only. This entry is used to
correct the vessel volume for pipes, fittings, and end plates and defaults to 1.00 if
not supplied.
Click Heat Input… on the Depressuring Unit main data entry window to open the
Heat Input window. A heat input model may be selected from the drop-down list
box, which includes the following options:
• User-defined
• API 2000
• API 2000 Method with Scaling
• API RP 520 with Scaling
• API RP 520
• Isothermal
• Rigorous Blowdown
• Semirigorous Blowdown
• Fire Relief.
User-Defined is the default as this supplies no heat input to the vessel. The
difference between the Rigorous and Semirigorous Blowdown models is the
physical property calculations. The selected heat transfer equation is displayed,
along with the equation’s units of measure. Depending on the Heat Flow Model
selected, from one to five of the coefficients may be supplied. For the User-
Defined or Semirigorous or Rigorous Blowdown models, values for these
coefficients default to 0.0.
For the Fire Relief Model only, the first two coefficients C1 and C2 are required.
The Initial Wetted Area field is made unavailable when a value has been entered
for Liquid Height on the Vessel Data window. Otherwise, a value for Initial Wetted
Area must be entered for the API 2000, Scaled API 2000, RP 520, Scaled RP
520, and Fire Relief Models. The Area Scaling Factor is an optional entry for
these same heat input models only when the Initial Wetted Area is input. It has a
default value of 1.0.
The Heat Input Scaling Factor may be input for any heating model except the
Semirigorous and Rigorous Blowdown and Isothermal models. It has a default
value of 1.0.
For the heat transfer coefficient used in the Semirigorous or Rigorous Blowdown
calculations, either a Calculated Using Scaling Factor coefficent, an Overall
coefficient, or individual phase vapor or liquid heat transfer coefficient may be
used by selecting the appropriate radio button. The default is to use the
Calculated Using Scaling Factor coefficent, with a default value for the scaling
factor of 1.0.
The Print Options window allows the user to control the intermediate and final
printed results for the Depressuring Unit. This window can be accessed through
the Output/Report Format/Unit Operations menu option or from the Depressuring
Unit main data entry window..
The default for all stream printout is a molar basis; clicking on the toggle text
allows the user to select weight basis.
By default, component compositions are printed at all steps. The user may opt to
print all steps, or initial, final and relief conditions only by clicking on the
hypertext. The user may suppress all composition printout by deselecting the
box.
Intermediate printout is printed at each calculation step time by default. The user
may select a different interval by clicking on the default time step linked text,
which will bring up the Intermediate Print Interval Options window. On the
Intermediate Print Interval Options window, either the Default Time Step,a User-
defined Time Step,or aUser-defined Pressure Interval can be specified for the
printing frequency of the intermediate results by selecting the appropriate radio
button.
Thermodynamic System
For problems where more than one thermodynamic method has been specified,
a drop-down list box allows the selection of a thermodynamic method set to be
used for the Depressuring Unit.
General Information
The Dissolver unit operation models the dissolution of solids into liquid solutions.
This mass transfer operation is widely used in the chemical industry in both
organic as well as inorganic processes.
The dissolver unit can have any number of feed streams. The inlet pressure is
taken to be the lowest pressure of all the feed streams.
Both an overhead and bottoms product must be specified. The default allocation
may be modified in the Dissolver Products window. The bottoms contains the
liquid product along with any remaining crystals. The overhead contains any
vapor generated in the unit.
Calculation Method
The dissolver transforms crystals in solution from the solid to the liquid phase.
PRO/II models the most common type of dissolver which is the stirred tank
dissolver. A feed heat exchanger may be included in the model if required.
The mass transfer coefficient may be specified in the Dissolver Dissolution Rate
window. Alternatively, you may specify that the coefficient should be calculated
from diffusivity data entered in the Thermodynamic Data.
Full details of the calculation method can be found in the PRO/II Reference
Manual.
General Information
The Expander operation may be used to model any isentropic expansion such as
an expander unit in a natural gas processing plant or a steam turbine, etc. An
adiabatic expansion efficiency may be applied to the calculations. Rigorous
calculations may be performed for both VLE and VLLE systems.
An expander operation may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be the lowest feed stream pressure.
An expander may have one or more product streams. The product phase
condition for operations with one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II.
For expanders with two or more product streams, the product phases must be
specified in the Expander Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking
Product Phases… on the Expander main data entry window.
Allowable product phases include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified.
The outlet conditions for an expander may be selected with the radio buttons
provided on the Expander main data entry window. A pressure or work
specification is required for every expander. Options are as follows:
• Outlet pressure
• Pressure ratio (absolute outlet pressure/absolute inlet pressure)
• Pressure drop
• Work
Adiabatic Efficiency
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for expander calculations
may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-
down list box on the Expander main data entry window.
General Information
The Flash unit may be used to model any equilibrium calculation where two of
the conditions are defined, e.g., temperature and pressure, pressure and
enthalpy, etc. The phase equilibrium is determined and the product may be
separated into product streams corresponding to the phases. The duty required,
if any, to bring the feed to the final conditions is also reported. Both VLE and
VLLE calculations are supported by this unit.
A flash operation may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be the lowest feed stream pressure.
A flash may have one or more product streams. The product phase condition for
flash operations with one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II. For flash
units with two or more product streams, the product phases must be specified in
the Flash Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking Product
Phases… on the Flash main data entry window.
First Specification
This specification is used in conjunction with the First Specification given above
to define the equilibrium calculation desired. The Second Specification may be
either a Unit Specification or a Product Specification as denoted by the radio
buttons on the Flash main data entry window. These two types of specification
are discussed separately below.
Unit Specification
The desired second specification is chosen with the drop-down list box and the
data entry supplied in the field provided. Options are:
Pressure Drop or Pressure: These entries are only applicable when the
temperature is chosen as the primary specification and correspond to an
isothermal (constant temperature and pressure) flash. The Duty required to bring
the feed to the specified conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Duty: This entry corresponds to an adiabatic (duty defined) flash. When the
temperature is supplied as the primary specification, the pressure is computed.
When the pressure or pressure drop is supplied as the primary specification, the
temperature is computed. The duty may be positive (heating), negative (cooling),
or zero (constant enthalpy calculation).
Dew Point: The dew point pressure is computed when the temperature is
supplied as the primary specification. The dew point temperature is determined
when the pressure or pressure drop is provided as the primary specification. The
Duty required to bring the feed to the specified conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Hydrocarbon Dew Point: The dew point pressure for the hydrocarbon
portion of the stream is computed when the temperature is supplied as the
primary specification. The dew point temperature is determined when the
pressure or pressure drop is provided as the primary specification. This option is
only applicable for thermodynamic systems which support a free water phase.
The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified conditions is calculated by
PRO/II.
Water Dew Point: The dew point pressure for the water portion of the stream is
computed when the temperature is supplied as the primary specification. The
dew point temperature is determined when the pressure or pressure drop is
provided as the primary specification. This option is only applicable for
thermodynamic systems which support a free water phase. The Duty required to
bring the feed to the specified conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Bubble Point: The bubble point pressure is computed when the temperature is
supplied as the primary specification. The bubble point temperature is
Upper Dew Point: The Upper dew point pressure is available only when the
temperature is chosen as the primary specification. This option is applicable for
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium phases where a retrograde condensation region occurs.
This option computes the upper dew point pressure if a temperature above the
critical temperature and below the cricondentherm is supplied. The Duty required
to bring the feed to the specified conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Product Specification
When this radio button is selected, the pressure is computed when the
temperature is provided as the first specification such that a calculated stream
parameter meets a specified value. When the pressure or pressure drop is
supplied as the first specification, the temperature is computed. The Duty
required to bring the feed to the final conditions is also calculated by PRO/II.
Entrainment
Entrainment from one phase to another phase is requested in the Flash Drum
Entrainment window which is accessed by clicking Entrainment… on the Flash
main data entry window. The From and To phases are defined and the quantity
entrained is supplied as a fraction or percent of the donor phase or as an
absolute rate of material. The entrained material is assumed to have the same
composition as the donor phase. Since entrainment calculations are performed
after the flash calculations, the resultant products may be different from the
original flash specifications. Multiple entrainments are permitted.
For Dew and Bubble Point calculations, an optional liquid and vapor product may
be defined which corresponds to the equilibrium liquid or equilibrium vapor,
respectively. The rate for this pseudostream may be supplied in the data entry
field provided on the Flash main data entry window.
Thermodynamic System
General Information
The Flash with Solids unit models a flash drum unit operation with a solid product
stream. If a solids product stream is to be present, you must use the Flash with
Solids unit rather than the conventional Flash unit operation.
A Flash with Solids unit may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be that of the feed stream with the lowest pressure.
The bottoms stream from the flash drum section feeding the solids separator is
internal to the Flash with Solids unit and is not subject to specification by the
user.
The main data entry window for the Flash with Solids unit is identical to that of
the ordinary Flash unit except that no specification of product phases by the user
is required. The phases for the product streams are automatically specified by
PRO/II and may be reviewed in the Flash Product Phases window accessible via
the Product Phases… button on the Flash main data entry window.
General Information
Objective Function
Either you must choose either Maximize or Minimize as the objective function by
selecting the appropriate radio button in the main Optimizer window. Enter the
objective function by clicking the linked text string Parameter in the Objective
Function field to make the Parameter window available selecting the unit or
stream parameter to use as the Objective Function. This Parameter window is
similar to the SPEC Parameter window, except that there is no entry allowed for
the parameter value and tolerance. The Objective Function may be a single flow
sheet parameter or a mathematical expression that relates two flow sheet
parameters.
Variables
The optimizer variables (VARYs) are selected by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variables grid of the Optimizer main data entry window. In the
Parameter window, designate the stream or unit parameter that will be varied,
selecting from the same choices given above for the Objective Function. For unit
or stream variables, you must also input minimum and maximum values. The
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter gives more information on the
VARY concept. The tables in that section list the flow sheet variables that may be
used for SPECs and VARYs for flow sheet optimizer units.
You may enter limits on the step size for each control variable. Click the linked
text string default step sizes in the main Optimizer window to open the Variable
Step Sizes window. You may enter a relative minimum step size and/or absolute
maximum step size per iteration in this window. You may also enter a nondefault
step size used to calculate the derivative in this window. The default relative step
size depends on the Optimizer scaling option selected (see the section following
titled Scaling of Optimization Variables). Alternatively, a user-supplied step size
can be used in the calculations. The alternative step size may be sized on either
a relative or absolute basis by selecting the appropriate radio button.
Specifications
SPECifications may be entered for flow sheet parameters other than the control
variables. Click Specifications… on the Optimizer main data entry window to
bring up the standard Specifications window. Check the Use Specifications box
to enable the grid which contains the standard specification linked text. Enter the
parameters for each SPECification by clicking the appropriate text strings in each
specification. Click the linked text string Parameter, to open the Parameter
window where you can select the unit or stream parameter to use as the SPEC.
The SPEC may be a single flow sheet parameter or a mathematical expression
that relates two flow sheet parameters. Next, enter the value and the default
tolerance for the SPEC by clicking on the appropriate text strings. See the
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for details on the generalized SPEC
form.
Constraints
CONStraints may also be entered for flow sheet parameters other than the
control variables. Constraints limit a variable to a specified range. Click
Constraints… on the main Optimizer window to open the Constraints window
from the SPEC/VARY system. Check the Use Constraints box to enable the
constraint grid. Enter the parameters for each CONStraint by clicking the
appropriate text strings. Click the hypertext string Parameter to open the
Parameter window where you can select the unit or stream parameter to use as
the CONStraint. The use of this window is analogous to the Parameter window
used in selecting the SPEC above. The Minimum Value, Maximum Value, and
the default tolerance values for the CONStraint are entered by clicking on the
appropriate text strings.
The default for the number of calculation cycles is set by PRO/II as 18 plus the
current number of variables. Alternatively, you may specify the number of cycles
by selecting the appropriate radio button on the Options window.
If scaling is deselected, the default value for the derivative step size that appears
on the Variable Step Sizes window is increased from 2 percent to 5 percent.
The default value for the overall error in any variable is 10 -7 . You may enter a
different value for the overall error in the corresponding data entry field in the
Options window.
The default value for the Minimum Relative Change in the Objective Function
from one calculational cycle to the next is 0.005. You may enter a different value
for the minimum relative change in the box on the Options window.
Normally, the first unit operation in the calculation sequence that is affected by
the control variable is the next unit calculated after the control variable is
updated. Normally, this is determined automatically by the program. However,
you must must specify the next unit calculated whenever any of the optimization
variables or constraint variables are thermodynamic parameters. Specify the
return unit by selecting the desired unit from the drop-down list box on the
Options window.
The PRO/II Optimizer currently supports the use of both Rigorous and Local
Thermodynamic Models during the perturbation steps. Specify the
thermodynamic model by selecting one of the following options in the Type of
Thermodynamic Model drop-down list box:
Rigorous
This option specifies that PRO/II will use rigorous thermodynamic
calculation models. This is the default selection.
Local TP Model
This option specifies that PRO/II will generate local K-value models for T and P
derivatives.
Advanced Options
The Optimizer Advanced Options are intended for experienced users of PRO/II. If
you are unsure how these features may apply to your simulation, consult SIMSCI
Technical Support or refer to the PRO/II Reference Manual.
When this feature is enabled, you may specify the maximum number of line
search trials for any one optimizer cycle. The number must be a positive integer
no greater than 20.
Derivative Analysis
By default, this option is Off. Select On in the drop-down list to produce an
analysis printout of the derivative step sizes for each optimizer cycle; in addition,
a modified perturbation step size will be suggested, if appropriate.
Once the flow sheet optimization has converged and the appropriate operating
conditions have been determined, the shadow prices or Lagrange multipliers can
be used to assess the sensitivity of the objective function to the specifications,
constraints and bounds.
For maximization problems, a positive shadow price indicates that the constraint
is being pushed against its upper bounds, a negative shadow price indicates that
the lower bound is still active, and a zero shadow price indicates that the
constraint does not affect the solution By default, printout of these values is
disabled (the None option in the Separate Shadow Price Output File drop-down
list box).
The Brief option produces a separate output report with the same file name as
the input file (with an .shd extension). This report contains the IDs of the
variables, specifications, and constraints, along with their corresponding shadow
prices as part of the standard output report.
The All option produces a separate output report with the same file name as the
input file (with an .shd extension) containing a detailed summary of the final
Optimizer solution. This summary includes the values of the objective function, all
Complete technical details may be found under the topic Flowsheet Solution
Algorithms in the PRO/II Reference Manual.
Select the Include Convergence Plots check box to generate a plot of the
convergence diagnostics.
General Information
The LNG Heat Exchanger simulates the exchange of heat between any number
of hot and cold streams. The exchanger is divided into cells representing the
individual cross-flow elements. Cells are designated as Hot, where the streams
are cooled or as Cold where they are heated. The unit must contain at least one
hot cell and one cold cell.
The number of cells is initially defined on the LNG Heat Exchanger Configuration
window that appears when the unit is first placed on the PFD. Cells may be
added or deleted in the main LNG Heat Exchanger window.
Each cell may have one or more feed streams. If multiple feed streams are
defined, the mixed feed is flashed at the lowest feed stream pressure.
A multiphase product from a cell may be separated into streams containing one
or more phase. The allowable product stream phases are vapor, liquid, decanted
water and mixed (vapor+liquid). A mixed phase product is not allowed with a
vapor or a liquid product. The decanted water product is also used as the second
liquid product phase with rigorous VLLE calculations.
If a cell has more than one product stream, the phases must be allocated to the
streams in the Product Phases window. This window is accessed via the Cell
Data… button in the main LNG Heat Exchanger window, then via the Product
Phases… button in the now open LNG Heat Exchanger Cell Data window.
Performance Specifications
Any cell may have either a duty or an outlet temperature specification. However,
at least one cell must remain unspecified. The product streams from all
unspecified cells leave the exchanger at the same temperature.
Zones Analysis
Zones Analysis may be requested in the LNG Heat Exchanger Zones Analysis
window accessible via the Zones Analysis… button on the main data entry
window. This feature allows internal temperature crossovers and pinch points to
be identified by dividing the exchanger into a number of zones. Warnings are
issued if crossovers or pinch points are found.
The Zones Analysis calculations are normally performed when the exchanger is
calculated. However, if the exchanger is in a recycle, computation time may be
saved by performing the analysis at output time.
Print Options
The Print Options window is opened via the Print Options… button on the main
data entry window. A number of different Y versus X plots may be generated for
temperature, duty and UA. The options are:
Thermodynamic System
Note: The thermodynamic system used for the calculations for an individual cell
(specified in the LNG Heat Exchanger Cell data window) overrides this
thermodynamic system for specific cells.
General Information
The exchanger duty, or one of the exit temperatures, may be defined. In this
case, the fouling resistance is calculated.
Each side of the exchanger may have one or more feed streams. If multiple feed
streams are defined, the mixed feed is flashed at the lowest feed stream
pressure.
If either side has more than one product stream, the phases must be allocated to
the streams in the Product Phases window accessed via the Product Phases…
button in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger–Feeds and Products Data window.
Calculation Type
The calculation type is selected from a drop down list in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger window. The available options are:
Rating: Determine the heat transferred with the defined area and fouling factors.
The default.
Fixed Duty: Determine the fouling factors and exit temperatures from the defined
duty.
Tube Outlet Temperature: Determine the duty, fouling factors, and shell
Shell Outlet Temperature: Determine the duty, fouling factors, and tube
exit temperature from the defined shell outlet temperature. If the selected
calculation type is not Rating, a value must be supplied for the duty or exit
temperature as appropriate.
Exchangers may be attached to any tray of a column for which a duty is defined,
either heating or cooling. To attach an exchanger to a column, double-click
Attach to Column… for the shell or tube side on the Rigorous Heat Exchanger–
Feed and Products Data window and supply the appropriate information in the
window provided.
Attached exchangers may be used to represent the condenser or reboiler for the
column, a pumparound, or side heater/cooler. For side heaters and coolers, the
column stream may be the vapor or liquid from the tray to which the exchanger is
attached, the vapor from the tray below, or the liquid from the tray above.
If the Calculation Type does not fix the exchanger duty or one of the outlet
temperatures, the exchanger duty will be fixed by the column heater or cooler. It
is generally best to allow the column operation to determine the duty required to
meet the defined performance. If the duty is fixed by an exchanger specification,
it is considered a “fixed” duty for the column calculations.
Overall Configuration
A value for at least one of these parameters must be supplied. If any of these
parameters is missing, it will be calculated from the others.
Number of Tube Passes/Shell: This can be any integer value between 1 and
16. The default is 2. Odd numbered values are allowed, but are not
recommended.
Configuration: The direction of fluid flow is selected from the drop-down list as
either Countercurrent or Cocurrent. The default is Countercurrent.
TEMA Type: The three characters for the TEMA type (front, shell and rear of the
exchanger) are selected separately from drop-down lists. The default is AES.
Tube Data
Details of the exchanger tubes are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Tube
Data window which is accessed via Tubes… on the main data entry window. All
tube data have default values.
Length: The nominal tube length includes the thickness of both tube-sheets. For
U-tubes, it includes the thickness of the tubesheet and the last baffle. The length
defaults to 20 ft (6.1 m).
Outside Diameter: The tube outside diameter defaults to 0.75 inches (19.05
mm).
Pitch: The center-to-center distance between tubes defaults to 1.0 inch (25.4
mm).
Pattern: The tube pattern is selected from the drop down list. The options are
Triangular–30 Degrees, Square–90 Degrees (default), Rotated Triangular–60
Degrees, and Rotated Square– 45 Degrees.
Fin Data
The default is not to have finned tubes. If fins are specified, the surface area may
be entered directly or calculated from the fin data.
Extended Surface Area: This is the total surface area of the tubes including the
finned and bare surface areas. A value entered here, overrides the calculated
area.
Fins/Inch: This is the number of fins per inch of tube length. (Default is 19.
Thickness: The fin thickness defaults to a value in inches equal to 0.5/(Fins per
Inch).
Height Above Root: The fin height above the root defaults to a value equal to
(Tube Outside Diameter - Root Diameter)/2.
Root Diameter: The root diameter is the tube diameter at the base of the fins
and it defaults to 0.625 inches.
Baffle Data
Details of the exchanger baffles are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger
Baffle Data window accessible via Baffles… on the main data entry window. All
baffle data have default values.
Baffle Type: The type is selected from the drop down list. The options are No
Baffles, Single (default), Single Baffles - No Tubes in Window and Double.
Baffle Geometry Data: The baffle cut is the height of the window divided by the
shell inside diameter and it defaults to 0.2. Alternatively, the Net Free Area Ratio
may be entered instead. This is the area of the window divided by the cross-
sectional area of the shell.
Inlet Spacing: This is the center-to-center spacing between the tubesheet and
the inlet baffle. If the inlet spacing is not supplied, it is calculated to meet the
center spacing or, if no center spacing is defined, it defaults to 5 inches (133 mm)
for bare tubes or 3 inches (88 mm) for finned tubes.
Outlet Spacing: This is the center-to-center spacing between the tubesheet and
the outlet baffle. If the outlet spacing is not supplied, it is calculated to meet the
center spacing or, if no center spacing is defined, it defaults to 5 inches (133 mm)
for bare tubes or 3 inches (88 mm) for finned tubes.
Number of Sealing Strips: This is the number of pairs of sealing strips per
cross-flow pass. It defaults to zero.
Film Coefficient Data are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Film
Coefficient Data window accessible via Film Coefficients… on the main data
entry window. These data provide adjustment factors and override values for the
heat transfer parameters.
Overall U-value Estimate: This is the initial value for the heat transfer coefficient
used in the calculation. The default is 50 Btu/hr·ft 2.°F (244.1 kCal/hr·m 2 ·°C or
1021.9 kJ/hr·m 2 ·K).
The following items have separate entries for each side of the heat exchanger.
Scale Factor: This is a multiplier which is applied to the film coefficient for the
specified side of the exchanger. It defaults to 1.0.
Fouling Thickness: The thickness of the fouling layer may be entered to model
its effect on the pressure drop. The default value is zero.
Material Data
Tube and shell material property data are entered in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger Material Data window accessible via Materials… on the main data
entry window.
The default material is carbon steel. A different material may be selected from a
drop-down list which shows the materials in the library.
Pressure drop data are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop
Data window accessible via Pressure Drop… on the main data entry window.
These data provide adjustment factors and override calculated values for the
pressure drops. All data may be defaulted.
By default the pressure drops are calculated for each side of the exchanger. A
scale factor may be applied to the calculated value for either side or the pressure
drops may be overridden.
DP / Shell: If a value is entered, the pressure drop per shell overrides the
calculated pressure drop for the specified side.
DP / Unit: If a value is entered, the pressure drop for the exchanger unit
overrides the calculated pressure drop for the specified side.
Shellside Pressure Drop Method: The method may be selected from Bell
(default) for the Bell-Delaware method or Stream for the stream analysis
technique.
Print Options
Additional output reports are selected in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Print
Options window accessible via Print Options… on the main data entry window.
Zones: Checking the Zones check box produces an additional table showing the
phase and zone boundaries used to calculate the duty-averaged log-mean-
temperature difference.
Zones Plot: Checking the Zones Plot check box produces a plot showing the
phase and zone boundaries used to calculate the duty-averaged log-mean-
temperature difference.
Nozzle Data
The default nozzle type and sizes can be overridden in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger Nozzle Data window accessible via Nozzles… on the main data entry
window.
Use Tube Side Nozzle or Use Shell Side Nozzle: If either check box is
unchecked, the nozzle pressure drop will not be calculated for that side of the
exchanger.
Inside Diameter: The calculated diameters may be overridden. The Inlet and/or
Outlet diameter may be entered.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for each side of the rigorous
heat exchanger may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box on the Rigorous Heat Exchanger main data entry
window.
General Information
The Simple Heat Exchanger may be used to heat or cool a single process
stream, exchange heat between two process streams, or exchange heat
between a process stream and a utility stream. Rigorous calculations may be
performed for VLLE systems. It is also possible to attach an exchanger to any
tray of a distillation column and exchange heat between a process stream and a
column internal stream, either liquid or vapor.
For reference, streams and products are grouped according to the side of the
exchanger as “hot” or “cold”, where the feed stream(s) on the hot side are cooled
and the feed stream(s) on the cold side are heated. Multiple process feed
streams are permitted, with the lowest stream pressure used as the inlet
pressure.
The product from each side of an exchanger may be phase separated as desired
into multiple product streams, where products may be liquid, vapor, mixed phase,
and decanted water (hydrocarbon systems only). The “water” product stream
may also be used to represent a second liquid phase for systems in which
rigorous modeling of VLLE thermodynamics is considered.
Feed and product streams are accessed via the Heat Exchanger Process
Streams window which is opened by clicking Process Stream… on the Heat
Exchanger main data entry window. The product phase condition for units with
one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II. For simple heat exchangers
with two or more product streams from a given side, the product phases must be
specified in the Product Phases window accessible by clicking Product Phases…
on the Heat Exchanger Process Streams window.
Product phases allowable include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified.
For simple heat exchangers with one process side, a hot or cold utility stream
may be defined. The required utility rate for the specified heat transfer is always
computed. Utility streams may be specified by clicking Utility Stream… on the
Heat Exchanger main data entry window to access the appropriate hot or cold
utility window.
Cold utility streams are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Cold Side Utility window.
Options are:
Water: Temperature in and out must be supplied. Sensible heat transfer only.
Air: Temperature in and out must be supplied. Sensible heat transfer only.
Hot utility streams are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Hot Side Utility window.
Options are:
Configuration Data
FT Factor: The LMTD correction factor for the exchanger. Note that this entry is
mutually exclusive with the Tube and Shell Passes.
Outlet Temperature: Temperature out for hot or cold process fluid. Temperature
Approach (Two-sided exchangers only)
Outlet Stream Liquid Fraction: The liquid fraction for the hot or cold side exit
fluid where 0.0 indicates bubble point and 1.0 indicates dew point conditions.
Degrees of Superheat: The degrees of superheat (above the dew point) for the
hot or cold side exit fluid.
Degrees of Subcooling: The degrees of subcooling (below the bubble point) for
the hot or cold side exit fluid.
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U): The area is calculated from this entry
when not supplied. When both U and Area are given, the heat transfer is
computed to satisfy the U*Area and no other performance specifications are
allowed for the exchanger.
Exchanger Area: The overall heat transfer coefficient for the exchanger is
calculated from this entry when not supplied. When both U and Area are given,
the heat transfer is computed to satisfy the U*Area and no other performance
specifications are allowed for the exchanger.
Individual U and Area Specification: Individual values for the overall heat
transfer coefficient and exchanger area may be supplied directly.
Zones Analysis
Zones analysis is requested by clicking Zones Analysis… on the main data entry
window. The duty-weighted LMTD may be computed for exchangers in which
phase changes occur by dividing the exchanger into at least five zones of equal
duty. More zones may be requested as desired. Zones analysis is automatically
performed for exchangers with MITA specifications. For other types of
specifications, the zones analysis may be performed during exchanger
calculations or at the completion of all calculations, as requested. Warning
messages are given for temperature crossovers.
Exchangers may be attached to any tray of a column for which a duty is defined,
either cooling or heating. To attach an exchanger to a column, click Attach to
Column… on the main data entry window and supply the appropriate information
in the window provided.
Attached exchangers may be used to represent the condenser or reboiler for the
column, a pumparound cooler, or a side heater or cooler. For side heaters and
coolers, the column stream may be: the vapor or liquid from the tray to which the
exchanger is attached, the vapor from the tray below the tray to which the
exchanger is attached, or the liquid from the tray above the tray to which the
exchanger is attached.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for each side of the simple
heat exchanger may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box on the Heat Exchanger main data entry window.
General Information
The Heating/Cooling Curve utility module develops heating or cooling curves for
any stream in the flow sheet. The tables are a composite of equilibrium flashes,
and present the data typically required for the design of heat transfer equipment.
Curves may be generated by using equal temperature increments or equal duty
increments. Additional points are included when phase boundaries are crossed.
For the Flash, Heat Exchanger, and Column unit operations, a convenient means
is provided to retrieve the streams involved in heat transfer and generate curves
based on the actual duties for the units. For other flow sheet streams, you may
define the desired temperature or duty ranges for the curves.
A drop-down list box is used to retrieve flow sheet streams for which curves are
desired in the Heating/Cooling Curves main data entry window. After selecting a
stream, click Enter Data to open the Heating/Cooling Curve for Flowsheet
Stream window. This window is used to select the boundaries for the curves,
type of curves, number of points for the curves, and the report options.
A combination of two specifications is used to define the type and boundaries for
the curves. Curves may be at equal temperature increments, equal duty
increments, or may be the dew point or bubble point curve for the fluid. Dew and
bubble points may be calculated at defined pressures or at defined temperatures.
When the temperature and pressure ranges are defined for a curve, the resultant
points are always at equal temperature/pressure intervals. When a temperature,
pressure, or duty increment is defined for a curve, the starting point is always
taken to be the current stream conditions.
The number of points for the curves may be selected on this form by replacing
the default number of 11. When phase boundaries are crossed, additional points
are added to the report which represent the transition points.
A drop-down list box is provided for selection of unit operations for which curves
are desired in the Heating/Cooling Curves main data entry window. Units for
which curves may be requested include the Flash, Heat Exchanger, and Column.
The appropriate window for the unit operation appears for selection of curve
options. In each case, the user may specify printout options for liquid activity
coefficients, vapor fugacities, and Poynting corrections for thermodynamic
systems based on liquid activity coefficients. The equilibrium K-values for the
components may also be selected for printout.
Check boxes and radio buttons are used on the Heating/Cooling Curves for
Flash Drum window to select the options for the curves. The temperature and
pressure range is predefined as the inlet and outlet conditions for the Flash.
Check boxes and radio buttons are used on the Heating/Cooling Curves for Heat
Exchangers window to select the options for the curves. The temperature and
pressure range is predefined as the inlet and outlet conditions for each side of
the Heat Exchanger.
The number of points for the curves may be selected on this form by replacing
the default number of 11. When phase boundaries are crossed, additional points
are added to the report which represent the transition points.
Standard Reports
Temperature X
Pressure X
Molar Flow X X
Enthalpy X X X
Weight Flow X X
Molar Entropy X X X
Molecular Weight X X
Actual Density X X
Volumetric Flow X X
Compressibility X
Factor
Specific Gravity X
Flowing Entropy X X X
Enthalpy (unit basis) X X X
Latent Heat X X
Heat Capacity X X
Viscosity X X
Thermal X X
Conductivity
Surface Tension X
Critical Temperature X X
Critical Pressure X X
Critical X X
Compressibility
API Gravity X X
Watson K Factor X X
Molar Average X X
Boiling Point
Plots
Refer to Chapter 11, Printing and Plotting, for more information about generating
graphical plots of Heating/Cooling Curve results.
Thermodynamic System
General Information
The Mixer unit combines two or more streams into a single product stream. The
outlet pressure may be specified if desired. The outlet temperature and phase
condition are always determined with an adiabatic flash from the feed conditions.
This unit supports both VLE and VLLE calculations.
The inlet pressure is assumed to be the lowest feed pressure. There is no limit
on the number of feed streams to a mixer.
Only one product stream is allowed for a mixer. PRO/II automatically sets the
temperature and phase condition for the product. If phase separation of the
product is desired, a separate flash unit must be used for this purpose.
The pressure specification for the mixer product is selected with the appropriate
radio button on the Mixer window:
Thermodynamic System
General Information
For the Multivariable Controller, the number of variables must equal the number
of specifications. The linked text above the Specifications grid in the Multivariable
Controller main data entry window indicates whether the current number of
specifications equals the number of variables. If they are unequal, the hypertext
string “does not equal” will appear in red.
Specifications
Variables
Establish the control variables (VARYs) by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variable grid of the Multivariable Controller window. MVC
VARYs are established in exactly the same manner as simple Controller VARYs.
See the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for more information on the
VARY concept. Tables are also given in that section listing the flow sheet
variables that may be used for SPECs and VARYs for multivariable controller
units.
You may input limits for the each control variable, if desired. Variable limits and
steps sizes for MVC are established in exactly the same manner as simple
Controller limits and step sizes. In contrast to the simple Controller which has a
default percent change of 2.0% of the initial control variable for the second
iteration, the MVC has a default percent change of 10.0%.
Select the Use User-defined Variable Scaling check box on the Variable Limits
window to enable a linear formula for scaling the variable. In order to access this
window, click on the default limits linked text in the Variables field in the
Multivariable Controller window. After you have enabled the Scaled Variable
formula, the default limits linked text will change to read user-defined limits.
Defaults for the scaled variable data are displayed on the Options window which
can be accessed via MVC Options on the Multivariable Controller window. The
same initial value, step sizes and tolerances are applied to all scaled parameters
in the MVC. You may enter your own values here to replace the default values
100, 10, and 10 -5 respectively.
You may access several options for the operation of the MVC through the MVC
Options button on the Multivariable Controller window.
The default for the number of calculation cycles is calculated by the program as
18 plus the current number of variables. Alternatively, you may specify the
number of cycles by selecting the appropriate radio button on the Options
window.
By default, the simulation will stop if any variable exceeds the maximum or
minimum limits. You may select the Continue Calculations if Any Variable
Exceeds the Limits check box to continue calculations using the limiting value if
the limit is exceeded.
Normally, the first unit operation in the calculation sequence affected by the
control variable is the next unit calculated after the control variable is updated.
Normally, the calculation sequence is determined automatically by PRO/II.
However, you must supply a calculation sequence youself whenever any of the
See the Controller section of this chapter for a discussion of recycle loops.
General Information
Selection of Streams
You may select feed and product streams from any of the unit Operationsin the
flow sheet for phase envelope generation. Up to five flow sheet streams may be
selected using drop-down list boxes in the Phase Envelope main data entry
window. You may optionally supply a liquid mole fraction for any of the selected
flowsheet streams to generate a curve at a constant liquid mole fraction. This
option is useful for generating liquid fraction curves to be superimposed on the
phase envelope. Normally, you would first select a flow sheet stream with no
liquid fraction entry to generate the phase envelope, followed by one or more
selections with specified liquid fraction entries to generate a family of curves. It is
not permissible to duplicate the same stream with the same liquid mole fraction in
a single phase envelope.
Plot Options
Select a plot option for the phase envelope in the Phase Envelope Plot Options
window which you can access by clicking Plot Options on the Phase Envelope
main data entry window.
For each selected stream, a default descriptive label is provided in this window.
The default label will contain the stream name and an L/F value if specified. You
Thermodynamic System
General Information
The PIPEPHASE Unit Operation (PPUOP) can have multiple feed and product
streams connected to it. The PRO/II feed streams are always mapped to the
Sources in a PPUOP and the product streams are mapped to the Sinks in a
PPUOP. The PPUOP Source can be specified with one feed stream only where
as the Sink unit operation data can be mapped to multiple product streams.
Component mapping
If the components are mapped by Index, then the first component in the PRO/II
component data list is mapped with the first component of the PIPEPHASE
component data list, irrespective of the component names.
Initialization
Note: If PIPEPHASE version 8.2 files are used for initialization, it is necessary
that the GUI database files, (.pp0 and .pp1) be present. Otherwise, the user
needs to generate the PIPEPHASE GUI database files by importing the
corresponding keyword file.
PIPEPHASE GUI
The PIPEPHASE GUI can be launched from within the PRO/II flow sheet. The
user can commit the changes made to the simulation in the GUI, and export the
changes to the keyword input file. The user can launch the PIPEPHASE GUI by
clicking the PIPEPHASE GUI..button in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window.
Export
The user can export a copy of the PIPEPHASE simulation to an external location
by clicking Export to external PIPEPHASE simulation….
PIPEPHASE Reports
The PIPEPHASE Report displays only the results of the PIPEPHASE simulation
and not the PRO/II PIPEPHASE integration flow sheet.
File Handling
When you drag and drop a new PPUOP on the PFD, and initialize it with a
PIPEPHASE simulation, a copy of the PIPEPHASE file along with its database
files is stored in the PRO/II Temp directory. This Temp folder is called the
Managed folder and it will be the working directory for that specific PPUOP. All
PIPEPHASE related files reside in this folder during the PRO/II simulation run.
The files in the Managed folder are under the control of PRO/II and any changes
made to these files by providing inputs through the PIPEPHASE GUI launched
by clicking PIPEPHASE GUI… are saved to the files in the Managed folder and
not to the PIPEPHASE database files in the original location.
When a PRO/II session is saved, a new zip file “PRZfileanme_UnitID.zip” with all
the PIPEHASE files (.inp, .pp0, .pp1, .out and other intermediate files for version
8.2 and. ppzip for version 9.0) is created by copying all the PIPEPHASE files
General Information
The Pipe unit is used to model single or multiphase pressure drops in pipes
and/or fittings which connect unit operations. This unit may be used in two
modes: Rating Mode where the pressure drop is computed based on a specified
line diameter, and Design Mode where the line diameter is calculated to meet a
specified pressure drop and/ or velocity criteria. Numerous algorithms are
provided for the pressure drop calculations to model a variety of piping
applications. A rigorous heat balance may also be performed for the calculations,
in which heat is transferred through the pipe to or from an ambient medium, or a
duty is uniformly applied to the length of the pipe. The phase equilibrium is
determined for the product and it may be separated into streams according to the
phases. Both VLE and VLLE calculations are supported by this unit.
A pipe operation may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be the lowest feed stream pressure.
A pipe may have one or more product streams. The product phase condition for
pipe operations with one product is automatically set by PRO/II. For pipe units
with two or more product streams, the product phases must be specified in the
Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking Product Phases… on the
Pipe main data entry window.
Product phases allowable include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified. It is important to note that where two liquid phases are present in
multiphase calculations, all pressure drop methods consider only a single liquid
phase which has fluid properties that are an average of the properties for the two
liquid phases.
Calculation Type
The Calculation Type may be selected with the radio buttons provided on the
Pipe main data entry window. Options are as follows:
Note: Pipe calculations require liquid and vapor viscosities, and, for two phase
flow, the liquid surface tension. Therefore, the thermodynamic system chosen for
the calculations must provide these properties.
The Continue text string on the Pipe main data entry window may be clicked to
select the corrective action for certain types of calculation failures. The default
option of Continue uses the best available solution or sets a negative computed
outlet pressure to a small value and allows the flow sheet calculations to
continue. For line sizing calculation failures, the line diameter which most closely
satisfies the design criteria is selected and flow sheet calculations continue. A
maximum of three consecutive failures is allowed for pipe units in recycle loops.
The Stop option terminates all flow sheet calculations whenever the pipe unit fails
to reach a solution, or a negative outlet pressure is encountered.
Select the pressure drop method in the Pipe Pressure Drop Method window
accessible via Pressure Drop Method… on the Pipe main data entry window. The
pressure drop method is selected with the drop-down list box in this window, and
includes the following methods:
The convergence tolerance default of one percent and the default flow efficiency
of 100 percent may be replaced in this window. The flow efficiency is a linear
The Moody friction factor for the pressure drop calculations may be supplied
directly in this window, if desired. If no value is entered, the Moody friction factor
is calculated using the modified Colebrook-White equations.
The check box may be used to include or exclude the pressure drop contribution
from acceleration. Under certain high velocity or high pressure drop conditions,
this term becomes unrealistically high for the Beggs-Brill-Moody equation.
Therefore, under these conditions, dropping this term results in a more
reasonable answer.
Line/Fitting Data
Line and fitting data are supplied in the Pipe Line/Fitting Data window which is
reached by clicking Line/Fitting Data on the Pipe main data entry window. For
fixed line diameter calculations, radio buttons on this window are used to select
the input mode for the pipe diameter. When the Inside Diameter radio button is
selected, the pipe inside diameter is supplied directly. When the Nominal Pipe
Size radio button is selected, a drop-down list box is used to select the desired
pipe nominal diameter from a table of common pipe sizes. For this option, the
pipe schedule may also be chosen with a drop-down list box. When no schedule
is chosen, schedule 40 pipe is assumed in most cases.
The line length is supplied directly in this window. The maximum allowable line
length is 900,000 feet (274,000 meters).
An elevation change over the line length may be entered in the Pipe Line/Fitting
Data window. A plus value indicates an increase in elevation; a minus sign
indicates a decrease in elevation. The absolute value of the elevation change
must not exceed the line length.
One fitting K-factor may be attached to a pipe unit and supplied in this window.
The K-factor is defined as the total resistance coefficient, and is limited to a
maximum value of 100.0. Note that the supplied K-factor may be used to
represent multiple fittings, valves, and exit losses. When a pipe unit is being used
to represent a fitting or fittings only, a negligible line length should be provided.
Radio buttons are used to select the pipe roughness in this window. The
Absolute roughness may be entered in length units or the Relative roughness
may be supplied. The roughness applies to both the line and the fitting. A default
absolute roughness of 0.0018 inches or equivalent (new steel pipe) is used when
no roughness is supplied.
Note: When line sizing calculations are performed, the line/fitting diameter and
fitting K-factor cannot be supplied, and these data entry fields are not available.
Line sizing data are supplied in the Pipe Line Sizing window which is accessed
by clicking Line Sizing Data on the Pipe main data entry window. Primary sizing
criterion options are:
Values for the maximum pressure drop or the minimum outlet pressure are
supplied directly in the data entry fields provided.
The Line Inside Diameter Selection Method is chosen with radio buttons as
follows:
• Use Explicitly-defined Inside Diameters
• Use Nominal Pipe Sizes
A default inside pipe diameter table with ten diameters is provided. The default
values may be replaced as desired. Use Clear All to clear the pipe diameter
table. The Restore Defaults button restores the ten default diameters.
Heat transfer data are supplied on the Pipe Heat Transfer window accessible via
the Heat Transfer icon on the Pipe main data entry window. The duty calculation
option is selected via radio buttons:
• Fixed Duty
• Ambient Heat Transfer
• Isothermal Operation
For Fixed Duty calculations, the supplied duty is applied evenly over the entire
length of the line. A positive value is used for heating and a negative value
signifies cooling. This option with a duty of zero is used as the heat transfer
default option. This option may be used for both forward and backward
calculations.
An overall U factor and ambient temperature must be provided for the Ambient
Heat Transfer option. The U factor has units of energy/ (area)(time)(degree). A
default value of 6°F is used for the ambient temperature. The heat transfer is
computed from the pipe segment inlet and outlet temperatures, U factor, pipe
inside area, and the ambient temperature. This option may not be used with
backward calculations.
The Isothermal Operation option performs all pressure drop calculations at the
inlet temperature to the pipe unit. This option is not allowed for backward
calculations.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the pipe calculations may be selected with the
drop-down list box on the Pipe main data entry window. The problem Default
system is used when no other thermodynamic system is selected.
General Information
It is assumed that the polymerization reactions occur in the liquid phase. If the
reaction leads to a two phase situation, a warning message is given and the user
must then specify new operating conditions to keep the system in the one phase
region.
The CSTR mass and energy balances are solved to identify a single stable
operating point. The polymer which exists at this operating condition is then
characterized in terms of the method of moments to provide number and weight
average molecular weights.
The PFR mass and energy balances are solved to identify a sequence of stable
operating points along the axial dimension. The polymer which exists at each
point along the axial profile is then characterized in terms of the method of
moments to provide number and weight average molecular weights.
The user must supply the feed component temperature, pressure, and
composition along with an estimate of the temperature of the isothermal reactor
or a temperature estimate for the nonisothermal reactor. Kinetic and
thermodynamic data for the reaction between chemical species must also be
provided.
General Information
Procedures provide a way to calculate the reaction rate based on a user’s own
calculation method. The reaction rate calculation is required by the plug, CSTR,
reactive distillation and batch reactor units. PRO/II’s default method for reaction
rate calculation is based on power law rate expressions. For any other rate,
expression type (such as Langmuir-Hishelwood) or any reaction rate which
deviates from the base rate (such as a reaction with a mass transfer limitation),
Procedures and the alternative User-Added Kinetic Subroutines (see PRO/II
User-Added Subroutines User’s Guide) can be used to calculate the proper rate
for reactor simulations.
Procedure Setup
Procedures are entered in the Procedure Data data entry window, which is
accessed through the Input/Procedure Data… menu option or by clicking the
Procedure Data toolbar button . Each Procedure in this window has a
mandatory name and an optional description. As soon as the name for a
Procedure has been entered, its Enter Data… button becomes available. The
button opens the Kinetic Procedure Definition window where you may click
Edit/View Declaration to access the Declarations of variables and parameters.
The actual FORTRAN procedure is entered directly in the Code field on the
Kinetic Procedure Definition data entry window. You may check the procedure as
you compose it by clicking Check Code. The following predefined varibles are
provided from the calling reactor unit:
Kinetic data: These are the kinetic parameters are provided via K… of
the Reaction Data section, and/or Unit Reaction Definitions… of the
Reactor unit.
Reactor data: These data include the reactor sizing parameters and
operating conditions.
Property data: These data include the thermophysical property data of
the pure components (e.g., molecular weight or critical pressure), and
the property data of the individual components and mixture at the
reaction conditions.
User data: These are the integer, real, and supplemental data provided
by the user via Enter Data… when the procedure name is specified for
rate calculations for a Reactor unit.
Procedure data: These are the defined procedure variables entered
during the Procedure setup. Their values are DEFINEd in the same
window as the User data.
All lines of code except the CODE statement may be preceded by a unique
numeric label from 1 to 99999 (shown as “nn” in this manual).
A dollar sign (“$”) causes all following data on the line to be interpreted as a
comment rather than as code. Unlike in FORTRAN, a “C” in column 1 does not
designate a comment statement.
Predefined Variables
The following variable names are reserved. They are used to pass values
between the procedure and the unit operation that uses the procedure.
Temperature RTEMP X X X X
Pressure RPRES X X X X
Total Molecular weight RMW X X X X
Vapor Phase RVMW X
Liquid Phase RLMW X
L1 Phase RL1MW X
L2 Phase RL2MW X
Specific gravity (60/60) RSPGR X X X X
Total Molar Rate RMRATE X X X X
Vapor Phase RVMRAT X
Liquid Phase RLMRAT X
L1 Phase RL1MRA X
L2 Phase RL2MRA X
Weight Rate RWRATE X X X X
Standard Volumetric Rate RSVRAT X X X
Actual Volumetric Rate RAVRAT X X X
Vapor Phase RVVRAT X
Liquid Phase RLVRAT X
L1 Phase RL1VRA X
L2 Phase RL2VRA X
Liquid Fraction RLFRAC X X X X
L1 Phase RL1FRA X
L2 Phase RL2FRA X
Step # ISTEP X
Unit # for output file IOUT X X X X
Unit # for index file INDX X X X X
Maximum # of reactions MAXNOR X X X X
Dimension : NOC
* There is an important distinction between the values of activation energy for in line
procedures and calculations involving local reaction sets in distillation columns or reactors.
The values of activation energy supplied the reference reaction set (in RXDATA) or in the
local reaction sets are assumed to be in thousands of energy units per mole units, whereas,
in the case of procedures, the user-supplied value is used without the above assumption.
E.g., for the SI system, a value of ACTIV=123 kJ/kmol in the RXDATA or local rxnset is used
as 123,000 kJ/kmol in calculations. A procedure using the same variable, say ACTIV(1),
would calculate based on a value of 123 kJ/kmol.
The following variables are the PROCEDURE block results available to PRO/II
after control is returned to the PLUGFLOW, CSTR or Reactive Distillation unit
operation. RRATES must be defined for all reactions.
2
Temperature derivatives for DRDT(NOR) X
each reaction
Composition derivatives for DRDX(NOC, X
2
each reaction NOR)
1 CSTR and PLUGFLOW should not be used when multiphase reactions are expected.
Except for Reactive Distillation and the CSTR boiling pot model, PRO/II assumes the phase
is 100% liquid or vapor as defined on the OPERATION statement.
2 The use of this is optional.
See the discussion of the Calculator module at the beginning of this chapter for a
survey of the proper use of Declaration Statements , Assignment Statements ,
Fortran Intrinsic Functions , PRO/II Intrinsic Functions, IF Statements ,
Calculation Flow Control Statements , and Calculation Termination Statements ).
General Information
The Pump may be used to compute the energy required to increase the pressure
of a process stream. This quantity of energy is added to the feed enthalpy to
determine the outlet temperature. Only one liquid phase is considered in the
calculations.
A pump operation may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be the lowest feed stream pressure. A single liquid
product stream is allowed from a pump.
Outlet Conditions
The Pressure Specification for a pump is selected with the appropriate radio
button on the Pump main data entry window as:
• Outlet pressure
• Pressure rise DP)
• Pressure ratio based on the lowest feed stream pressure.
Pump Efficiency
A pumping efficiency in percent may be supplied in the data entry field provided
on the Pump main data entry window. This value is used for the work and outlet
temperature calculations. If not supplied, a default value of 100 percent is used.
Thermodynamic System
General Information
Use the Reaction Data Sets data entry window to supply reaction stoichiometry,
heat of reaction, kinetic and equilibrium data, and to specify the base component
for each reaction. One or more reactions may be saved as separate reaction
data sets and used in all reactor types (conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs free
energy minimization, plug flow, CSTR, and boiling pot reactors). Multiple unit
operations can have common access to the same reaction data.
Note: You may specify the base component of the reaction and provide heat of
reaction and equilibrium and kinetic data in the Reactor data entry window. For
conversion reactors, these data are considered to be local and are entered at the
unit operation level. See the Reactor section later in this chapter.
Note: Any data entered in the Reaction Data window will be passed to the Unit
Reaction Definitions window (a subwindow of the main Reactor window) and
used as default values.
Provide a name and description for each reaction data set in the main Reaction
Data window. The name is required but the description is optional.
Note: You must define the component list in the Component Selection data entry
window before entering reaction data. This order is important because
components for each reaction must be selected from a previously-defined
component list .
To enter data for each newly-defined reaction data set, or to modify the
data for imported sets:
This opens the Reaction Definitions window for that set. Here, you may enter the
following information for the reaction data set:
The kinetic rate can be calculated from PRO/II’s reaction rate subroutine based
on the power law rate expression, by an inline procedure or by the user’s kinetic
subroutine. The inline procedure must be first defined in the Procedure Data
section and selected from the Procedure Name drop-down list box. When a user-
added kinetic subroutine is used, it can be selected from the Subroutine Name
drop-down list box. The user’s added kinetic subroutine must be named as one
of the five USKIN1, USKIN2, USKIN3, USKIN4 and USKIN5 routines and linked
to PRO/II as described in the PRO/II UAS/PDTS Installation Guide.
You may define the heat of reaction for any selected reaction in a specific
reaction data set, in the Heat of Reaction Data window. This window appears
when you click H… located beside the selected reaction on the Reaction
Definitions window. In this window, you may choose one of two options:
Calculated from Heat of Formation: This option allows PRO/II to calculate the
heat of reaction based on the heats of formation for the reaction components.
This is the default.
User-specified: You supply the heat of reaction (in units of energy/ weight). If
you do so, you may also optionally supply the reference temperature,
component, and reference reaction phase.
Note: You must supply heat of reaction data for non-library components that do
not have heat of formation data. You must also specify the base component for
the reaction.
Units: Temperature, weight, volume and pressure units of measure for the
equilibrium data may be supplied by clicking on the linked (underlined) text in the
units box. (If you do not change the temperature units, the global units are used
by default).
Activation Energy: The activation energy of the power law kinetic rate equation
for the reaction in units of energy/weight. A default of zero is used if a value is not
supplied.
Temperature Exponent: The temperature exponent of the power law kinetic rate
equation for the reaction. A default of zero is used if a value is not supplied.
Reaction Order and Activity Basis: The default reaction phase, reaction
activity bases for both vapor and liquid phases, component reaction phase and
General Information
The Reactor unit operation simulates the operation of many chemical reactors
including conversion reactors, equilibrium reactors, Gibbs (Free Energy
Minimization) reactors, Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs), Continuous Stirred Tank
Reactors (CSTRs), and Boiling Pot Reactors.
In addition to the above reactor types, PRO/II contains built-in Shift and
Methanation reaction data sets for either conversion or equilibrium reactors.
Each reactor may have one or more feed streams. A multiphase product from the
reactor may be separated into streams containing one or more phase. The
allowable product stream phases are vapor, liquid, decanted water and mixed
(vapor+liquid). A mixed phase product is not allowed with a vapor or a liquid
product. The decanted water product is also used as the second liquid product
phase with rigorous VLLE calculations.
If this is more than one product stream, the phases must be allocated to the
streams in the Product Phases window. Access this window by clicking Product
Phases… on the main Reactor data entry window for the particular reactor type.
Reactor Type
For conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs, or plug flow reactors, select the reactor type
by choosing the appropriate reactor icon from the PFD palette. CSTR and boiling
pot reactors share the CST/Boiling Pot Reactors icon. Select the desired reactor
type from a drop-down list box on the main Reactor data entry window.
Reaction Set
For all reactor types other than the Gibbs reactor, you must select a reaction data
set from the Reaction Set Name drop-down list box (options include a built-in
reaction set, e.g., Shift reaction, or a user-defined set) on the Reactor main data
entry window. For the Gibbs reactor type, either no reaction data set may be
selected (option None), or a user-defined set may be specified. See the Reaction
Data section, earlier in this chapter, for more information on specifying reaction
data sets.
For most reactor types, the fixed operating temperature, the temperature rise
across the reactor, or the fixed reactor duty may be specified by using radio
buttons and entering values in the appropriate data fields. The available options
are:
Temperature Rise: This is the temperature increase across the reactor. This
option is available for conversion and equilibrium reactors only where it is the
default.
Combined Feed Temperature: The average temperature for all feed streams to
the reactor. This is available for plug flow and Gibbs reactors, and CSTRs only
where it is the default.
Fixed Temperature: You may specify the final reactor temperature for all reactor
types.
Fixed Duty: You may specify the reactor duty for all reactor types. A default
value of 0 will be used if a value is not specified. The following additional reactor
information may also be given via the main Reactor window:
External Heat: You may specify information on the external heating or cooling
source by selecting the External Heat option. This is for plug flow reactors only.
Click Enter Data and enter data in the External Heating/Cooling window.
Temperature Profile: You may enter the reactor temperature profile in tabular
form as a function of the actual reactor length, or as a function of percent or
fractional distance along the reactor. This is for plug flow reactors only.
Reactor Data
Click Reactor Data… from the main Reactor data entry window to open the
Reactor Data window where you can supply reactor configuration information.
For these reactor types, you may choose an error handling option by clicking the
Stop calculations hypertext. The options are:
You must provide the reactor volume for CSTRs in the Reactor Data window.
Optionally, you may also provide estimates of the product flow rate.
Enter the following data for PFRs in the Reactor Data window:
Reactor Length: The total length of the reactor. Data for this field is mandatory.
Tube Inside Diameter: The inside diameter of the PFR tubes. Data for this field
is mandatory.
Number of Points for Profile: The number of equidistant locations along the
reactor length for the temperature profile. Default is 10.
• Open Pipe: Select this option, when the packing is not found in PFR.
• Packed Pipe: Select this option, when the PFR is packed with catalyst
particles.
If you have selected Open Pipe under Reactor Type, the first three options
mentioned above will be made available to the user.
If you have selected Packed Pipe under Reactor Type, except Pressure Drop
Method all other options will be made available to the user.
Inlet and Outlet Pressure: Selecting this option will enable the Inlet and Outlet
section. User is prompted to enter data listed under the following section.
• Inlet
• Outlet
Pressure Profile: Selecting this option will enable the Enter Data button. Click
Enter Data to open the Pressure Profile dialog box. Select the appropriate
Location option from the drop-down list and start entering the data for Location
and Pressure.
If you have selected Open Pipe in the Reactor Type section, Pressure Drop
Method will be made available for selection.
Pressure Drop Method: Selecting this option will enable the Enter Data button.
Click on it to open the Pressure Drop Method dialog box.
Pressure Drop Correlation: Select the appropriate pressure drop method listed
in the drop list.
Flow Efficiency : This parameter is used for linear adjustment of the calculated
pressure drop to match actual conditions. For given flow conditions, decreasing
this value causes an increase in the calculated pressure drop. The value may be
greater than 100 percent. It is recommended that data for roughness or Moody
friction factor be provided for accurate calibration of results.
Moody Friction Factor : PRO/II usually calculates the friction factor from reactor
roughness and Reynolds number using the modified Colebrook-White equations.
You can supply a value for this field if desired.
Packed Bed Pressure Drop : Selecting this option will enable the Enter Data
button. Click Enter Data to open the Packed Bed Pressure Drop Method dialog
box.
Diameter of Catalyst : Enter the diameter of the catalyst. Data for this field is
mandatory.
Void Fraction of the Packed Bed : Enter the Void fraction of the packed bed.
Data for this field is mandatory.
Under Shape Factor section, enter data for the shape of the catalyst. Select
either of the two options depending on the catalyst.
Shape of the Catalyst : Selecting this option will make the following option
available to the user. Select either of the two options.
• Spherical
• Cylindrical : If you have selected Cylindrical, enter the Length.
You may supply the following reactor calculation options for the boiling pot
reactor in the Reactor Data window:
Tolerances: The absolute temperature and relative mole fraction and enthalpy
tolerances for the reactor may be changed from their default values of 0.1º, 10 -5,
and 10 -4 respectively.
Note: If the Fixed Duty option is specified on the main Reactor data entry
window, an estimate of the reactor temperature may optionally be provided in the
Reactor Data window. The minimum and maximum temperature defaults of -
457.87 F and 4940.33 F may also be overridden.
Maximum Liquid Volume: If a fixed volume is not supplied on the main Reactor
window, you may supply a maximum liquid reactor volume in this window. A
default of 3531.5 ft 3 will be used if a value is not provided.
The number of Broyden trials before the Jacobian matrix is updated may be
specified along with the derivative step size multiplier by clicking on the
appropriate underlined linked text. The defaults are 3 trials and a step size
multiplier of 0.01.
For the Gibbs reactor, the user may provide a number of optional calculation
options in the Reactor Data window:
In addition, you may specify the physical property evaluation method by clicking
on the underlined hypertext. The options are:
Evaluated at each step: The physical property values are reevaluated at each
step of the search. This is the default.
Used from previous iteration: The physical property values from the previous
iteration are used.
You may select the product rate estimate option by clicking on the underlined
linked text. The available options are:
PRO/II default: The default generates an initial estimate of the product rates
using the PRO/II method.
Average of all feeds: This uses the average of all feed rates to generate an
initial product rate estimate.
Supplied reacting component rates: This option uses the values given for the
reacting component estimated rates. Supply reacting components and estimated
rates in the Reacting Components window, which is reached by clicking Reacting
Components and Estimates on the Reactor Data window.
The options to specify the parameters for the free energy minimization phase
calculations are found in the Phase Split Parameters window. This opens by
clicking Phase Split Parameters on the Reactor Data window.
Initial Phase Estimate: This entry is the phase used for the initial reactor
calculations. The user may select the vapor, liquid, vapor-liquid, liquid-liquid,or
vapor-liquid-liquid phase. The default is vapor-liquid.
First Phase Evaluation at Iteration: Specify the first iteration where the phase
will be reevaluated. The phase should not be evaluated too early because the
reaction results may still be far from the final solution. The default is 6.
Minimum Phase Tolerance: When the molar ratio of a phase to the total
quantity of material is less than this value, the phase is considered as non-
existent. The default is 10 -6 .
Atomic groups can be provided in the Atomic Groups window. This window can
be reached by clicking the User-specified Atomic Groups button on the
Reactor Data window.
The reaction phase, heat of reaction, equilibrium data, and kinetic data for the
reactor may be entered in the Unit Reaction Definitions window. Bring up this
window by clicking Unit Reaction Definitions… on the main Reactor window.
Note: Any data previously entered in the Reaction Data Category window will be
transferred to the Unit Reaction Definitions window and used as default values.
You can overwrite the data for a particular reactor in the Unit Reactions
Definitions window for that reactor.
Equilibrium Reactor
You may supply the operation phase of the reactor in the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. By clicking Equilibrium Data… in this window, you gain
access to the fields where you may supply the following:
Conversion Reactor
You may overwrite the stoichiometric coefficients for the first reaction in the
selected reaction set by clicking the Define the Stoichiometry for the First
Reaction check box. The values of stoichiometric coefficients are to be
determined from the calculation results of the selected Calculator unit.
Frequently, this feature is applied to use a single reaction to represent the overall
reaction behavior in the reactor and, therefore, there is only a single reaction
defined in the entire reaction set. The stoichiometric data displayed in the grid
box are merely used to echo the reaction equation previously defined in the
Reaction Data section.
You may supply the reactor operation phase, reaction activity basis and kinetic
rate calculation method in the CSTR Unit Reaction Definitions window.
Reactor Operation Phase: The options are vapor or liquid phase for the
CSTR, but restricted to liquid phase for the BPR.
Reaction Activity Basis: For vapor phase, the options are Molar Concentration,
Partial Pressure or Fugacity.Forliquid phase, the options are Molar
Concentration, Fugacity or Activity. Currently, only homogeneous reaction rate
expressions based on either vapor or liquid phase reactions are allowed for the
CSTR. For BPRs, heterogeneous reaction rate expressions are allowed.
Kinetic Rate Calculation Method: The options are Power Law, User Added
Subroutine or Kinetic Procedure. If the default is used, the reation rates are
computed by power law kinetics in the form of the general Arrhenius equation.
For any of these methods, kinetic data can be entered through the Kinetic Data…
button.
User-added Kinetic Subroutine: This option directs the CSTR module to use a
User-added Subroutine (UAS) written in FORTRAN to perform reaction rate
calculations. Specify a Subroutine Name in the Unit Kinetic Data window. The
identifiying arguments for the subroutine name “U1”, “U2” … “U5” correspond to
user-added subroutines “USKIN1” … “USKIN5” respectively. After selecting the
user-added kinetic subroutine, you can enter local values (i.e., specific just to this
reactor) for variables to be used for the rate calculation. Use the upper left table
to supply local values for an array of real variables, the lower left table for any
Kinetic Procedure: This option directs the CSTR module to use a user-supplied
in line kinetic Procedure to perform reaction rate calculations. After selecting the
name of the Procedure (which must be first defined in the Procedure Data
section), you can enter values for local variables similar to the procedure for the
User Added Kinetic Subroutine mentioned above. Additionally, you may provide
the values for those procedure variables (PDATA) used by the selected
Procedure.
Data that may be specified for the Plug Flow Reactor are the same as those
described above for the CSTR.
Pre-exponential Factor: The pre-exponential factor for the kinetic power law rate
equation. The default is 1.
Activation Energy: The activation energy for the kinetic power law rate
equation. The default is 0.
Temperature Exponent: The temperature exponent for the kinetic power law
rate equation. The default is 0.
Base Component: A base component must be supplied for the kinetic reaction
rate report.
Reaction Order and Activity Basis: As is done in the Reaction Data section on
a global basis, the default reaction phase, reaction activity bases for both vapor
and liquid phases, component reaction phase and kinetic orders that are used to
define the kinetic rate expression can be entered here as local data for this
reactor. Click Reaction Order and Activity Phase to specify the kinetic reaction
order and activity phase for each component which appears in the rate
expression. The vapor activity basis is used for all components specified with
vapor activity phase while the liquid activity basis is used for all components
specified with liquid activity phase.
Gibbs Reactor
You may specify the phase of the reactor operation in the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. The reaction phase options are Calculated (default), Vapor,
Extent of Reaction
To specify the extent of the reaction for a conversion, equilibrium and Gibbs reactors only.
Click Extent of Reaction… on the main Reactor data entry window to open the Extent of
Reaction window.
Conversion Reactor
You may select the base component from which the conversion data were
determined. If the base component is not selected (select “none”), the
stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction will be taken as the absolute moles
reacted. You may supply constants for the second order temperature-dependent
fractional conversion equation in this window. Default values for the constants
are given in the table. Click on the underlined linked text to change the
temperature units of measure for the conversion reaction. If the temperature units
of measure are not specified locally, the problem temperature units are used.
Equilibrium Reactor
The base component for user-supplied reactions must be specified in the Extent
of Reaction window. You may access this window via the Reaction Set window,
which contains a list of the reactions that have earlier been defined for the flow
sheet. Upon choosing the desired equation, the Extent of Reaction window
appears. (The base components of built-in reactions such as Shift and
Methanation are predetermined and need not be supplied by the user.)
Gibbs Reactor
For boiling pot reactors only, you can specify the amount of a nonvolatile catalyst
componenton a weight or molar fraction, or total weight or mole basis in the
Catalytic Components window (which may be reached by clicking Catalysts on
the Reactor Data window). Before the button becomes active, the following
conditions must be met:
• You must specify the catalytic component with a reaction
stoichiometry of ‘0.’ (Input/Reaction Data(Enter Data…)/ Reaction
Definitions(Definition)/ Reaction Components). See the previous section
on Reaction Data for more information on defining reaction data sets.
• You must specify the reaction order for the catalytic component as
any number other than ‘0’ in the Reaction Order & Activity Phase
window. This window may be accessed by clicking on the like-named
button located on the Unit Reaction Definitions/Unit Kinetic Data window
for the boiling pot reactor, or by the following path: Input/Reaction
Data(Enter Data…)/Reaction Definitions/(K…)/Kinetic Reaction
Data(Reaction Order & Activity Phase).
Pressure
For conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs reactors and CSTRs, click Pressure on the
main Reactor window to enter the following reactor pressure options in the
Pressure data entry window:
Pressure Drop: The pressure drop across the reactor. This defaults to 0 if not
supplied.
For the plug flow reactor, either the inlet and outlet pressure or a pressure profile
along the reactor length (actual length, or percent or fraction of tube length) may
be entered on the Pressure window:
Inlet: Either the pressure drop below feed (the default is 0 psi), or the inlet
pressure may be supplied.
Outlet: Either the pressure drop below inlet (the default is 0 psi), or the outlet
pressure may be supplied.
For all reactor types, excepting the Gibbs reactor, the following print option is
available through the Print Options window:
Print Calculation Path for Enthalpy Balance: This option prints the calculation
path for the heat of reaction calculation.
Thermodynamic System
General Information
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the unit is selected by using the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box in the Batch Reactor dialog box. Batch Reactor also
allows the use of electrolyte thermodynamic methods.
Detailed Information
For detailed information about the use of the Batch Reactor unit operation,
consult the PRO/II Add-On Modules User’s Guide.
General Information
The Solid Separator unit models the separation of solid phase material from a
mixture of feed streams. The unit operates adiabatically at the lowest of the
individual feed stream pressures.
The solid separator unit can have up to ten (10) feed streams. The inlet thermal
condition is determined by an adiabatic flash calculation at the lowest feed
stream pressure.
The solid separator requires both overhead and bottoms product streams.
Calculation Method
The solid separator provides the option of specifying the fraction of the solid
components in the total feed that is removed in the bottoms stream. The default
fraction of the solid components removed in the bottoms stream is 1.00. An
adiabatic flash calculation is used to determine the product phases and the outlet
temperature based upon the thermal condition of the combined feed.
The solid separator unit supports both VLE (two phase) and VLLE (three phase)
calculations to determine the individual phase compositions. See the online
Technical Information discussion entitled VLE Model and VLLE Model for more
details. To access the main data entry window for VLE and VLLE calculations,
select Tools/Binary VLE from the menu bar.
General Information
This unit may be used to split a single feed or mixture of feeds into two or more
products of identical composition and phase condition. The outlet stream
pressure may be specified, if desired, and an adiabatic flash used to determine
the outlet temperature and phase. A choice of options is provided for splits in
which insufficient feed is available to meet the specified product rates.
A splitter may have multiple feed streams. The lowest feed pressure is used for
the pressure of the combined feed.
A splitter must have two or more product streams. All product streams have
identical compositions and phase conditions. Phase separation of product
streams is not available in this unit, and, if desired, a Flash unit operation must
be used for this purpose.
For a splitter with N product streams, N-1 product stream rates must be
specified. Product rate specifications are supplied by clicking on the underlined
hypertext strings in the Product Rate Specifications section of the Splitter main
data entry window. All of the splitter product streams are listed and any one may
be used for the unspecified rate.
Specifications use the general specification format and are further described in
the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. Only specifications that are rate
dependent are allowed, e.g., stream or component(s) rate total, stream or
component(s) recovery, stream enthalpy, etc.
The outlet pressure for the splitter products may be changed by applying a
pressure drop to the lowest feed pressure. This value is supplied in the Pressure
Specification window, which is accessed by clicking Pressure Specification… on
the Splitter main data entry window.
When a pressure drop is supplied, the resulting outlet temperature and phase
condition are determined by an adiabatic flash calculation from the composite
feed inlet conditions.
There are two options for situations in which insufficient feed is available to
satisfy all product stream rate specifications. They may be selected by radio
buttons on the Splitter main data entry window:
The order of the product streams in the list box may be changed, if desired, by
clicking Change Stream Specification Order… on the Splitter main data entry
window. You can reset a stream specification by clicking Reset Stream
Specification on the Splitter main data entry window.
Thermodynamic System
General Information
The Stream Calculator unit blends any number of feed streams and splits them
into two product streams with defined compositions and thermal condition. It may
also be used to create a pseudoproduct stream based on the blended feeds or
by defining the amount of each component in the stream.
The stream calculator may have any number of feed streams. Scale factors
(positive or negative) may be applied to all feeds in the Feed Scaling window in
order to create a mixed feed with the desired composition. If scale factors other
than 1.0 are used, the unit will not material balance. Multiple feed streams are
flashed at the lowest feed stream pressure.
For stream splitting, both the overhead and bottoms product are required. In
order to create a stream, a pseudoproduct must be defined. The feeds may be
split and a pseudoproduct created in the same stream calculator unit. If there is
no feed to the unit, only a pseudoproduct may be specified.
A multiphase product from the stream calculator may be separated into streams
containing one or more phase. The allowable product stream phases are vapor,
liquid, decanted water and mixed (vapor+liquid). A mixed phase product is not
allowed with a vapor or a liquid product. The decanted water product is also used
as the second liquid product phase with rigorous VLLE calculations.
If any product, overheads or bottoms, has more than one stream attached, the
phases must be allocated to the streams in the Product Phases window, which is
accessed by clicking Product Phases in the overhead or bottoms product
windows.
The mode of operation is specified by the number of feeds and products attached
to the unit so it is important to connect the streams correctly before entering the
unit data.
Stream Splitting
The thermal condition of the products may optionally be defined in the Overhead
Product Conditions window and the Bottoms Product Conditions window.
Pressure defaults to the lowest feed pressure. If no temperature specification is
supplied for either product, the product temperatures are set equal at a value
calculated from the enthalpy balance, using the duty entered on the Stream
Calculator window. If one temperature is supplied, the other temperature is
calculated to meet the enthalpy balance. If both temperatures are given, duty is
calculated.
Stream Creation
It is possible to specify the unit such that negative component rates are
calculated in a product stream. The appropriate action if this happens is selected
from:
• reset any negative rates to zero (this is the default)
• reset the rates to their absolute value
• the unit should fail.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for the stream Calculator may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Stream Calculator main data entry window.
General Information
VARY: A unit operation or stream flow sheet parameter is varied from the
supplied value.
PRO/II uses a common format for the SPECification, VARY, and DEFINE
features. Each feature is discussed separately below. Tables are also presented
with cross-reference availabilities of the flow sheet parameters for streams and
the unit operations.
SPECifications
A choice for the Parameter and a numeric entry for the value must be supplied by
clicking on the underlined hypertext strings to gain access to the pertinent data
entry fields. Optionally, the tolerance basis may be changed from the default to
Select the = sign linked text and select an option from the pop-up
window. Choices are as follows:
No Operator
Primary parameter only (the default)
+ Operator
Primary parameter plus reference parameter
(SUM)
- Operator
Primary parameter minus reference parameter
(DIFFERENCE)
/ Operator
Primary parameter divided by reference parameter (RATIO)
x Operator
Primary parameter times reference parameter (TIMES)
Select the Reference Parameter and click on the Parameter text string,
and select the desired reference parameter from the list which is
displayed.
Note: Only those unit or stream parameters which are valid for a specification
are available.
VARYs
For each SPEC in a flow sheet, there must be one VARY or degree of freedom.
The VARY for the Flash unit is implicitly defined, i.e., not defined explicitly by the
user. For Flash units with specifications, the degree of freedom is the
temperature when the pressure or pressure drop is given and the pressure when
the temperature is supplied. Other unit Operations which have VARYs are the
For Columns/Side Columns a VARY may be a feed stream rate, product draw
rate, or a heat duty. For example, the lean oil feed rate to a column may be
defined as a VARY in order to meet a specification on the propane recovery for
the column. Ordinarily, the lean oil feed rate would have a fixed or constant rate
in the flow sheet.
Controllers have VARYs that are associated with other unit operations. For
example, the supplied outlet pressure for a Compressor may be a VARY for a
Controller. Note that this flow sheet parameter would ordinarily have a fixed or
constant value in the flow sheet. On the other hand, the calculated temperature
for a dew point Flash unit could not be used as a VARY, since this is a flow sheet
parameter that is determined by the flow sheet calculations.
Vary Parameter
To enter a parameter:
Note: Only those unit or stream parameters which are valid for use as a VARY
are available.
The DEFINE is used to dynamically define the value for a flow sheet parameter
that ordinarily has a fixed versus calculated value in the flow sheet. Thus, the
value for a unit operating condition may be set to a value that is based on a
calculated flow sheet parameter. For example, the DEFINE may be used to set
the temperature for an isothermal Flash to the temperature that is calculated for a
Compressor outlet stream plus 10 degrees. This concept greatly enhances the
flowsheeting capability of PRO/II, and, in fact, nearly every unit operation input
parameter may be DEFINEd in PRO/II.
Select the parameter in the appropriate window for the unit operation. At
this point, the Define button on the toolbar is activated if the parameter
may be DEFINEd. Click Define to access the Definition window.
From this window, select the check box to enable the DEFINE options.
Click on the Parameter text string and select the desired parameter from
the window which is displayed.
Note: Only those unit or stream parameters which are valid for use as a DEFINE
are available.
For a constant:
Calculator
MVC
Optimizer
Temperature - - Yes
Pressure - - Yes Yes Yes Yes
Delta P - - Yes Yes Yes Yes
Specification - - Yes
Pump
General Information
The PRO/II User-added Unit Operation capability enables users to add their own
FORTRAN subroutines to simulate any type of unit operation or to perform
calculations on flow sheet parameters. The subroutine must first be linked into
the PRO/II program and it is then accessed via the graphical user interface in the
same way as any other unit operation.
The User-added Unit Operation has access to the PRO/II physical property data
and may call the PRO/II flash and property calculation subroutines. Other
information, such as input and output dimensional units, is also available. See
the PRO/II Data Transfer System and User-Added Subroutine User’s Guide for
information on writing and interfacing User-added Unit Operation subroutines.
The developer of the User-added Unit Operation can also customize the User-
added Unit Operation Data window to request only data which may be required
for the calculations.
Note: If transport properties are required in the User-added Unit Operation, you
must select a suitable method in the Thermodynamic Data.
When a User-added Unit Operation is laid down on the PFD, the User-added
Unit Operation window opens in which the user must select the name of the
required subroutine.
Output time: If the User-added Unit Operation requires only converged flow
sheet data for calculations and reports, it can be executed at output time rather
than during the flow sheet convergence.
The User-added Unit Operation may have up to ten feed streams. The
subroutine can retrieve each feed separately. They are not mixed or flashed. If
they are to be mixed, the user must do this in the subroutine. User-added Unit
Operations which are to be executed during the flow sheet convergence must
have at least one feed stream. Those which are only executed at output time
need not have any feeds.
User-added Unit Operations which are to be executed during the flow sheet
convergence may have up to ten product streams. These may be any
combination of phases. User-added Unit Operations which are only executed at
output time cannot have any product streams.
Stream Reordering
If the User-added Unit Operation has more than one feed or product, they will be
shown in the order in which they were laid down on the PFD. The user may need
to reorder the streams so that they are presented in the correct order to the User-
added Unit Operation. For example, the User-added Unit Operation may always
feed vapor to the first product stream and liquid to the second.
Entering Data
Data may also be entered into the variables in the Real Data table using the
PRO/II Define feature.
The variables in the Real Data table are also available to other unit operations by
means of SPECs, VARYs and DEFINEs. The other tables
A user has the option of defining a “Customized Data Entry Window” to be used
for all user-added unit operations that utilize a specific user-added calculation
subroutine. The standard PRO/II User-added Unit Operations use the default
names USER41 - USER60 (displayed as US1-US20). If you create a customized
data entry window for a user-added calculation subroutine, the name that is
selected for it will replace one of the default names in the list of available
subroutine names that is displayed when a user-added unit is laid down on the
PFD.
File UASLIST.INI
This file contains the user-specified names for specific user-added calculation
subroutines that will be displayed in place of the default names US1 - US20,
corresponding to the subroutines USER41 - USER60. Each line in the file has
two entries; the entry number in the list of user-added subroutine names, and the
actual text that is to be displayed for the user-added subroutine. An example of a
typical UASLIST.INI file is shown below:
1. PIPE DP Routine
2. Stream Heating Value
These entries in the UASLIST.INI file will result in the following list of available
user-added calculational subroutines being displayed when a User-added Unit
Operation is laid down on the PFD:
This file contains the variable names and array locations for all of the Real,
Supplemental, Integer, and Heat Balance Data values that the specific user-
added calculation subroutine requires or that can be input by the user. For a
user-added subroutine with a customized data entry window, a user will only be
able to enter values for the data items specified in this file. The “XX” in the name
of the USERXX.INI file corresponds to the respective user-added subroutine
referenced, i.e. the user-added subroutine USER41 with a user-specified name
of “PIPE DP Routine” above would need a “USER41.INI” file to describe the
required data for the calculations. An example of a typical USERXX.INI file is
shown below:
The first entry on each line indicates to which data array the variable belongs.
The second entry is the array number where the data value entered by the User
will be stored for access by the User-added calculational subroutine.
The third entry is the label to be displayed for the variable in the customized data
entry window. This entry must be enclosed in double quotes (“”).
The fourth entry on each line indicates whether or not data entry for the item is
Optional or is Required. The default is Optional, and this entry is not required.
The entries in the USER41.INI file shown above will result in the following
required data values and variable names being shown in the custom window
displayed for data entry, for any User-added Unit Operation where the user-
selected “PIPE DP Routine” as the user-added subroutine when the unit was laid
down on the PFD as shown below.
The order in which the variable labels appear on the customized User-added Unit
Operation Data window is the same as the order in which they appear in the
USERXX.INI file.
Each table shows the name(s) of the variable(s) for which values must be
entered. They will scroll if they contain more than four rows. All data entries
displayed using a customized data entry window are required. No checks on
validity or completeness of the data are carried out until the User-added Unit
Operation is executed.
The developer’s data entry window has no variables names and any number of
variables may be entered up to the limits of each array.
The user must know which elements of each array are used by the User-added
Unit Operation and enter the array element number along with the value. Values
may be entered for any or all of the elements in the arrays. The elements defined
need not be contiguous and may be entered in any order.
Note: Unless the user defines a custom Data Entry Window for a specified User-
added Unit Operation, the data entry for that unit will be via the developers data
entry window.
General Information
Thermodynamic Models
Note: Electrolyte models may not be used to calculate the following properties:
(1) Nonaqueous electrolyte systems; (2) Free water decant;
(3) Water dew points; (4) Hydrocarbon dew points, (5) Entropy and heat capacity.
You may add your own models, specifically suited to your application, by using
the PRO/II and the Electrolyte Utility Package (EUP). If you wish to do this,
contact your nearest SIMSCI support office for more information.
The Electrolytic Column Algorithm is selected from the Column Algorithm drop-
down list box on the Column main data entry window.
Advantages
Disadvantages
PRO/II contains features for handling polymers (e.g., van Krevelen property
prediction method, polymer moment attributes, ALM thermodynamic method, and
polymer flash).
The SIMSCI Polymer CSTR Add-on Model offers you the capability of modeling a
polymerization reactor operating under the following conditions:
This reactor unit has been added to PRO/II as part of the SIMSCI Add-on Models
(Polymer CSTR) and is available from SIMSCI as the SIMSCI Polymer CSTR
module.
This version of PRO/II does not allow you to enter the necessary Component,
Stream, or Thermodynamic Data via required the data entry windows. However,
you can enter the necessary Polymer CSTR data using the Polymer CSTR data
entry window for the SIMSCI Add-on Model.
Once you have entered your simulation data, including the data for the Polymer
CSTR, but excluding any polymer-specific thermodynamic, stream, or component
data, you will need to do the following:
For additional information, refer to the PRO/II Add-On Modules User’s Guide.
This unit prints out the Component Properties and Refinery Inspection Properties
for all the thermodynamic methods in the current flowsheet. This unit is selected
from a drop-down list box on the SIMSCI Add-on Units main data entry window.
No data input is required.
The Blend unit allows you to blend two or more streams to give one product
stream with different component and refinery inspection properties. This unit is
selected from a drop-down list box on the SIMSCI Add-on Units main data entry
window.
The feed streams should have different thermodynamic methods for this unit to
function correctly, but this is not necessary. The unit thermodynamic method
must be different from any of the feed stream thermodynamic methods.
The product stream pressure may also be supplied, but if it is not given, the
pressure will be set to the lowest feed stream pressure.
Any refinery inspection properties specified in the input will also be blended from
the feed streams properties using the specified blending method for that
property. It is necessary that every thermodynamic method must have the same
refinery inspection properties specified and that these properties must use the
same property method and blending basis in order for the unit to work. A check is
done at input time to check that all the methods in the problem have the same
refinery properties, methods and bases specified. You can request this check to
be done, at calculation time, on the methods used in the current unit using the
IPARM entry.
Note: Requesting this check at calculation time should be used with care and is
not recommended.
The RESET unit allows you to reset the product stream enthalpy datum using the
thermodynamic method specified within the unit. This unit is selected from a
drop-down list box on the SIMSCI Add-on Units main data entry window. Only
one feed and one product stream are allowed for the unit.
Note: If you try to import a keyword file that specifies more than one feed or
product stream, PRO/II will produce an input error.
The feed stream pressure is always kept constant and you are required to
specify whether the temperature, enthalpy, dew point, bubble point or vapor
fraction is kept constant. The new product stream conditions will be calculated
based on the option specified. The available calculation options are entered
through the first value in the Integer Data for Unit field and are as follows:
Note: In this version, a warning message will alert you if the thermodynamic
method of the unit operation is different from the thermodynamic method of any
of the feed streams. This warning message applies to all unit operations except
for the RESET unit, the BLEND unit and any Profimatics reactor models.
General Information
A valve operation may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be the lowest feed stream pressure.
A valve may have one or more product streams. The product phase condition for
valve operations with one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II. For
valve units with two or more product streams, the product phases must be
specified in the Valve Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking
Product Phases… on the Valve main data entry window.
Product phases allowable include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified.
Outlet Conditions
The outlet condition for a valve is selected with the appropriate radio button on
the Valve main data entry window as:
• Pressure drop
• Outlet pressure
Thermodynamic System
General Information
The Wiped Film Evaporator unit operation (WFE) provides the capability to model
the separation of solvents and/or monomers from a polymer melt. A Wiped Film
Evaporator should be used when the removal of volatiles from a viscous polymer
melt is diffusion limited. The blades inside the wiped film evaporator continually
mix and spread a thin film of the melt on the wall of the evaporator. As the melt
moves down the evaporator, the volatiles diffuse out of it and into the vapor
space of the evaporator. The volatiles are pulled out of the evaporator under
vacuum.
Detailed Information
Operation Description
Use Status to display the Flowsheet Status window. This window allows you to
view the global status messages for the current simulation. This button is
highlighted as a selectable operation only if Check Data has been previously
invoked either directly from the palette or indirectly from execution of the Run
operation. The following colors around the Status button indicate the Check Data
results:
Choose Status from the Run palette. The Flowsheet Status window
appears. The Check Data results appear in a scrollable window.
As the simulation progresses, you will observe that the individual units will
change color. Refer to the following for the default color codes.
Color Significance
If you do not wish to see the unit icon colors update as the flow sheet solves, you
can get a performance benefit by deselecting the View/Show Run Colors option
on the menu bar. This option operates exactly like the Run button on the Run
palette, but unit icon colors are updated only when the simulation finishes or
stops at a breakpoint.
When you begin executing the simulation, the flow sheet convergence can be
viewed in a Messages window by clicking Messages on the Run palette. You can
close this window by clicking again on Messages or by double-clicking on the
Message window’s control-menu box.
Use Run to begin executing the simulation. The program starts from:
If the run encounters problems, warnings will appear in the Flowsheet Status
window. You have the option to close the window and correct the warnings or
continue the run by clicking Run Simulation.
If the Messages window is open, you can observe that execution ceases after
completion of the current unit.
Use Stop to interrupt or stop the simulation while it is executing. The program
completes its current calculation before stopping.
The unit after the calculation stops becomes the current unit, as
indicated by its color.
Use Goto to start execution from a selected unit. This can be invoked at program
initiation or after execution pauses while stepping or stopping.
The selected unit becomes the current unit. When execution completes on this
unit, its Goto status is removed.
Using Breakpoints
You can set a breakpoint on any unit. Breakpoints can be before the unit
operation, after it, or both. You can set breakpoints using the cursor or by utilizing
the Breakpoints window. In addition, you can set breakpoints before and after a
loop using the Breakpoints window.
Choose Set Breakpoints from the Run palette to turn on the Breakpoint
mode. This automatically brings up the Breakpoints window.
Select the unit for which you want to set a breakpoint.
Choose Close to exit the Breakpoints window.
PRO/II turns units selected as breakpoints purple and updates the values in the
Breakpoints window.
Select the unit. PRO/II will no longer show this unit as purple.
PRO/II updates the values in the Breakpoints window to show that there is no
longer a breakpoint attached to this unit.
The Breakpoints window lists all unit operations in the calculation sequence and
identifies the breakpoint type for each unit: (before, after, both). Units without a
breakpoint are considered “Off.” Breakpoints are for use during the current
session. PRO/II does not save breakpoint information.
Choose Set Breakpoints from the Run palette. The Breakpoints window
appears.
Set the desired breakpoint type by clicking on the check boxes. You can
set before, after, or both.
Select a unit from the list.
The breakpoint for the unit is set based on the breakpoint placement you select.
Choose Close.
Note: Closing the Breakpoints window does not turn off Breakpoint mode.
Use Messages to view the calculation history that has been produced so far. This
can be used while the simulation is executing, after the simulation finally ends, or
when the simulation reaches a breakpoint.
Viewing Results
Use View Results to display results for the selected stream or unit in the default
text editor.
Alternatively, you can view process unit and stream results via the Unit List and
Stream List (Go To) windows:
Click unit or stream to open the Unit List or Stream List window
.
Highlight the desired unit or stream.
Click View Results .
The default text editor will be used to display the standard PRO/II output for the
selected stream or unit.
Stream property tables are set up from the PFD palette by adding a stream
properties icon to the PFD.
Double-click the stream properties icon on the PFD to display the Stream
Property Table window.
Choose the method for available stream selection by selecting the
appropriate radio button:
Include All Streams: This is the default. All the streams in the flow sheet are
displayed in the Available Streams list box.
Include Flow sheet Source/Sink Streams: Only those streams entering the
flow sheet as feeds and leaving the flow sheet as products are displayed in the
Available Streams list box, producing a material balance check for the flow sheet.
The streams in the Displayed Streams list box may be sorted using the Up,
Down, Top and Bottom buttons.
Stream property lists are defined and edited via the Define Property List window.
This window is accessed by choosing Options/Stream Property Lists from the
menu bar. PRO/II provides four default lists that may be edited if desired:
Material Balance List: Temperature, Pressure, Molar flow rate, Phase, Molar-
based composition.
Stream Summary: Phase, Molar flow rate, Standard liquid flow rate,
Temperature, Pressure, Molecular weight, Enthalpy, Specific enthalpy, Mole
fraction liquid, Reduced temperature, Reduced pressure, Acentric factor, UOP K-
value, Standard liquid density, Vapor and liquid molar flow rate, Vapor and liquid
mass flow rate, Vapor and liquid volumetric flow rate, Vapor and liquid molecular
weight, Vapor and liquid specific enthalpy, Vapor and liquid CP, Vapor and liquid
density, Vapor and liquid viscosity, Vapor and liquid thermal conductivity, Liquid
surface tension.
Comp. Molar Rates: Molar component and total flow rates, Temperature,
Pressure, Enthalpy, Molecular weight, Mole fraction vapor and liquid.
Use the drop-down list box to select the property list name.
Click New to access the New List window and enter a name for the new
list in this window. This window also allows you to select an existing list
from a drop-down list box to be copied to create the new list.
Select the property in the Select Properties drop-down list box on the
Define Property List window and click the button to transfer the property
to the Property Description Format list box.
The property that was selected is expanded in this window, with the addition of a
description and a format which may be edited in the data entry fields provided.
The description for the property may be changed from the default value and the
number of decimal places for printout may also be changed if desired.
When editing an existing property list, properties may be selected in the Property
Description Format list box and edited, deleted, or rearranged as desired.
Case Study is an executive level feature that allows you to perform studies on a
base case solution by altering parameters selectively and rerunning the
simulation.
In this window, you can specify the changes you want to make to your input
Parameters and to define the Results you want to examine. You may define as
many parameters and results as you want.
Parameters: The table of parameters initially has one row. You may insert or
remove as many rows as you wish.
Parameter Identifier: The parameter identifier defines the way you want the
output data to be presented after the Case Study has been executed. A default
identifier (here “PARAM1”) is supplied. To change the parameter identifier, click
on the data field and enter a new name.
Start Value: Click Base Case Value to open the Parameter Start Value window
where you define the starting value for the parameter. The starting value defaults
Start Cycle: The start cycle is the cycle after which the incremental changes are
implemented. Cycles before the start cycle use the value in the base case. If
necessary, enter a new start cycle number. By default, the starting cycle is one
(1).
End Cycle: Cycles after the end cycle use the value in the end cycle. If
necessary, enter a new end cycle number. The end cycle defaults to the value of
the start cycle.
Step Value: Next, define the value of the incremental step change per cycle. The
new step value will be displayed.
Results: The table of results initially has one row. You may insert or remove as
many rows as you wish. You may define a Result as one flow sheet parameter or
as a function of two flow sheet parameters or as a function of one flow sheet
parameter and a constant. See SPEC/ VARY/DEFINE in Chapter 9 for details on
using and changing mathematical operators and composing specifications.
Result Identifier: The result identifier will be used when you define how you
want the output data to be presented after the Case Study has been executed. A
default identifier is supplied. To change the result identifier, click on it and enter a
new identifier.
First Parameter: Click on the first (or only) parameter to open the Parameter
window where you select the parameter that you want as a Result or as the first
element of the function you are defining.
Execution Options: Select from the Execute: list to execute the base case only
or the base case and the case study. If you do not want to execute all the cycles
of the case study, select Base Case and Specified Cycles and specify a
beginning and ending cycle.
You can execute one or more PRO/II ASCII keyword input files or flow sheet
simulation files in Batch Mode from within PRO/II.
The keyword input file may be one that was created using a text editor or word
processor, or one that was previously created using the Keyword File Export
capability. You can also execute flow sheet simulations that were created using
PRO/II from the GUI, or were created by importing a PRO/II keyword input file.
The batch execution of keyword input files or simulation files generates the
standard PRO/II ASCII output file for each of the selected files.
While executing simulation problems in batch mode, you can continue to work
with other Windows applications. You can terminate the currently executing
problem or the batch execution mode completely by pushing the Terminate
Current Problem or Terminate Batch Run buttons, respectively.
To select a PRO/II keyword input file, simulation file (or group of files), or a
previously stored execution list file:
Initially, there are no keyword input (*.INP) or simulation files (*.PR1) displayed in
the File Sequence window. There are two methods of adding keyword input or
simulation files to the file sequence list:
PRO/II displays a list of available existing keyword input files. The default file
type is keyword files (*.INP). You can change the file type to simulation files
(*.PR1, *.PRZ) using the Files of type drop-down list-box.
Type or select the name of the file that you want to execute. You can
select multiple files within a given directory. Only the keyword input files
highlighted in the currently selected directory will be added to the list of
files to execute when you exit this window.
Click OK to validate your selection and return to the Run Batch - Input
and/or Simulation Files Selection window.
PRO/II displays a list of available existing execution list files. The default file type
is Run Batch List (*.LST). These files contain the complete path and name of
keyword input and simulation files in the execution order previously specified by
the user. An example of the typical contents of an execution list file is given
below:
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE1.INP
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE2.INP
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE3.INP
Execution list files may include comment lines (beginning with a semicolon ;),
and include list file directives given by #include followed by the .LST file name.
An example is given below:
;This is a comment
Note: The #include directives may be nested, e.g., in the example above,
flash.LST itself could contain the directives #include dewpt.LST and #include
bubpt.LST.
Type or select the name of the execution list file that you want to load.
You can select multiple list files within a given directory. Only the list files
highlighted in the currently selected directory will be used to create the
list of keyword input and simulation files to be executed.
Click OK to validate the selection and exit.
When you return to the Run Batch - Input and/or Simulation Files Selection
window, the contents of the previously selected execution list file(s) will have
been expanded and are now displayed in the File Sequence list box. Selected
files will be added to the bottom of the list of previously selected files displayed in
the File Sequence list box.
You can revise the order in which the selected files are to be executed using the
Remove , Move Up , Move Down , Move Top and Move Bottom buttons.
You can store a list of keyword input or simulation files as an Execution File List
that can be retrieved and executed at a later date.
PRO/II displays the Run Batch - Save File List As window containing the
execution file list options.
When you return to the Run Batch - Input and/or Simulation Files Selection
window, you can begin the execution of the specified file list. To start the batch
mode execution of the list:
Click OK.
You have the choice of terminating the currently executing simulation problem, or
terminating the batch mode execution completely.
The problem execution will stop after the current unit calculations are complete.
Whatever type of file (keyword input or simulation) was executed in batch mode,
you can always view and edit the corresponding standard ASCII output files with
any ASCII-capable text editor or word processor.
PRO/II provides a variety of report options for streams, unit operations and
dimensional units. You can change the output format of a report for any solved
simulation without re-executing the simulation.
Choose Output/Report Format from the menu bar. The Report Format
menu appears with options for Units of Measure, Miscellaneous Data,
Stream Properties, and Unit Operations.
You can set the report dimensions, identify the data you want to include and set
the product stream scaling using the Miscellaneous Data option.
In addition to the global, problem and unit level default units of measure you set
for input data, you can also set Problem Units of Measure for output reports. You
can change the output values for all the fields by applying a different units of
measure set or you can make individual value adjustments.
Choose the Units of Measure menu item from the Report Format menu.
The Default Units of Measure for Problem Output Report window
appears.
Click Initialize from UOM Library… to extract default values from another
set or replace the default values as necessary.
Optionally, click Standard Vapor Conditions… to change the vapor
condition settings for this problem. The Problem Standard Vapor
Condition window appears.
You can set specific print options for each type of unit operation.
Click OK in the child windows, then Close to commit the entries and
return to the PFD.
Generating a Report
You can generate a report to a file. Use the Define Format option to define the
format of the report.
As PRO/II generates the report, a window appears, displaying the status of the
report as it runs. Once the report has been generated, the default editor window
appears displaying the contents of the report. PRO/II appends an .OUT
extension to the current simulation name and saves the file in the USER
directory.
Printing a Report
Plotting
PRO/II generates and displays a variety of plots for input data and tabulated
results. The following plots can be generated:
Input Data
Assay stream analysis
Output Results
Distillation column profiles (temperature, flow rates, composition, and
separation factor)
Zones analysis for simple and rigorous heat exchangers
Phase envelopes
Heating/Cooling curves
Plots can be displayed using PRO/II’s Plot Viewer or Microsoft Excel. The section
Setting Up the Plot Driver later in this chapter describes how to select and
configure the plot driver.
To generate an assay stream analysis plot, select View Curve... on the Stream
Assay Definition window. Three curves will be generated:
Choose Output/Generate Plot from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the
Generate Plot window as shown in Figure 11-10.
By default, the Units for Selection list box displays all the unit Operations in your
flow sheet for which plots are available. If you check the Selected Units option,
only those units you previously selected on the PFD for which plots are available
will be shown.
When you select a unit operation in the Units for Selection list box, the Available
Plots list box displays all plots available for that unit. You may select a plot then
click Plot… to display the plot. If the plot requires additional options to be chosen,
the Plot… button will change to an Options… button. Currently, additional data is
required only for Distillation Column Plots.
PRO/II can display plots using its internal Plot Viewer or Microsoft Excel (through
version 7).
The PRO/II Plot Viewer is a built-in utility that also prints plots.
Microsoft Excel provides a complete set of formatting features. With Excel, you
can change plot colors, axis titles, and other attributes to create a presentation-
quality graph.
Choose Options/Plot Setup on the menu bar to open the Plot Setup
window.
PRO/II’s installation procedure will set up the options in this window. Select the
desired plot driver using the list box. If you need to configure the currently
selected plot driver, press Setup to display the Setup Plot Driver window. You
cannot configure the PRO/II Plot Viewer (option “SIMSCI”).
Driver File: The complete path and filename of the dynamic link library (DLL) for
the plot driver.
Command Line: The full command line to invoke the plotting application.
PRO/II’s Plot Viewer utility lets you view a plot, print it, copy it to the clipboard,
and export its data to a file. Modifications of plot attributes are not supported. If
you want access to comprehensive editing and formatting features for your plot,
choose the Excel plot driver.
To save a plot:
You can send a plot from the Plot window to your plotter.
You can specify a different icon, name, or label starting number for any unit
operation. These changes affect all unit operations that you subsequently place
on the PFD.
The text portion to the left of the “%” sign is the label displayed with the unit
number. The label may not contain spaces or underscores. The integers
following “d” are appended to the automatically applied sequential unit numbers.
You may also choose the starting number for the particular unit. For example, if
the Auto Label Format for the Flash unit operation were “FLASHUNIT%d05,”
subsequent Flashes placed on the PFD would be labeled “FLASHUNIT105,”
“FLASHUNIT205,” “FLASHUNIT305,” and so forth.
You can also modify the type face and type size used in the stream label as
discussed below under the topic Changing the Default Font.
You can specify a different display icon for any unit operation currently shown in
your flow sheet. Some unit operations can be represented by several different
icons. This choice is particularly useful when different variants of the same unit
operation are being modeled.
Right-click on the icon of the unit you wish to modify. The unit menu
appears.
Select Display... from this menu (or select Edit/Display Style… from the
menu bar) to open the Unit Style window for the selected unit type as
shown in Figure 12-3.
Select an alternative icon from the palette at the top of the window.
Choose OK to confirm the change.
You can also change the type face, type size and color of the unit label by
choosing Select… to access a standard font editing window.
PRO/II automatically labels each unit you place it on the PFD. You can change
the label for each unit without altering the numbering sequence.
By default, stream labels have rectangular borders and appear on the stream
line. (Optionally, you may select (1) diamond-shaped or circular label borders, or,
alternatively, no label border at all, and (2) the position of the label relative to the
stream.) Process stream arrows are not filled and appear only on the horizontal
segments of an orthogonal process stream. You can change the appearance of
the arrows and where the arrows appear on the process stream.
PRO/II automatically labels each stream as it is placed on the PFD. You can
change the number or label for just one stream without altering the ongoing
numbering sequence.
PRO/II allows you to display various stream properties on labels attached to the
streams on the PFD. Display options include:
The property list that you have selected will appear on all streams subsequently
drawn on the PFD.
PRO/II allows you to create customized property lists for use in Stream Property
Tables. You can use the same property list in more than one simulation. The
default Stream Property Table is outlined by a single-lined rectangular box. You
may arrange the properties in any desired order, and you may separate entries
by single or double horizontal lines to improve the legibility of the list.
Choose Options/Stream Property Lists from the menu bar to display the
Define Property List window (Figure 12-8).
You can add or delete properties, modify the property description and
change the numerical format.
Choose New… from the Define Property List window. The New List
window appears.
Select the desired properties. (The usual Windows click, shift-click and
control-click selection options are supported.)
Choose Add-> .
The selected properties will be added to the bottom of the property list.
Choose Clear .
You may place stream labels on, above, below or beside the streams on the
PFD. The labels may appear with or without stems connecting them to the
streams.
Alternatively, you may drag a stream label to any of these positions from the PFD
itself.
While in the Stream Styles window, you may also choose a text font and
a border style for the labels from the corresponding drop-down lists.
Drawing preferences include settings for snap and move tolerances, zoom and
pan increments, the PFD palette icon, icon fill, unit snapping, and delete
confirmation.
You can specify a default editor (such as Brief, Edit or Notepad) for use with
PRO/II to display output reports and keyword input files. Using the editor, you
Choose Options/Editor from the menu bar to open the Set Text Editor
window.
Enter the full path name to the editor executable program file.
The Default Font option enables you to set the default font, font style and size
used in PRO/II’s main and data entry windows. This option is useful if the default
font size for your system is too large for PRO/II’s data entry windows. Note that
you cannot change the fonts for the title, menu, and status bar text. Also,
changing the font size will not change the size of PRO/II’s windows.
Choose Options/Font from the menu bar to display the Font specification
window.
Choose the desired font, font style, and size.
INDEX 387
Savings tp another file name, 33 Column, Batch, 170
Simulation defaults compressor, 199
Problem Description, 48 Controller, 204
Units of measure, 48 Crystallizer, 207
Simulation Defaults, 47 Distillation, 171
Snapping, 58 Unit Operations, 27
Solid Separator, 302 Units of Measure Library, 51
Splitter, 303 User defined special properties
Starting PRO/II, 9 Thermodynamic Data, 140
Stream Calculator, 305 User-Added Unit Operations, 166, 321
Stream Information, 27 User-defined Special Properties,
Stream Property, 44 137, 139
Temperature-Dependent Properties, Valve, 333
106 Vertical Scroll Bar, 12
Thermodynamic Methods, 26 View Buttons, 21
Toolbar, 18 Viewing Results, 345
Transport Properties, 119 VLE Tools Buttons, 20
turn off, 344 Water Decant Options, 120
Unit data entry window, 27 Window Position, 13
unit icon, 58 Wiped Film Evaporator, 334
unit label, 376 Zoom Area, 21
Zoom Increment, 80
unit opeartion
Zooming, 79
Cyclone, 211
unit operation, 147